Moons of Jupiter

Jupiter and 4 of its moons

Jupiter has 62 confirmed moons, giving it the largest retinue of moons with "reasonably secure" orbits of any planet in the Solar System.[1] The most massive of them, the four Galilean moons, were discovered in 1610 and were the first objects found to orbit a body that was neither Earth nor the Sun. From the end of the 19th century, dozens of much smaller Jovian moons have been discovered and have received the names of lovers, conquests, or daughters of the Roman god Jupiter, or his Greek equivalent, Zeus.

Eight of Jupiter's moons are regular satellites, with prograde and nearly circular orbits that are not greatly inclined with respect to Jupiter's equatorial plane. The Galilean satellites are spheroidal in shape, and so would be considered dwarf planets if they were in direct orbit about the Sun. The other four regular satellites are much smaller and closer to Jupiter; these serve as sources of the dust that makes up Jupiter's rings.

Jupiter's other 54 or 55 moons are tiny irregular satellites, whose prograde and retrograde orbits are much farther from Jupiter and have high inclinations and eccentricities. These moons were likely captured by Jupiter from solar orbits. There are 13 recently-discovered irregular satellites that have not yet been named, plus a 14th whose orbit has not yet been established; if it is, the number of secured moons will rise to 63.

Contents

Characteristics

The relative masses of the Jovian moons. Those smaller than Europa are invisible at this scale, and taken together would only just be visible at 50× magnification.

The moons' physical and orbital characteristics vary widely. The four Galileans are all over 3000 km in diameter; the largest Galilean, Ganymede, is the largest object in the Solar System outside the Sun and the eight planets. All other Jovian moons are less than 250 km in diameter, with most barely exceeding five km. Even Europa, the smallest of the Galileans, is five thousand times more massive than all the non-Galilean moons combined. Orbital shapes range from nearly perfectly circular to highly eccentric and inclined, and many revolve in the direction opposite to Jupiter's spin (retrograde motion). Orbital periods range from seven hours (taking less time than Jupiter does to spin around its axis), to some 3000 times more (almost three Earth years).

Discovery

The Galilean moons. From left to right, in order of increasing distance from Jupiter: Io, Europa, Ganymede, Callisto.
The Galilean moons and their orbits around Jupiter
See also: Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their moons

The first claimed observation of one of Jupiter's moons is that of the Chinese astronomer Gan De around 364 BC.[2] However, the first certain observations of Jupiter's satellites were those of Galileo Galilei in 1609.[3] By March 1610, he had sighted the four massive Galilean moons with his 30x magnification telescope:[4] Ganymede, Callisto, Io, and Europa. No additional satellites were discovered until E.E. Barnard observed Amalthea in 1892.[5] With the aid of telescopic photography, further discoveries followed quickly over the course of the twentieth century. Himalia was discovered in 1904,[6] Elara in 1905,[7] Pasiphaë in 1908,[8] Sinope in 1914,[9] Lysithea and Carme in 1938,[10] Ananke in 1951,[11] and Leda in 1974.[12] By the time Voyager space probes reached Jupiter around 1979, 13 moons had been discovered, while Themisto was observed in 1975,[13] but due to insufficient initial observation data, it was lost until 2000. The Voyager missions discovered an additional three inner moons in 1979: Metis, Adrastea, and Thebe.[14]

For two decades no additional moons were discovered; but between October 1999 and February 2003, researchers using sensitive ground-based detectors found another 32 moons, most of which were discovered by a team lead by Scott S. Sheppard and David C. Jewitt.[15] These are tiny moons, in long, eccentric, generally retrograde orbits, and average of 3 km (1.9 mi) in diameter, with the largest being just 9 km (5.6 mi) across. All of these moons are thought to be captured asteroidal or perhaps cometary bodies, possibly fragmented into several pieces,[16] but very little is actually known about them. A number of 14 additional moons were discovered since then, but not yet confirmed, bringing the total number of observed moons of Jupiter at 63.[17] As of 2008, this is the most of any planet in the Solar System, but additional undiscovered, tiny moons may exist.

