Rio de Janeiro (state)
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State of Rio de Janeiro
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| Anthem November 15th |
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| Capital (and largest city) |
Rio de Janeiro |
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| Demonym | Fluminense | |||||
| Government | ||||||
| - | Governor | Sérgio Cabral Filho | ||||
| - | Vice Governor | Luís Fernando de Sousa | ||||
| Area | ||||||
| - | Total | 43,696.1 km² (24th) | ||||
| Population | ||||||
| - | 2006 estimate | 15,561,720 (3rd) | ||||
| - | 2005 census | 15,397,366 | ||||
| - | Density | 356,1/km² (2nd) | ||||
| GDP | 2005 estimate | |||||
| - | Total | R$ 246,936,000,000 (2nd) | ||||
| - | Per capita | R$ 16,052 (3rd) | ||||
| HDI (2005) | 0.832 (high) (3rd) | |||||
| Abbreviation | BR-RJ | |||||
| Time zone | BRT (UTC-3) | |||||
| - | Summer (DST) | BRST (UTC-2) | ||||
Rio de Janeiro (pron. IPA: [ˈhiu dʒi ʒʌˈnejɾu] [1]) is one of the 26 states of Brazil.
It is located in the Brazilian geopolitical region of the Southeast (assigned by IBGE) and its boundaries, all of them with other Brazilian states in the Southeast region (Rio de Janeiro is the only state in the Southeast to share borders exclusively with other states in the same macroregion), are with Minas Gerais (N and NW), Espírito Santo (NE) and São Paulo (SW), and plus its shore line, in the Atlantic Ocean, to its East and South.
Rio de Janeiro has an area of 43,653 km² and its capital is the city of Rio de Janeiro, which was the capital of the Portuguese colony as of 1763 (the first capital being Salvador da Bahia), capital of the United Kingdom of Brazil, Portugal and Algarves as of 1806 and the capital of independent Brazil from 1822 to 1960.
The state's most populous cities are Rio de Janeiro, Nova Iguaçu, Niterói, Duque de Caxias, São Gonçalo, São João de Meriti, Campos dos Goytacazes, Petrópolis and Volta Redonda.
Its principal rivers are the Guandu River, the Piraí, the Paraíba do Sul, the Macaé and the Muriaé. Its climate is considered to be tropical.
Rio de Janeiro is made up of two distinct morphological areas: a plain, known as baixada, and a plateau, which are disposed in parallel fashion from the shoreline inland (towards Minas Gerais).
In the Brazilian flag, the state is represented by the Beta star in the Southern Cross (β = Mimosa).
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Geography
The state is part of the Mata Atlântica biome, and its topography comprises both mountains and plains, located between the Mantiqueira Mountains and the Atlantic Ocean. Its coast is carved by the bays of Guanabara, Sepetiba, and Ilha Grande.
There are prominent slopes near the ocean, featuring also diverse environments, such as restinga vegetation, bays, lagoons and tropical forests.
Rio de Janeiro is the smallest state in the Southeast macroregion and one of the smallest in Brazil. It has, however, the third longest coastline in the country (second only to Bahia's and Maranhão's), extending 635 kilometers.
History
Hereditary captainships
Rio de Janeiro was originated from parts of the captainships of de Tomé and São Vicente. Between 1555 and 1567, the territory was busy with the Frenchmen, who intended to install a colony, France Antarctique. Aiming at to prevent the occupation of the Frenchmen, in March 1565, the city of Rio de Janeiro was established by Estácio de Sá.
In the 17th century, cattle and sugar cane stimulated the city's progress which was definitively assured when the port started to export the extracted gold of Minas Gerais in 18 century. In 1763, Rio de Janeiro became the headquarters of the Colonial Brazil and the capital of the colony. With the change of the royal family for Brazil, in 1808, the region very was benefited with urban reforms to shelter the Portuguese. Inside of the promoted changes they are distinguished: the transference of agencies of public administration and justice, the creation of new churches, hospitals, foundation of the first bank of the country - the Banco do Brasil - and the Imprensa Régia, with the Gazette do Rio of Janeiro. In following years had also appeared the Jardim Botânico, Academia Real Militar.
