Royal New Zealand Air Force
| Royal New Zealand Air Force | |
|---|---|
 Ensign of the Royal New Zealand Air Force |
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| Founded | 1923 (New Zealand Permanent Air Force formed) 1 April 1937 (Independent service) |
| Country | New Zealand |
| Size | 2,523 personnel (including civilian employees) (2003) 53 aircraft (2003) |
| Part of | New Zealand Defence Force |
| Motto | Per Ardua ad Astra latin:"Through Struggle to the Stars" |
| Flying hours | 190 per year per pilot (IISS 2008) |
| Commanders | |
| Chief of Air Force | Air Vice-Marshal Graham Lintott |
| Insignia | |
| Roundels |   |
The Royal New Zealand Air Force (RNZAF)[1] is the air arm of the New Zealand Defence Force. It was formed from New Zealand components of the British Royal Air Force, becoming an independent force in 1923, although many RNZAF aircrew continued to serve in the Royal Air Force until the end of the 1940s. The RNZAF fought in World War II, Malaysia, Vietnam and the Gulf War plus various United Nations peacekeeping missions. From a 1945 peak of over 1000 combat aircraft the RNZAF has shrunk to a strength of around 53 aircraft in 2007, focusing on maritime patrol and transport duties in support of the Royal New Zealand Navy and the New Zealand Army.
The RNZAF motto is the same as that of the RAF, Per ardua ad astra — "Through struggle to the stars." RNZAF rank titles are also derived from RAF rank titles. All personnel wear the nationality mark "NEW ZEALAND" on the slip-on rank shoulder epaulette or on a sewn-on shoulder title on the dress uniform.
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History
Pre-World War I
New Zealand's military aviation began in 1913 when the New Zealand Army was presented with two Blériot monoplanes by the United Kingdom. These machines were grounded after a young woman was given a joyride; on the outbreak of hostilities, the Bleriots were sent to support British forces in Mesopotamia.
World War I
In the Great War, New Zealand aircrew flew as part of the British Royal Flying Corps and Royal Naval Air Service. New Zealand pilots serving with British forces saw service in all theatres. Fifteen became aces, the top scorer being Keith Caldwell with, depending on how counted, more than 24 victories.
The government assisted two private schools to train pilots for the conflict. The Walsh brothers flying school at Auckland was founded by Leo and Vivian Walsh—pioneers who had made the first controlled flight in New Zealand. From 1915 pilots trained on the Walsh Brothers Flying Boats including Curtiss machines, aircraft of their own design and, later in the war, the first two aircraft made by Boeing.
In 1916 Sir Henry Wigram established the Canterbury Aviation Company at Sockburn, Christchurch, and purchased Caudron biplanes from Britain for pilot training. He gifted the aerodrome, later Wigram Aerodrome, to the government for defence purposes.
At the end of the war many New Zealand pilots stayed with the new Royal Air Force and several had attained high rank by the outbreak of World War II. Others returned to New Zealand and, serving part-time, provided the nucleus of the NZPAF.
The New Zealand Permanent Air Force
At the close of hostilities Great Britain offered each of the Dominions a hundred war-surplus combat aircraft. New Zealand was the last to respond and least enthusiastic. When the Avro 504s, Bristol F.2 Fighters and, De Havilland designed, Airco DH.4s and Airco DH.9s did reach New Zealand they were either placed in storage or loaned to the flying schools, barnstormers and nascent commercial operators. Several of the military aircraft were heavily modified—a 504 becoming a 3-seat floatplane and a DH-9 acquiring an enclosed passenger cabin.
The importance of aviation in war was belatedly recognised, largely thanks to the efforts of visionary parliamentarian Sir Henry Wigram. In 1923 the New Zealand Permanent Air Force was formed: a part of the Army staffed by 72 pilots with Great War experience. It was initially equipped with the surviving Avro 504K, the DH.4s, DH.9s and Bristol Fighters. These operated from an airfield outside Christchurch at Sockburn.
In 1926 Wigram donated £2,500 for the purchase of modern fighters and Gloster Grebes were acquired. Sockburn was later renamed Wigram, a name adopted by the suburb which grew up around the airbase. It is the site of the present New Zealand Air Force Museum, but RNZAF Base Wigram has now closed.