Naming

Main article: Naming of moons

The Galilean moons of Jupiter (Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto) were named by Simon Marius soon after their discovery in 1610.[18] However, until the 20th century these fell out of favor, and instead they were referred to in the astronomical literature simply as "Jupiter I", "Jupiter II", etc., or as "the first satellite of Jupiter", "Jupiter's second satellite", an so on.[18] The names Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto became popular in the 20th century, while the rest of the moons, usually numbered in Roman numerals V (5) through XII (12), remained unnamed.[19] By a popular though unofficial convention, Jupiter V, discovered in 1892, was given the name Amalthea, first used by the French astronomer Camille Flammarion.[15]

The other moons, in the majority of astronomical literature, were simply labeled by their Roman numeral (i.e. Jupiter IX) until the 1970s.[20] In 1975, the International Astronomical Union's (IAU) "Task Group for Outer Solar System Nomenclature" granted names to satellites V–XIII,[21] and provided for a formal naming process for future satellites to be discovered.[21] The practice was to name that newly discovered moons of Jupiter after lovers and favorites of the god Jupiter (Zeus), and since 2004, after their descendants also.[22] All of Jupiter's satellites from XXXIV (Euporie) are named after daughters of Jupiter or Zeus.[22]

Some asteroids share the same names as moons of Jupiter: 9 Metis, 38 Leda, 52 Europa, 85 Io, 113 Amalthea, 239 Adrastea. Two more asteroids previously shared the names of Jovian moons until spelling differences were made permanent by the IAU: Ganymede and asteroid 1036 Ganymed; and Callisto and asteroid 204 Kallisto.

Groups

The orbits of Jupiter's irregular satellites, and how they cluster into groups: by semi-major axis (the horizontal axis in Gm); by orbital inclination (the vertical axis); and orbital eccentricity (the yellow lines). The relative sizes are indicated by the circles.

Regular satellites

These are split into two groups:

  • Inner satellites or Amalthea group — they orbit very close to Jupiter: Metis, Adrastea, Amalthea, and Thebe. The innermost two orbit in less than a Jovian day, while the latter two are respectively the fifth and seventh largest moons in the system. Observations suggest that at least the largest member, Amalthea, did not form on the present orbit, but that it was formed farther from the planet, or that it is a captured Solar System body.[23] These moons, along with a number of as-yet-unseen inner moonlets, replenish and maintain Jupiter's faint ring system. Metis and Adrastea help to maintain Jupiter's main ring, while Amalthea and Thebe each maintain their own faint outer rings.[24][25]
  • Main group or Galilean moons — the four massive satellites: Ganymede, Callisto, Io, and Europa. With radii that are larger than any of the dwarf planets, they are some of the largest objects in the Solar System outside the Sun and the eight planets in terms of diameter. Respectively the first, third, fourth, and sixth largest natural satellites in the Solar System, they contain almost 99.999% of the total mass in orbit around Jupiter. The inner moons also participate in a 1:2:4 orbital resonance. Models suggest that they formed by slow accretion in the low-density Jovian subnebula—a disc of the gas and dust that existed around Jupiter after its formation—which lasted up to 10 million years in the case of Callisto.[26]

Irregular satellites

Jupiter's outer moons and their highly inclined orbits
Main article: Irregular satellite

The irregular satellites are substantially smaller objects with more distant and eccentric orbits. They form families with shared similarities in orbit (semi-major axis, inclination, eccentricity) and composition; it is believed that these are at least partially collisional families that were created when larger (but still small) parent bodies were shattered by impacts from asteroids captured by Jupiter's gravitational field. These families bear the names of their largest members. The identification of satellite families is tentative, but the following are typically listed:[17][27][28]