Thus, a process of cultural introduction, influenced not only by the arrival of the Royal Family, but also by the presence of European artists who had been hired to register the society and Brazilian nature. In this same time, was born the Escola Real de Ciências, Artes e Ofícios (The Royal School of Sciences, Arts, and Works).
The Neutral City
In 1834, the city of Rio de Janeiro was transformed into neutral city, remaining as capital of the country, while the captainships passed to being provinces, with its headquarters in Niterói, a neighbor city. In 1889, the city was changed into capital of the Republic, the neutral city in federal district and the province in State. With the change of the capital for Brasilia, in 1960, the city of Rio de Janeiro became the State of Guanabara.
The new State of Rio de Janeiro
In 1975, the states of Guanabara and Rio de Janeiro were merged under the name of Rio de Janeiro, with the city of Rio de Janeiro as state capital. The symbols of the former State of Rio de Janeiro were preserved, while the symbols of Guanabara were kept by the city of Rio de Janeiro. It should be noted that European presence in Rio de Janeiro is as old as Brazil itself, dating back to 1502 under this name.
Demographics
According to the IBGE of 2007, there were 15,593,000 people residing in the state. The population density was 356,1 inh./km².
Urbanization: 96.9% (2004); Population growth: 1.3% (1991-2000); Houses: 4.944.333 (2005).
Source: PNAD.
The last PNAD (National Research for Sample of Domiciles) census resulted in the following numbers: 8,513,778 White people (54.6%), 5,145,690 Pardo (Brown) people (33.0%), 1,871,160 Black people (12.0%), 62,000 Asian or Amerindian people (0.4%).[2]
People of Portuguese ancestry predominate in most of the state. Other European ethnic groups, such as Swiss and Germans settled mostly in the mountainous areas (Nova Friburgo, Petrópolis, etc) and in the capital. Italians and Spaniards are also present in the capital as well as in the surrounding cities.[3][4]
People of African descent are numerous mostly in the capital city. Those of mixed-race ancestry (mulattoes) are the majority of the population in some towns.
Economy
The industrial sector is the largest component of GDP at 51.6%, followed by the service sector at 47.8%. Agriculture represents 0.6% of GDP (2004). Rio de Janeiro (state) exports: petroleum 44.8%, fuel 17.5%, siderurgy 13%, chemicals 3.6%, not ferrous metals 2.8%, vehicles 2.1% (2002).
Participation in the Brazilian economy: 12.6% (2004).[5]
Trivia
Vehicles: 3.915.724 (jan./2006); Mobile phones: 10 million (2006); Telephones: 5.3 million (2006). Cities: 92 (2006). Area: The state of Rio de Janeiro is more than double the size of: El Salvador, Slovenia, Chechnya, Hawaii (USA). It is slightly larger than: Denmark, Netherlands, Switzerland. The state is slightly smaller than: Estonia, Dominican Republic, Slovakia.
Education
Portuguese is the official national language, and thus the primary language taught in schools. But English and Spanish are part of the official high school curriculum.
Colleges and Universities
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) (Federal University of Rio de Janeiro);
- Instituto Militar de Engenharia (IME);
- Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO) (Federal University of State of Rio de Janeiro);
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio);
- Universidade do Grande Rio (UNIGRANRIO) (University of Great Rio);
- Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ) (University of State of Rio de Janeiro);
- Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense (UENF) (State University of North Fluminense);
- Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF) (Fluminense Federal University);
- Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ) (Rural Federal University of Rio de Janeiro);
- and many others.
Culture
Carnival
It is the great explosion of joy in Rio. A party uniting emotions, creativity, plasticity, colours, sounds and much fantasy. It is the greatest popular party in the world. A unique record of the rich cultural melting pot typical of Brazil.
New Year’s Eve
In Rio de Janeiro, New Year’s Eve celebration involves the whole city population. Local inhabitants and visitors join to celebrate taken by the same euphoria: to be in Rio. The party, one of the most famous in the world, is held on the famous beach of Copacabana, gathering thousands of people to enjoy musical performances and fireworks – increasingly exuberant year after year.