A trickle of new-build Bristol Fighters and other new types joined the NZPAF in the late 1920s and early 1930s. A Lewis gun-equipped De Havilland Gipsy Moth floatplane took part in naval operations against rebels in Samoa. The NZPAF's first action came in 1930 when the Moth dropped an improvised bomb made out of a treacle tin on to a ship suspected of gun-running. The bomb did no damage, fortuitously, as the target turned out to be a local missionary vessel. More creditably, Fairey IIIFs made a dramatic maritime rescue and in the aftermath of the Napier earthquake the NZPAF flew in urgently needed supplies and medical equipment.
See a photo of NZPAF officers c1929, also Leonard Isitt.
Like other western air arms a major expansion began from the mid 1930s. The NZPAF acquired more modern British types including significant numbers of Airspeed Oxfords, Avro 626s, Fairey Gordons, Vickers Vildebeests and Blackburn Baffins—and small numbers of other types. The NZPAF was renamed the Royal New Zealand Air Force in 1934 and became an independent service in 1937.
World War II
World War II in Europe
At the outbreak of World War II the primary equipment of the RNZAF was 30 Vickers Wellington bombers, which the New Zealand government had offered to the United Kingdom, in August 1939, together with the crews to fly them. They became 75 Squadron. Many other New Zealanders were serving in the RAF.
The primary role of the RNZAF was to take advantage of New Zealand's distance from the conflict by training aircrew, as part of the Empire Air Training Scheme, alongside the other major former British colonies, Canada, Australia and South Africa. For this task large numbers of De Havilland Tiger Moth, Airspeed Oxford and North American Harvard were manufactured or assembled locally and second-hand biplanes were acquired—such as Hawker Hinds and Vickers Vincents—as well as other types for specialised training such as Avro Ansons and Supermarine Walrus. Only when German surface raiders became active was it realised that a combat force would be needed in New Zealand in addition to the trainers.
New Zealand Squadrons of the RAF
Once trained, the majority of RNZAF aircrew served with ordinary units of the RAF or FAA. As in World War I, they served in all theatres. At least 78 became aces. New Zealanders in the RAF were pilots, such as the first RAF ace, Flying Officer Cobber Kain. Alan Deere, whose Nine Lives was one of the first post war accounts of combat, and leaders such as World War I ace, Air Chief Marshal Sir Keith Park, who commanded RAF 11 Group in the Battle of Britain and went on to the air defence of Malta and, in the closing stages of the war, the RAF in South East Asia were New Zealanders. Through accident or design, several RAF units came to be mostly manned by RNZAF pilots, for example No. 243 Squadron RAF in Singapore, No. 258 Squadron RAF in the UK and several Wildcat and Hellcat units of the FAA—leading some texts to claim these types of aircraft were used by the RNZAF).
Some squadrons within the Royal Air Force were deliberately set aside for pilots from a particular country. The first of these was 75 Squadron, formed by the Wellingtons and pilots lent by New Zealand in August 1939, which later flew Short Stirlings, Avro Lancasters and Avro Lincolns. Other New Zealand squadrons within the RAF were No. 485, which flew Supermarine Spitfires throughout the war. No. 486, (Hawker Hurricanes, Hawker Typhoons and Hawker Tempests). No. 487, (Lockheed Venturas and De Havilland Mosquitoes). No. 488, (Brewster Buffaloes, Hawker Hurricanes, Bristol Beaufighters and De Havilland Mosquitoes). No. 489, (Bristol Blenheims, Bristol Beauforts, Handley Page Hampdens, Bristol Beaufighters, and De Havilland Mosquitoes). And No. 490, (Consolidated Catalinas and Short Sunderlands).
The RNZAF in the Pacific
The presence of German raiders lead to the formation of New Zealand-based combat units—initially rearming types, like the Vildebeest, and hurriedly converting impressed airliners, such as the DH86 to carry bombs. Lockheed Hudsons were obtained early in 1941 to take over this role. No. 5 Squadron with Vickers Vincents and Short Singapores was sent to protect Fiji.
In December 1941 Japan attacked and rapidly conquered much of the area to the north of New Zealand. With the apparent threat of imminent invasion New Zealand was forced to look to her own defence, as well as to help the "mother country". Trainers and more airliners in New Zealand were camouflaged and armed and types, such as the such as the North American Harvard, Hawker Hind, Airspeed Oxford and even the de Havilland Tiger Moth, formed shadow bomber, army co-operation and fighter squadrons for use in the event of invasion. Hudsons moved forward into the South Pacific while No. 5 Squadron, in Fiji, commenced operations against the Japanese despite its obsolete equipment.