  • Themisto[27] is the innermost irregular moon and not part of a known family.[17]
  • The Himalia group is spread over barely 1.4 Gm in semi-major axis, 1.6° in inclination (27.5 ± 0.8°), and eccentricities between 0.11 and 0.25. It has been suggested that the group could be a remnant of the break-up of an asteroid from the main asteroid belt.[27]
  • Carpo is the outermost prograde moon and not part of a known family.[17]
Retrograde satellites: inclinations (°) vs eccentricities, with Carme's (orange) and Ananke's (yellow) groups identified
  • S/2003 J 12 is the innermost of the retrograde moons, and is not part of a known family.
  • The Carme group is spread over only 1.2 Gm in semi-major axis, 1.6° in inclination (165.7 ± 0.8°), and eccentricities between 0.23 and 0.27. It is very homogeneous in color (light red) and is believed to have originated from a D-type asteroid progenitor, possibly a Jupiter trojan.[16]
  • The Ananke group has a relatively wider spread than the previous groups, over 2.4 Gm in semi-major axis, 8.1° in inclination (between 145.7° and 154.8°), and eccentricities between 0.02 and 0.28. Most of the members appear gray, and are believed to have formed from the breakup of a captured asteroid.[16]
  • The Pasiphae group is quite dispersed, with a spread over 1.3 Gm, inclinations between 144.5° and 158.3°, and their eccentricities between 0.25 and 0.43.[16] The colors also vary significantly, from red to grey, which might be the result of multiple collisions. Sinope, sometimes included into Pasiphae group,[16] is red and given the difference in inclination, it could have been captured independently;[27] Pasiphae and Sinope are also trapped in secular resonances with Jupiter.[29]
  • S/2003 J 2 is the outermost moon of Jupiter, and is not part of a known family.

Table

The moons of Jupiter are listed below by orbital period. Moons massive enough for their surfaces to have collapsed into a spheroid are highlighted in bold. These are the four Galilean moons, which are comparable in size to Earth's Moon. The four inner moons are much smaller. The irregular captured moons are shaded light gray when prograde and dark gray when retrograde.

