Royal coat of arms of Scotland | |
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Mary I as Queen of Scots and Queen consort of France, 1559
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James VI as Jacobus primus britanniae franciae et hyberniae rex, 1603
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Details | |
Adopted | pre-1603 |
Crest | Upon the Royal helm the crown of Scotland Proper, thereon a lion sejant affronté Gules armed and langued Azure, Royally crowned Proper holding in his dexter paw a sword and in his sinister a sceptre, both Proper |
Escutcheon | (pre-1603) Or a lion rampant Gules armed and langued Azure within a double tressure flory-counter-flory Gules |
Supporters | (pre-1603) Unicorns Argent Royally crowned Proper, armed, crined and unguled Or, gorged with a coronet Or composed of crosses patée and fleurs de lis a chain affixed thereto passing between the forelegs and reflexed over the back also Or. Sinister holding the standard of Saint Andrew, dexter holding the banner of the Royal arms |
Compartment | Thistle |
Motto | Scots: In My Defens God Me Defend (abbr. In Defens) |
Orders | The Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle. (Arms feature the collar and motto - Latin: Nemo me impune lacessit). |
The Royal Coat of Arms of Scotland was the official coat of arms of the monarchs of Scotland, and were used as the official coat of arms of the Kingdom of Scotland until the Acts of Union of 1707. The blazon of the arms of the Kingdom of Scotland changed markedly following the Union of the Crowns in 1603, and ultimately went on to become the Royal Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom used in Scotland.
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The shield depicts the red lion of the King of Scots as rampant, with blue tongue and claws, on a yellow field and surrounded by a red double royal tressure flory counter-flory device. (Specified in heraldry as "Or, a lion rampant Gules armed and langued Azure within a double tressure flory counter-flory Gules").
Atop the shield sits the helm and crest. The helm is full-faced of demasked gold with six bars and features gold mantling lined with ermine. Upon the helm sits the crest, depicting the red lion, forward facing and sitting atop the Crown of Scotland, displaying the Honours of Scotland. (The lion wears the Crown of Scotland and holds both the Sceptre and the Sword of State).
Above the crest is the motto 'In Defens', which is a contraction of the motto In My Defens God Me Defend. (The spelling of 'Defens' being the Scots spelling of 'Defence'). The motto of the arms appears above the crest in the convention of Scottish heraldry.
Surrounding the shield is the collar of The Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle. Later versions of the arms also feature the Latin motto of the Order; Nemo me impune lacessit, (No-one wounds (touches) me with impunity), on a blue scroll overlying the compartment.
The supporters are two crowned and chained unicorns, the dexter supporting a banner of the arms, (only in this instance is the lion depicted facing away from the lance, whereas when flown correctly the lion should face towards or respect the lance or, in most cases, the flag pole); the sinister supporting the national flag of Scotland. The compartment features a number of thistles, the national flower of Scotland.
A form of these arms was first used by King William I in the 12th century. A register in the College of Arms in London describes the arms of the Kyng of Scottz as being Or, a lion rampant within a double tressure flory counter-flory Gules.
Throughout the ages the arms passed from monarch to succeeding monarch with only slight variations in detail. In some early examples the crest depicts the lion without a sceptre and holding the sword at an angle in the dexter paw, the sword blade passing behind the crowned head of the lion. Other versions show the unicorn supporters without their crowns, although being considered dangerous beasts they are always chained.
The motto In My Defens God Me Defend also appears as In My Defens or simply In Defens, whilst always appearing above the crest in keeping with the conventions of Scots heraldry. The lions, both rampant and sejant affronte, are usually depicted with blue tongue and claws, in heraldic terms armed and langued azure, but this has not always been the case. The tail of the lion rampant often ends by falling away from the back of the animal but at times is depicted turning inwards towards the head. The lion rampant has even been been depicted on a banner wearing a crown in the style of the Norwegian coat of Arms.
Many of these relatively minor variations will have resulted from the individual efforts of stone masons, weavers, artists and sculptors throughout the ages in their attempts to create a facsimile of the arms of the period.
When Mary, Queen of Scots, married Francis, Dauphin of France, in 1558, Mary's Royal arms of Scotland were impaled with those of the Dauphin, whose arms were themselves quartered with those of Scotland to indicate his status as King consort of Scotland. When Francis ascended to the throne of the Kingdom of France in 1559 as Francis II of France, the arms were again altered to indicate his status as King of France, with those of Mary also being altered to reflect her elevated status as queen-consort of France.[1].
Following the death of Francis in 1560, Mary continued to use the arms showing Scotland and France impaled, (with a minor alteration of the arms to reflect her change of status from queen-consort to queen-dowager), until her marriage to Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, in 1565. (Such symbolism was not lost upon Queen Elizabeth I of England, given that the English monarchy had for centuries held a historical claim to the throne of France, symbolised by the arms of the Kingdom of France having been quartered with those of the Kingdom of England since 1340). Following the marriage to Darnley, the arms of Scotland reverted to the blazon which had preceded the marriage to Francis.
On the death of Queen Elizabeth I of England in 1603, James VI, King of Scots, inherited the thrones of the Kingdom of England and Kingdom of Ireland, (the King of England being also King of Ireland), becoming King James I of England and Ireland, while remaining James VI of Scots. The Royal Coat of Arms of England were quartered with those of Scotland, and a quarter for Ireland was also added. At this time the King of England also laid claim to the French throne, therefore the arms of the Kingdom of England were themselves already quartered with those of the Kingdom of France. James used a different version of his Royal arms in Scotland and this distinction in Royal protocol continued post the Acts of Union of 1707. (Today, the Royal Arms of the United Kingdom used in Scotland continue to differ from those used elsewhere).