The vulnerability of New Zealand to Axis naval activity was demonstrated when a submarine-launched Japanese float plane overflew Wellington and Auckland—where it was chased ineffectually by a Tiger Moth. As few combat-capable aircraft were available at home and Britain was unable to help, New Zealand turned to the United States and signed a lend-lease agreement. Gradually at first, America was able to supply New Zealand with aircraft for use in the Pacific Theatre— initially, in 1942, Curtiss P-40 Kittyhawks and additional Harvards and Hudsons. The fall of Singapore lead to the evacuated RNZAF pilots, in the RAF there, becoming available in New Zealand and they provided an experienced nucleus around which new fighter squadrons were formed.
The early lend-lease aircraft were obsolescent and had difficulty holding their own against the skilled and well-equipped Japanese pilots, but as soon as pilots had converted to the lend-lease aircraft they were pressed into action.
From mid-1943, at Guadalcanal, starting with No. 15 and No. 14 squadrons, several Kittyhawk units fought with distinction. Several RNZAF pilots became aces against the Japanese, including Geoff Fisken, the commonwealth's leading ace in the Pacific war. Other squadrons flew the elderly but effective Douglas Dauntless and, later, the modern Grumman Avenger torpedo bomber. From 12 October 1943, as part of Operation Cartwheel, RNZAF aircraft joined an allied air campaign against Japanese held airfields and the port of Rabaul.
The RNZAF took on a major part of the maritime reconnaissance task with Catalina (and later Sunderland) flying boats and Hudson bombers.
The role of the RNZAF changed as the allies moved off the defensive. The Americans, leaders of the Allied nations in the Pacific, planned to bypass major Japanese strongholds, instead capturing a handful of island bases to provide a supply chain for an eventual attack on Japan itself. The Allied advance started from the South Pacific. The RNZAF was part of the force tasked with securing the line of advance by incapacitating bypassed Japanese strongholds, for example, Rabaul.
As the war progressed the older types were replaced with more powerful modern aircraft; Kittyhawks gave way to Corsairs, Hudsons and Venturas. At the close of war the RNZAF was planning to bring 320 P51Ds into service as part replacement for the F4U.
At its peak, in the Pacific, the RNZAF had 34 Squadrons—25 of which were based outside New Zealand and in action against Japanese forces. Thirteen squadrons of Corsairs, six of Venturas, two each of Catalinas and Avengers, two of Dakotas. The RNZAF also had a squadron of Dauntless dive bombers, several mixed transport and communications squadrons, a flight of Short Sunderlands and nearly 1000 training machines. To administer units in the South Pacific, No. 1 (Islands) Group RNZAF was formed on 10 March 1943.[2] In addition to this several hundred RNZAF personnel saw action with RAF squadrons or the FAA in Burma, Singapore and the South Pacific.
By 1945 the RNZAF had over 41,000 personnel, including just over 10,000 aircrew who served with the RAF in Europe and Africa.
Postwar RNZAF
In the post war period the RNZAF dealt progressively with demobilisation and disposal of its large obsolete fleet, rearmament to support the cold war, some loss of training opportunities with the American suspension of ANZUS Treaty obligations in protest at New Zealand becoming a nuclear free zone, social changes which saw women become combat pilots, and most recently loss of fast jets as part of the continuing funding cuts, that have seen the air force decline from over a thousand aircraft to just fifty.
Following World War II, 14 Squadron was sent to Japan as part of the occupation J-Force. The rest of the air force rapidly divested itself of aircraft and manpower and settled mainly into training and transport mode before the advent of rejuvenated 14 and 75 squadrons.
A Gloster Meteor arrived in 1945, introducing the jet age. The force was equipped from 1946 with the De Havilland Mosquito before the arrival of De Havilland Vampires. Initially used in peacekeeping in Cyprus and Singapore the Vampires were supplemented by loaned De Havilland Venoms and, later, English Electric Canberras, both of which saw action in the Malayan Emergency and subsequent confrontation with Indonesia. The RNZAF bought its own Canberras in 1962, these were replaced from 1969 with A-4 Skyhawks. In the late 1980s 10 further Skyhawks were obtained from Australia and, under the Kahu (Falcon) program, the fleet was updated with F-16 avionics, (including APG 66 radar), allowing use of AIM-9L and AGM-65 Maverick missiles and laser-guided bombs.