Order
[note 1]		 Label
[note 2]		 Name
 Pronunciation
(key)		 Image Diameter
(km)[note 3]		 Mass
(×1016 kg)		 Semi-major axis
(km)[30]		 Orbital period
(d)[30][note 4]		 Inclination
(°)[30]		 Eccentricity
[17]		 Discovery year
[15]		 Discoverer
[15]		 Group
[note 5]
1 XVI Metis ˈmiːtɨs
Metis.jpg
 60×40×34 ~3.6 127 690 +7h 4m 29s 0.06°[31] 0.000 02 1979 Synnott
(Voyager 1)		 Inner
2 XV Adrastea ˌædrəˈstiːə
Adrastea.jpg
 20×16×14 ~0.2 128 690 +7h 9m 30s 0.03°[31] 0.0015 1979 Jewitt
(Voyager 2)		 Inner
3 V Amalthea ˌæməlˈθiːə
Amalthea PIA02532.png
 250×146×128 208 181 366 +11h 57m 23s 0.374°[31] 0.0032 1892 Barnard Inner
4 XIV Thebe ˈθiːbi
Thebe.jpg
 116×98×84 ~43 221 889 +16h 11m 17s 1.076°[31] 0.0175 1979 Synnott
(Voyager 1)		 Inner
5 I Io ˈaɪ.oʊ
Io highest resolution true color.jpg
 3660.0×3637.4
×3630.6		 8 900 000 421 700 +1.769 137 786 0.050°[31] 0.0041 1610 Galilei Galilean
6 II Europa jʊˈroʊpə
Europa-moon.jpg
 3121.6 4 800 000 671 034 +3.551 181 041 0.471°[31] 0.0094 1610 Galilei Galilean
7 III Ganymede ˈgænɨmiːd
Ganymede g1 true.jpg
 5262.4 15 000 000 1 070 412 +7.154 552 96 0.204°[31] 0.0011 1610 Galilei Galilean
8 IV Callisto kəˈlɪstoʊ
Callisto.jpg
 4820.6 11 000 000 1 882 709 +16.689 018 4 0.205°[31] 0.0074 1610 Galilei Galilean
9 XVIII Themisto θɨˈmɪstoʊ 8 0.069 7 393 216 +129.87 45.762° 0.2115 1975/2000 Kowal & Roemer/
Sheppard et al.		 Themisto
10 XIII Leda ˈliːdə 16 0.6 11 187 781 +241.75 27.562° 0.1673 1974 Kowal Himalia
11 VI Himalia haɪˈmeɪliə
Himalia from New Horizons.jpg
 170 670 11 451 971 +250.37 30.486° 0.1513 1904 Perrine Himalia
12 X Lysithea laɪˈsɪθiə 36 6.3 11 740 560 +259.89 27.006° 0.1322 1938 Nicholson Himalia
13 VII Elara ˈɛlərə 86 87 11 778 034 +261.14 29.691° 0.1948 1905 Perrine Himalia
14 — S/2000 J 11 4 0.009 0 12 570 424 +287.93 27.584° 0.2058 2001 Sheppard et al. Himalia
15 XLVI Carpo ˈkɑrpoʊ 3 0.004 5 17 144 873 +458.62 56.001° 0.2735 2003 Sheppard et al. Carpo
16 — S/2003 J 12 1 0.000 15 17 739 539 −482.69 142.680° 0.4449 2003 Sheppard et al. ?
17 XXXIV Euporie juːˈpɔərɨ.i 2 0.001 5 19 088 434 −538.78 144.694° 0.0960 2002 Sheppard et al. Ananke
18 — S/2003 J 3 2 0.001 5 19 621 780 −561.52 146.363° 0.2507 2003 Sheppard et al. Ananke
19 — S/2003 J 18 2 0.001 5 19 812 577 −569.73 147.401° 0.1569 2003 Gladman et al. Ananke
20 XLII Thelxinoe θɛlkˈsɪnoʊ.i 2 0.001 5 20 453 753 −597.61 151.292° 0.2684 2003 Sheppard et al. Ananke
21 XXXIII Euanthe juːˈænθi 3 0.004 5 20 464 854 −598.09 143.409° 0.2000 2002 Sheppard et al. Ananke
22 XLV Helike ˈhɛlɨki 4 0.009 0 20 540 266 −601.40 154.586° 0.1374 2003 Sheppard et al. Ananke
23 XXXV Orthosie ɔrˈθɒsɨ.i 2 0.001 5 20 567 971 −602.62 142.366° 0.2433 2002 Sheppard et al. Ananke
24 XXIV Iocaste ˌaɪ.əˈkæsti 5 0.019 20 722 566 −609.43 147.248° 0.2874 2001 Sheppard et al. Ananke
25 — S/2003 J 16 2 0.001 5 20 743 779 −610.36 150.769° 0.3184 2003 Gladman et al. Ananke
26 XXVII Praxidike prækˈsɪdɨki 7 0.043 20 823 948 −613.90 144.205° 0.1840 2001 Sheppard et al. Ananke
27 XXII Harpalyke hɑrˈpælɨki 4 0.012 21 063 814 −624.54 147.223° 0.2440 2001 Sheppard et al. Ananke
28 XL Mneme ˈniːmi 2 0.001 5 21 129 786 −627.48 149.732° 0.3169 2003 Gladman et al. Ananke
29 XXX Hermippe hɚˈmɪpi 4 0.009 0 21 182 086 −629.81 151.242° 0.2290 2002 Sheppard et al. Ananke?