During the reign of Charles II, the Royal arms used in Scotland were augmented with the inclusion of the Latin motto of the Order of the Thistle,[2] the highest Chivalric order of the Kingdom of Scotland.[3] The motto of the Order of the Thistle, Nemo me impune lacessit, appears on a blue scroll overlying the compartment.[4] (Previously, only the collar of the Order of the Thistle had appeared on the arms).
The addition by King Charles of Nemo me impune lacessit ensured that the blazon of his Royal arms used in Scotland complemented that of his Royal arms used elsewhere, in that two mottoes were displayed. The blazon used elsewhere had included the French motto of the arms, Dieu et mon droit, together with the Old French motto of the Order of the Garter, the highest Chivalric order of the Kingdom of England. The motto of the Order of the Garter, Honi soit qui mal y pense, appears on a representation of the garter surrounding the shield. Henceforth, the versions of the Royal arms used in Scotland and elsewhere were to include both the motto of the arms of the respective kingdom and the motto of the associated order of chivalry.
From the accession of the Stuart dynasty to the throne of the Kingdom of Ireland in 1603, the Royal coat of arms have featured the harp, or Cláirseach, of Ireland in the third quadrant, the style of the harp itself having been altered several times since. The position of King of Ireland ceased with the passage by the Oireachtas of the Republic of Ireland Act 1948, when the office of President of Ireland replaced that of the King of Ireland. The Act declared that the Irish state could be described as a republic, following which the newly created Republic of Ireland left the British Commonwealth. However, the modern versions of the Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland used both in Scotland and elsewhere, and also the coat of arms of Canada, continue to feature an Irish harp in order to represent Northern Ireland.
The Royal Standard of Scotland, also known as the Lion Rampant, is the banner of the ancient arms. It is officially flown from royal residences when the Queen is not in residence. It is also used in an official capacity by the First Minister, Lord High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, Lord Lyon King of Arms, Lord Lieutenants in their Lieutenancies and by the Royal Regiment of Scotland.
Unofficially, the Lion Rampant is commonly used as a second national flag of Scotland, being most often seen at sporting events involving Scottish national teams. (Both the Scottish Football Association and Scotland national football team use a logo based upon the Royal Arms).
The modern Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom used in Scotland show the lion of Scotland in the first and fourth quarters of the shield, with those of England in the second and the harp of Ireland in the third. The sinister unicorn supporter is replaced by the Imperially crowned golden lion of England, who supports a lance displaying the flag of England. (The flag of Scotland replaces the banner of the arms supported by the dexter unicorn in the original version).
The Scots motto In Defens appears as in the original arms, and the Latin motto of the Order of the Thistle, Nemo me impune lacessit, also appears on a blue scroll overlying the compartment. (The Scots expression Wha Daur Meddle Wi' Me? is regarded as the root of the Latin motto, itself referring to the floral emblem of Scotland, the Thistle, which has sharp spikes at the tips of its leaves resulting in a painful sensation should they be handled without due respect).
Since the Union of the Crowns these Scottish quarterings have been used for official purposes in Scotland, for example, on official buildings and official publications. The Scotland Office uses a version of the Royal Coat of Arms as used in Scotland and the Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service, RCAHMS and the General Register Office for Scotland use a version of the crest.
The banner of the modern arms, the Royal Standard of the United Kingdom used in Scotland, is flown when the Queen is in residence at Balmoral Castle or the Palace of Holyroodhouse, on the queen's car on official journeys and on aircraft (when on the ground). It may also be flown on any building, official or private, during a visit by the Queen, if the owner or proprietor so requests. When the Queen attends the Scottish Parliament in Edinburgh, the Royal Standard of the United Kingdom used in Scotland flies outside the Scottish Parliament Building.
The Royal Coat of Arms of Canada correspond to those of the United Kingdom in that they also feature the Scottish arms in the second quarter of the shield and use the unicorn as the sinister supporter. The Canadian version also mirrors the Royal Coat of Arms of Scotland in that each supporter not only supports the shield but also a lance displaying a flag.
Both the flag and coat of arms of Nova Scotia feature elements of the Scottish arms. However, unlike the Royal Coat of Arms of Canada, those of Nova Scotia portray the unicorn as the Royally crowned dexter supporter, in the Scottish style. The shield depicts an inverse representation of the flag of Scotland and features the Royal arms of Scotland on an inescutcheon. The motto munit haec et altera vincit appears above the crest in keeping with the Scottish heraldic style. (Both the flag and shield of the Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia also feature the Scottish arms on an inescucheon).
The gold shield with double red tressure, with maple leaves (érablé-counter-érablé), is also used in the coat of arms of the Monarchist League of Canada, whose arms were granted by HM Queen Elizabeth II in 2002.
The banner of the Duke of Rothesay features on the 1st and 4th quarters the arms of the Great Steward of Scotland, with the 2nd and 3rd quarters featuring the arms of the Lord of the Isles. In the centre, on an inescutcheon, are the arms of the heir apparent to the King of Scots, namely the Royal arms of Scotland with a three point label. The standard of the Duke of Rothesay is the Royal Standard of Scotland defaced with a three point label.
The Scottish arms also feature in the arms of the Lord Lyon King of Arms, the arms of the Royal Scottish Academy and those of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.
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