During the 1960s the ageing Vampire fleet was used largely for training and any pretence of maintaining a fighter arm was abandoned when these were replaced with BAC Strikemasters in the early 1970s. When, in the early 1990s these had to be retired due to serious wing fatigue problems, they were replaced in the training role by 18 Aermacchi MB-339s.
In the immediate post war period, internal communications and transport and other services were maintained by 42 Squadron. It supported the Army and Navy using TBM-1 Avengers (to tow drogue targets for gunnery), the Territorial Air Force's P-51D Mustangs and T-6 Harvards, the VIPs with De Havilland Devons, also used for support, communications and multi-engine conversion training, and Dakotas for VIP and communications support. De Havilland Canada DHC-2 Beaver, De Havilland Canada DHC-3 Otter and Auster types helped to explore Antarctica. A research flight helped develop Aerial Topdressing. Later, Hawker Siddeley Andover and Cessna 421C Golden Eagle aircraft were used for transport and VIP duties.
Nos. 5 and 6 squadron traded their lend-lease Catalinas for Short Sunderland MR5s operating in maritime patrol and search and rescue roles from Hobsonville and Laucala Bay, Fiji, before 6 squadron was disbanded and 5 received P-3K Orions in 1965.
Transport aircraft such as the Douglas C-47 Dakota, Bristol Freighter, De Havilland Devon, Handley Page Hastings, Douglas DC-6, C-130 Hercules, Andover, Boeing 727 and Boeing 757 were operated by Numbers 1, 40, 41 and 42 Squadrons. Transports flew in support of the Army, Navy and other allied military and civil forces in the Malayan Emergency, Korean War, Vietnam War, the Gulf War and the US and NATO led operations in Afghanistan, as well as supporting several UN missions such as UNTAET while carrying out peacetime tasks for governmental and civilian purposes.
The Bell 47 introduced the helicopter to the RNZAF and the Bell UH-1 Iroquois of 3 Squadron went to the Sinai and East Timor, while Westland Wasp and Kaman SH-2 Seasprite helicopters were also operated by the squadron. The Naval Support Flight was separated from 3 Squadron to re-form 6 Squadron in October 2005.
The number of airbases has reduced throughout the post war period. RNZAF Te Rapa north of Hamilton closed in 1992, and, years later, RNZAF Shelly Bay also closed. The Shelly Bay base had been located on Wellington's Miramar peninsula, what during World War II had been the naval station HMNZS Cook. The helicopter and former seaplane base RNZAF Hobsonville closed early in the new millenium, while RNZAF Whenuapai is planned to close at some point in the next decade.
21st century
In 2001 the Labour Government, citing a benign security environment, cancelled the purchase of 28 Block 15 F-16 Fighting Falcon fighters and disbanded the existing A-4 Skyhawk and Aermacchi MB-339 (Nos 75, 2 and 14) squadrons, a move that was opposed by many in the defence forces. These F-16s had been offered for sale to New Zealand after the sale was canceled by the USA Government due to concerns about Pakistan's Nuclear Weapons Program. One of the units disbanded was No. 75 Squadron, a British Royal Air Force squadron staffed by New Zealander personnel during World War II and later transferred to the RNZAF. The other disbanded squadrons were 2 Squadron flying A-4 Skyhawks and 14 Squadron the Aermacchi MB-339CB aircraft.
By 2003 the RNZAF was reduced to a total of 53 aircraft and 2,523 personnel (including civilian employees). The RNZAF no longer has any strike capability. Current duties include search and rescue, maritime patrol and transport. Almost all of the RNZAF's fighter pilots have left New Zealand to serve in the Royal Australian Air Force and the Royal Air Force. [3]
In 2005 the New Zealand Ministry of Defence selected the NH90 helicopter to replace the RNZAF's ageing fleet of 14 UH-1H Iroquois helicopters. The NZ government allocated NZ$550 million for the replacement of the Iroquois and the RNZAF's small fleet of Bell 47 (Sioux) training helicopters. In late 2005 the NZ government announced that the surviving A-4Ks and MB-339Cs, (17 aircraft of each type, not counting A-4s in museums) were to be sold to an American company, Tactical Air Systems, for use in jet training, subject to the usual U. S. governmental approvals. Tactical Air Systems announced RNZAF colour schemes would be preserved, "out of respect for the history and traditions of the RNZAF". The aircraft remain in storage at Woodbourne due to U. S. State Department concerns about having two squadrons of combat jets operating over the U. S. in private hands. The Aermacchi fleet is still in flying condition but the A4K fleet was covered in protective latex and moved to outside storage in 2007 [1] to make space for the C130 life extension.