30 XXIX Thyone θaɪˈoʊni 4 0.009 0 21 405 570 −639.80 147.276° 0.2525 2002 Sheppard et al. Ananke
31 XII Ananke əˈnæŋki 28 3.0 21 454 952 −642.02 151.564° 0.3445 1951 Nicholson Ananke
32 — S/2003 J 17 2 0.001 5 22 134 306 −672.75 162.490° 0.2379 2003 Gladman et al. Carme
33 XXXI Aitne ˈaɪtni 3 0.004 5 22 285 161 −679.64 165.562° 0.3927 2002 Sheppard et al. Carme
34 XXXVII Kale ˈkeɪli 2 0.001 5 22 409 207 −685.32 165.378° 0.2011 2002 Sheppard et al. Carme
35 XX Taygete teiˈɪdʒɨti 5 0.016 22 438 648 −686.67 164.890° 0.3678 2001 Sheppard et al. Carme
36 — S/2003 J 19 2 0.001 5 22 709 061 −699.12 164.727° 0.1961 2003 Gladman et al. Carme
37 XXI Chaldene kælˈdiːni 4 0.007 5 22 713 444 −699.33 167.070° 0.2916 2001 Sheppard et al. Carme
38 — S/2003 J 15 2 0.001 5 22 720 999 −699.68 141.812° 0.0932 2003 Sheppard et al. Ananke?
39 — S/2003 J 10 2 0.001 5 22 730 813 −700.13 163.813° 0.3438 2003 Sheppard et al. Carme?
40 — S/2003 J 23 2 0.001 5 22 739 654 −700.54 148.849° 0.3930 2004 Sheppard et al. Pasiphaë
41 XXV Erinome ɨˈrɪnəmi 3 0.004 5 22 986 266 −711.96 163.737° 0.2552 2001 Sheppard et al. Carme
42 XLI Aoede eɪˈiːdi 4 0.009 0 23 044 175 −714.66 160.482° 0.6011 2003 Sheppard et al. Pasiphaë
43 XLIV Kallichore kəˈlɪkəri 2 0.001 5 23 111 823 −717.81 164.605° 0.2041 2003 Sheppard et al. Carme?
44 XXIII Kalyke ˈkælɨki 5 0.019 23 180 773 −721.02 165.505° 0.2139 2001 Sheppard et al. Carme
45 XI Carme ˈkɑrmi 46 13 23 197 992 −721.82 165.047° 0.2342 1938 Nicholson Carme
46 XVII Callirrhoe kəˈlɪroʊ.i 9 0.087 23 214 986 −722.62 139.849° 0.2582 2000 Gladman et al. Pasiphaë
47 XXXII Eurydome jʊˈrɪdəmi 3 0.004 5 23 230 858 −723.36 149.324° 0.3769 2002 Sheppard et al. Pasiphaë?
48 XXXVIII Pasithee pəˈsɪθɨ.i 2 0.001 5 23 307 318 −726.93 165.759° 0.3288 2002 Sheppard et al. Carme
49 XLVIII Cyllene sɨˈliːni 2 0.001 5 23 396 269 −731.10 140.148° 0.4115 2003 Sheppard et al. Pasiphaë
50 XLVII Eukelade juːˈkɛlədi 4 0.009 0 23 483 694 −735.20 163.996° 0.2828 2003 Sheppard et al. Carme
51 — S/2003 J 4 2 0.001 5 23 570 790 −739.29 147.175° 0.3003 2003 Sheppard et al. Pasiphaë
52 VIII Pasiphaë pəˈsɪfeɪ.i 60 30 23 609 042 −741.09 141.803° 0.3743 1908 Gladman et al. Pasiphaë
53 XXXIX Hegemone hɨˈdʒɛməni 3 0.004 5 23 702 511 −745.50 152.506° 0.4077 2003 Sheppard et al. Pasiphaë
54 XLIII Arche ˈɑrki 3 0.004 5 23 717 051 −746.19 164.587° 0.1492 2002 Sheppard et al. Carme
55 XXVI Isonoe aɪˈsɒnoʊ.i 4 0.007 5 23 800 647 −750.13 165.127° 0.1775 2001 Sheppard et al. Carme
56 — S/2003 J 9 1 0.000 15 23 857 808 −752.84 164.980° 0.2761 2003 Sheppard et al. Carme
57 — S/2003 J 5 4 0.009 0 23 973 926 −758.34 165.549° 0.3070 2003 Sheppard et al. Carme
58 IX Sinope sɨˈnoʊpi 38 7.5 24 057 865 −762.33 153.778° 0.2750 1914 Nicholson Pasiphaë
59 XXXVI Sponde ˈspɒndi 2 0.001 5 24 252 627 −771.60 154.372° 0.4431 2002 Sheppard et al. Pasiphaë
60 XXVIII Autonoe ɔːˈtɒnoʊ.i 4 0.009 0 24 264 445 −772.17 151.058° 0.3690 2002 Sheppard et al. Pasiphaë
61 XLIX Kore ˈkɔəri 2 0.001 5 23 345 093 −776.02 137.371° 0.1951 2003 Sheppard et al. Pasiphaë
62 XIX Megaclite ˌmɛgəˈklaɪti 5 0.021 24 687 239 −792.44 150.398° 0.3077 2001 Sheppard et al. Pasiphaë
63 — S/2003 J 2 2 0.001 5 30 290 846 −1 077.02 153.521° 0.1882 2003 Sheppard et al. ?