Infrastructure
International Airport
Since August 2004, with the transfer of many flights from Santos-Dumont Airport, Rio de Janeiro International Airport has returned to being the main doorway to Brazil. According to data from the official Brazilian travel bureau, Embratur, nearly 40% of foreign tourists who visit Brazil choose Rio as their gateway, meaning Galeão Airport. Besides linking Rio to the rest of Brazil with domestic flights, Galeão has connections to more than 18 countries. It can handle up to 15 million users a year in two passenger terminals. Located only 20 kilometers from downtown Rio, the international airport is served by several quick access routes, such as the Linha Vermelha and Linha Amarela freeways and Avenida Brasil, thus conveniently serving residents of the city’s southern, northern and western zones. There are special shuttle buses linking Galeão to Santos-Dumont, and bus and taxi service to the rest of the city. The airport complex also has Brazil’s longest runway at 4.240 meters, and one of South America’s largest and best equipped cargo logistics terminals.
Highways
BR-101, BR-116, BR-040, BR-354, BR-356, BR-393, BR-465, BR-493, BR-495.
Sports
More notable sports events in Rio include the MotoGP Brazilian Grand Prix and the World Beach volleyball finals. Jacarepaguá was the place of Formula One Brazilian Grand Prix into 1978-1990 and the Champ Car event into 1996-1999. WCT/WQS Surf championships were contested on the beaches from 1985-2001. The city has built a new stadium near the Maracanã, to hold 45,000 people. It was named after Brazilian ex-FIFA president João Havelange. Sports are a very popular pastime in Rio de Janeiro. The most popular is futebol (soccer). Rio de Janeiro is home to four traditional Brazilian football clubs:Botafogo, Flamengo, Fluminense and Vasco.
Rio de Janeiro is one of the 18 remaining candidates to host games of the 2014 FIFA World Cup, for which Brazil is the only South American bidder.
State flag
In the foreground of the state flag, an eagle, symbol of Brazil's royal family, appears. In the background, the rock formation Dedo de Deus ("The Finger of God"), which is visible from the city of Rio de Janeiro in a clear day. The outer part of the coat of arms represents the state's agricultural richness, sugarcane (left) and coffee (right).
Cities
- List of municipalities in Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Brazil
See also
- List of Governors of Rio de Janeiro
- Legislative Assembly of Rio de Janeiro
References
- ↑ The presented pronunciation is in Brazilian Portuguese variant spoken in Rio de Janeiro. Other possible pronunciations in Brazil are: IPA: ['ʁiu de ʒa'neʲɾu] (Rio Grande do Sul), IPA: ['riu di ʒa'neɾu] (São Paulo) and IPA: ['xiu di ʒa'neɾu] (Northeast). The European Portuguese pronunciation is: /'ʁiu dɨ ʒɐ'nɐiɾu/.
- ↑ (in Portuguese) (PDF)Síntese de Indicadores Sociais 2007. State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: IBGE. 2007. ISBN 85-240-3919-1. ftp://ftp.ibge.gov.br/Indicadores_Sociais/Sintese_de_Indicadores_Sociais_2007/Tabelas. Retrieved on 2007-07-18.
- ↑ A Colônia Suíça de Nova Friburgo
- ↑ A colonização alemã em Petrópolis
- ↑ (in Portuguese) (PDF)List of Brazilian states by GDP. State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: IBGE. 2004. ISBN 85-240-3919-1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Brazilian_states_by_GDP_participation. Retrieved on 2007-07-18.
External links
- Official Website (Portuguese)/(English)
- Brazilian Tourism Portal
- State Judiciary (Portuguese)
- State Assembly (Portuguese)
- State University (Portuguese)/(English)
- Northern State University (Portuguese)
- State Attornery Office (Portuguese)
- State Civil Defence (Portuguese)
- State Military Police (Portuguese)
- State Civil Police (Portuguese)
- Group Fotolog - Rio de Janeiro (Portuguese)
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