New Zealand took out an option to purchase C-130J Hercules from Lockheed Martin as a part of an Australian purchase in the late 1990s, however the Labour Government which entered power in 1999 chose not to proceed with the purchase. Instead a NZD226m service life extension programme (SLEP) was ordered from L3 Spar Aerospace of Canada in 2004 [2]. This is for the replacement of specific mechanical, avionic, and structural components, and the design and installation of flight deck communications and navigation improvements to meet evolving air traffic management regulations [3]. The first aircraft is to be modified in Canada with the rest at Air New Zealand subsidiary, Safe Air, in Blenheim, New Zealand. The SLEP will see the highest houred C130 Hercules in the world remain in use until approximately 2025. Its replacement will most likely be either the A400M or the C130J.
Since 2001, RNZAF P-3K Orions and C-130 Hercules have made periodic deployments in support of Operation Enduring Freedom and the International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan.
In October 2007 the government announced it had selected the Agusta A109 as the preferred replacement for the Sioux helicopters.[4] Defence Minister Phil Goff declared "In common with the Seasprite helicopter already in service and the eight new NH-90s on order for the RNZAF, the A109 is wheeled and capable of deployment from our Navy vessels". Chief of Air Force, Air Vice-Marshal Graham Lintott, said the A109 "will provide an effective platform to train aircrew in basic helicopter operations plus the advanced skills required to operate both the Navy SH-2G Seasprite and the highly capable RNZAF NH90 helicopter that will come into service in 2010."[5]
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Current strength
Aircraft
- 6 x Lockheed P-3K Orions are operated in the maritime patrol mission. Five were originally delivered in 1966 as P-3Bs. Another was purchased from the RAAF in 1985, following which all were upgraded to their current standard.
- 5 x Kaman SH-2G(NZ) Seasprites were purchased in 1997 for operation from the RNZN's new Anzac class frigates. Although these are navy aircraft, they are operated and maintained by the RNZAF.
- 5 x Beechcraft B200 King Airs Three were leased by the RNZAF in 1998, with a further two leased in 2000. These are used in the multi-engined training role.
- 2 x Boeing 757-200s are operated in the fast air transport role.
- 5 x C-130H Hercules are operated in the air transport role. Three were delivered in 1966, with a further two in 1969.
- 14 x UH-1H Iroquois The most numerous operational aircraft in the RNZAF inventory.
- 13 x Pacific Aerospace CT-4E Airtrainers were leased by the RNZAF in 1998 to serve as the air force's basic flying trainer.
- 5 x Bell 47 Sioux are in service as basic helicopter trainers. Five Agusta A109 helicopters will be delivered from October 2010 to replace the Sioux.[6]
- 8 x NHI NH90 helicopters have been purchased by the Ministry of Defence for $771 million, including costs for parts and services. Expected to be operational in New Zealand from 2010, they will replace the Iroquois.
In addition a historic flight maintains airworthy Harvard and Tiger Moth trainers.
Squadrons
- No. 3 Squadron - UH-1 Iroquois
- No. 5 Squadron - P-3 Orion
- No. 6 Squadron - SH-2 Seasprite
- No. 40 Squadron - C-130 Hercules/Boeing 757
- No. 42 Squadron - Beech Kingair B200
Other Units
- Aeronautical Standards and Safety Office - RNZAF Base Auckland
- Aviation Medicine Unit - RNZAF Base Auckland
- Air Power Development Centre (APDC)- RNZAF Base Ohakea
- Aircraft Repair Depot - RNZAF Base Woodbourne
- RNZAF Parachute Training and Support Unit - RNZAF Base Auckland
RNZAF bases
- Auckland
- Ohakea
- Woodbourne
Symbols, flags and emblems
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The RNZAF roundel
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The RNZAF ensign was approved in 1939, based on the ensign of the Royal Air Force, with the letters "NZ" inserted within the roundel.