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Order refers to the position among other moons with respect to their average distance from Jupiter.
  2. ↑ Label refers to the Roman numeral attributed to each moon in order of their discovery.
  3. ↑ Diameters with multiple entries such as "60×40×34" reflect that the body is not a perfect spheroid and that each of its dimensions have been measured well enough.
  4. ↑ Periods with negative values are retrograde.
  5. ↑ "?" refers to group assignments that are not considered sure yet.

References

  1. ↑ "Solar System Bodies". JPL/NASA. Retrieved on 2008-09-09.
  2. ↑ Xi, Zezong Z. (1981). "The Discovery of Jupiter's Satellite Made by Gan De 2000 years Before Galileo". Acta Astrophysica Sinica 1 (2): 87. 
  3. ↑ Galilei, Galileo (1989). Translated and prefaced by Albert Van Helden. ed.. Sidereus Nuncius. Chicago & London: University of Chicago Press. pp. 14–16. ISBN 0226279030. 
  4. ↑ Van Helden, Albert (March 1974). "The Telescope in the Seventeenth Century". Isis (The University of Chicago Press on behalf of The History of Science Society) 65 (1): 38–58. doi:10.1086/351216. 
  5. ↑ Barnard, E. E. (1892). "Discovery and Observation of a Fifth Satellite to Jupiter". Astronomical Journal 12: 81–85. doi:10.1086/101715. http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/AJ.../0012//0000081.000.html. 
  6. ↑ "Discovery of a Sixth Satellite of Jupiter". Astronomical Journal 24 (18): 154B;. 1905-01-9. doi:10.1086/103654. http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/AJ.../0024//0000154I002.html. 
  7. ↑ Perrine, C. D. (1905). "The Seventh Satellite of Jupiter". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 17 (101): 62–63. http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/PASP./0017//0000062.000.html. 
  8. ↑ Melotte, P. J. (1908). "Note on the Newly Discovered Eighth Satellite of Jupiter, Photographed at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 68 (6): 456–457. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?bibcode=1908MNRAS..68..456.&db_key=AST&link_type=ABSTRACT&high=40daf3f6f927275. 
  9. ↑ Nicholson, S. B. (1914). "Discovery of the Ninth Satellite of Jupiter". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 26: pp. 197–198. doi:10.1086/122336. http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/PASP./0026//0000197.000.html. 
  10. ↑ Nicholson, S.B. (1938). "Two New Satellites of Jupiter". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 50: 292–293. doi:10.1086/124963. http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/PASP./0050//0000292.000.html. 
  11. ↑ Nicholson, S. B. (1951). "An unidentified object near Jupiter, probably a new satellite". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 63 (375): 297–299. doi:10.1086/126402. http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/PASP./0063//0000297.000.html. 
  12. ↑ Kowal, C. T.; Aksnes, K.; Marsden, B. G.; and Roemer, E. (1974). "Thirteenth satellite of Jupiter". Astronomical Journal 80: pp. 460–464. doi:10.1086/111766. http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/AJ.../0080//0000460.000.html. 
  13. ↑ Marsden, Brian G. (3 October 1975). "Probable New Satellite of Jupiter" (discovery telegram sent to the IAU). International Astronomical Union Circulars (Cambridge, US: Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory) 2845. http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/iauc/02800/02845.html. Retrieved on 2008-09-03. 