Until the 1950s NZPAF and RNZAF aircraft flew with Royal Air Force roundels; sometimes only the "NZ" prefix to the serial number revealed its nationality within the Commonwealth. A white kiwi or silver fern on a black background or a New Zealand flag frequently appeared on RNZAF aircraft, and also on RAF aircraft with NZ aircrew. Map outlines of New Zealand with a Kiwi superimposed appeared on the tails of Canberras flown from Singapore in the Malayan Emergency: Venoms used in the conflict had a white kiwi on a black tail. From the mid 1950s RNZAF roundels were modified by a silver fern frond within the inner red circle. The Kiwi roundel was adopted at the end of the 1960s. To assist camouflage in the 1980s the white was sometimes eliminated, giving a red kiwi within a blue circle (e.g. on Hercules, Aermacchis and Skyhawks). The kiwi roundel is now frequently a black circle around a black kiwi (Hercules, Iroquois) or two-tone grey (Orion, Sea Sprite). On wings, the roundel is usually painted with the legs proximal to the fuselage, and the back distal.
Victoria Crosses
- Lloyd Trigg, 1914–1943. On the recommendation of U-Boat survivors, for continuing to attack U-468 until it sank, even after his Consolidated Liberator bomber was engulfed in flames.
- Leonard Trent, 1915–1986. For inspiring his 487 Squadron to persist in an attack deemed vital until all of its Lockheed Venturas were shot down. Trent became a prisoner of war and later took part in The Great Escape.
- James Allen Ward, 1919–1941. For climbing on the wing of his Vickers Wellington (of 75 Squadron) bomber AA-R to smother an engine fire in flight. Ward's aircraft was shot down and he was killed in a raid on Hamburg two months later.
Personnel
Air force commanders
- 1 April 1937 Group Captain Ralph Cochrane [4]
- 25 February 1939 Group Captain Hugh Saunders [5]
- 29 September 1941 Air Commodore Victor Goddard [6]
- 19 July 1943 Air Vice-Marshal Leonard Isitt [7]
- May 1946 Air Vice-Marshal Arthur Nevill
- January 1951 Air Vice-Marshal D Carnegie
- February 1954 Air Vice-Marshal W Merton
- June 1956 Air Vice-Marshal Cyril Kay
- July 1958 Air Vice-Marshal M Calder
- July 1962 Air Vice-Marshal Ian Morrison
- July 1966 Air Vice-Marshal C Turner
- July 1969 Air Vice-Marshal W Stratton
- July 1971 Air Vice-Marshal D F St George
- September 1974 Air Vice-Marshal Sir Richard Bolt
- October 1976 Air Vice-Marshal Larry Siegert
- October 1979 Air Vice-Marshal D Jameison
- April 1983 Air Vice-Marshal David Crooks
- October 1986 Air Vice-Marshal Pat Neville
- Air Vice Marshal Don Hamilton
- 25 February 2002 Air Vice-Marshal John Hamilton [8]
- 1 May 2006 Air Vice-Marshal Graham Lintott [9]
See also
- List of air forces
- New Zealand military ranks
- List of aircraft of the RNZAF and RNZN
- List of squadrons of the RNZAF
- Royal Air Force
- Royal New Zealand Air Force Museum
- Military history of New Zealand
- New Zealand Air Training Corps (ATC)
- New Zealand Defence College
References
- ↑ RNZAF - Headquarters and Bases
- ↑ http://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/tei-WH2AirF-c12-1.html
- ↑ Hooper, Nick and Stephens, Barbara; The economics of defence labour markets, Economic Affairs Volume 17 Issue 4, p39
- ↑ Lift-off for negotiations on new copters - New Zealand Herald, Wednesday 31 October 2007
- ↑ Air force helicopter replacement announced - RNZAF Public Relationa Media Release, Tuesday 30 October 2007
- ↑ Govt wraps up copter upgrade, New Zealand Herald, 9 May 2008
External links
- RNZAF history
- RNZAF
- Ministry of Defence (official website)
- New Zealand Defence Force (official website)
References
- ↑ RNZAF - Headquarters and Bases
- ↑ http://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/tei-WH2AirF-c12-1.html
- ↑ Hooper, Nick and Stephens, Barbara; The economics of defence labour markets, Economic Affairs Volume 17 Issue 4, p39
- ↑ Lift-off for negotiations on new copters - New Zealand Herald, Wednesday 31 October 2007
- ↑ Air force helicopter replacement announced - RNZAF Public Relationa Media Release, Tuesday 30 October 2007
- ↑ Govt wraps up copter upgrade, New Zealand Herald, 9 May 2008
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New Zealand Army |
Royal New Zealand Navy |
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