  14. ↑ Synnott, S.P. (1980). "1979J2: The Discovery of a Previously Unknown Jovian Satellite". Science 210 (4471): 786–788. doi:10.1126/science.210.4471.786. PMID 17739548. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 "Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature". Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature (WGPSN). U.S. Geological Survey (2008-11-07). Retrieved on 2008-08-02.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 Sheppard, Scott S.; Jewitt, David C. (May 5, 2003). "An abundant population of small irregular satellites around Jupiter". Nature 423: 261–263. doi:10.1038/nature01584. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 Sheppard, Scott S.. "Jupiter's Known Satellites". Departament of Terrestrial Magnetism at Carniege Institution for science. Retrieved on 2008-08-28.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Marazzini, C. (2005). "The names of the satellites of Jupiter: from Galileo to Simon Marius" (in Italian). Lettere Italiane 57 (3): 391–407. ISSN 0024-1334. 
  19. ↑ Nicholson, Seth Barnes (April 1939). "The Satellites of Jupiter". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 51 (300): 85–94. doi:10.1086/125010. http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/PASP./0051//0000093.000.html. 
  20. ↑ Payne-Gaposchkin, Cecilia; Haramundanis, Katherine (1970). Introduction to Astronomy. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. ISBN 0-134-78107-4. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Marsden, Brian G. (03 October 1975). "Satellites of Jupiter". International Astronomical Union Circulars 2846. http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/iauc/02800/02846.html#Item6. Retrieved on 2008-08-28. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Satellites of Jupiter, Saturn and Uranus . International Astronomical Union. Report. Retrieved on 2008-08-28.
  23. ↑ Anderson, J.D.; Johnson, T.V.; Shubert, G.; et.al. (2005). "Amalthea’s Density Is Less Than That of Water". Science 308: 1291–1293. doi:10.1126/science.1110422. PMID 15919987. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Sci...308.1291A. 
  24. ↑ Burns, J.A.; Simonelli, D. P.; Showalter, M.R. et.al. (2004). "Jupiter’s Ring-Moon System". in Bagenal, F.; Dowling, T.E.; McKinnon, W.B.. Jupiter: The Planet, Satellites and Magnetosphere. Cambridge University Press. 
  25. ↑ Burns, J. A.; Showalter, M. R.; Hamilton, D. P.; et al. (1999). "The Formation of Jupiter's Faint Rings". Science 284: 1146–1150. doi:10.1126/science.284.5417.1146. 
  26. ↑ Canup, Robin M.; Ward, William R. (2002). "Formation of the Galilean Satellites: Conditions of Accretion" (pdf). The Astronomical Journal 124: 3404–3423. doi:10.1086/344684. http://www.boulder.swri.edu/~robin/cw02final.pdf. 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 Grav, Tommy; Holman, Matthew J.; Gladman, Brett J.; Aksnes, Kaare (2003). "Photometric survey of the irregular satellites". Icarus 166 (1): 33–45. doi:arXiv:astro-ph/0301016v1. 
  28. ↑ Sheppard, Scott S.; Jewitt, David C.; Porco, Carolyn (2004). "Jupiter's outer satellites and Trojans". in Fran Bagenal, Timothy E. Dowling, William B. McKinnon (pdf). Jupiter. The planet, satellites and magnetosphere. 1. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 263 - 280. ISBN 0-521-81808-7. http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/~jewitt/papers/JUPITER/JSP.2003.pdf. 
  29. ↑ Nesvorný, David; Beaugé, Cristian; Dones, Luke (2004). "Collisional Origin of Families of Irregular Satellites" (PDF). The Astronomical Journal 127: 1768–1783. doi:10.1086/382099. http://www.boulder.swri.edu/~davidn/papers/irrbig.pdf. 
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 "Natural Satellites Ephemeris Service". IAU: Minor Planet Center. Retrieved on 2008-09-03. "Note: some semi-major axis were computed using the µ value, while the eccentricities were taken using the inclination to the local Laplace plane"
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 31.3 31.4 31.5 31.6 31.7 Siedelmann P.K.; Abalakin V.K.; Bursa, M.; Davies, M.E.; de Bergh, C.; Lieske, J.H.; Obrest, J.; Simon, J.L.; Standish, E.M.; Stooke, P. ; Thomas, P.C. (2000) The Planets and Satellites 2000 . IAU/IAG Working Group on Cartographic Coordinates and Rotational Elements of the Planets and Satellites. Report. Retrieved on 2008-08-31.

External links

Moons of Jupiter
Listed in increasing distance from Jupiter. Temporary names in italics.
Inner moons
Metis · Adrastea · Amalthea · Thebe
Galilean moons
 
Themisto
Himalia group
Leda · Himalia · Lysithea · Elara · S/2000 J 11
 
Carpo · S/2003 J 12
Ananke group
core
Ananke · Praxidike · Harpalyke · Iocaste · Euanthe · Thyone
peripheral
Euporie · S/2003 J 3 · S/2003 J 18 · Thelxinoe · Helike · Orthosie · S/2003 J 16 · Hermippe · Mneme · S/2003 J 15
Carme group
S/2003 J 17 · S/2003 J 10 · Pasithee · Chaldene · Arche · Isonoe · Erinome · Kale · Aitne · Taygete · S/2003 J 9 · Carme · S/2003 J 5 · S/2003 J 19 · Kalyke · Eukelade · Kallichore
Pasiphaë group
Eurydome · S/2003 J 23 · Hegemone · Pasiphaë · Sponde · Cyllene · Megaclite · S/2003 J 4 · Callirrhoe · Sinope · Autonoe · Aoede · Kore
 
S/2003 J 2
Rings of Jupiter
Jupiter
Major moons Jupiter.jpg
Characteristics
Atmosphere · Rings · Moons · Trojans
Exploration
Pioneer program · Voyager program · Galileo (spacecraft) · Juno (spacecraft) · Europa Orbiter
Other topics
Jupiter-crosser asteroid · Earthly Branches · Colonization · Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9
Natural satellites of the Solar System
Planetary satellites
Terrestrial · Martian · Jovian · Saturnian · Uranian · Neptunian
 Rhea, Saturn's second-largest moon
Other satellite systems
Plutonian · Eridian · Haumean · Asteroid satellites
Largest satellites
Ganymede · Titan · Callisto · Io · Moon · Europa · Triton
Titania · Rhea · Oberon · Iapetus · Charon · Umbriel · Ariel · Dione · Tethys  · Enceladus · Miranda · Proteus · Mimas
Inner satellites · Trojans · Irregulars · List · List by diameter · Timeline of discovery · Naming
The Solar System
The Sun Mercury Venus The Moon Earth Phobos and Deimos Mars Ceres The asteroid belt Jupiter Moons of Jupiter Saturn Moons of Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto Haumea Makemake The Kuiper Belt Dysnomia Eris The Scattered Disc The Oort Cloud
Solar System XXX.png
Planets · Dwarf planets · Moons: Terrestrial · Martian · Jovian · Saturnian · Uranian · Neptunian · Plutonian · Haumean · Eridian
See also astronomical objects, the Solar System's list of objects, sorted by radius or mass, and the Solar System Portal