Philip V | |
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King of Spain (more...) | |
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1st Reign 2nd Reign |
1700–1724 1724-1746 |
Predecessor | Charles II Louis |
Successor | Louis Ferdinand VI |
Consort | Maria Luisa of Savoy Elisabeth of Parma |
Issue | |
Louis I Ferdinand VI Charles III Mariana Victoria, Queen of Portugal Philip, Duke of Parma Maria Teresa, Dauphine of France Louis, Count de Chinchon Maria Antonieta, Queen of Sardinia |
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Royal house | House of Bourbon |
Father | Louis, Dauphin of France |
Mother | Maria Anna of Bavaria |
Born | December 19, 1683 Versailles, France |
Died | July 9, 1746 (aged 62) Madrid, Spain |
Spanish House of Bourbon 1700-1833 |
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Philip V of Spain (December 19, 1683 - July 9, 1746), born Philippe de France, fils de France and duc d'Anjou, was king of Spain from 1700 to 1724 and 1724 to 1746, the first of the Bourbon dynasty in Spain.
Philip was the second son of Louis, le Grand Dauphin and Maria Anna of Bavaria[1], known as Dauphine Victoire. He was a younger brother of Louis, duc de Bourgogne and an uncle of Louis XV of France.
His paternal grandparents were Louis XIV of France[2] and Maria Theresa of Spain. His maternal grandparents were Ferdinand Maria, Elector of Bavaria and Adelaide Henriette of Savoy, the daughter of Victor Amadeus I, Duke of Savoy.
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Philip was born at the Palace of Versailles[3] in France. His older brother, Louis de France, duc de Bourgogne, was in line to the throne right after his father, Le Grand Dauphin, thus leaving him and his younger brother, Charles de France, duc de Berry little expectation to ever rule over France.
In the year 1700, the King of Spain, Charles II, died. Charles' will named the 16-year old Philip, the grandson of Charles' sister Maria Theresa of Spain, as his successor.[1] Upon any possible refusal the Crown of Spain would be offered next to Philip's younger brother Charles, duc de Berry, or, next, to Archduke Charles of Austria[1]
Both claimants had a legal right due to the fact that Philip's grandfather, King Louis XIV of France and Charles's father, Holy Roman Emperor Leopold, were both the husbands of Charles' older half sisters and sons of Charles' aunts.
Philip had the better claim because his grandmother and great-grandmother were older than Leopold's. However, the Austrian branch claimed that Philip's grandmother had renounced the Spanish throne for her descendants as part of her marriage contract. This was countered by the French branch's claim that it was on the basis of a dowry that had never been paid[4].
After a long council meeting where the Dauphin spoke up in favour of his son's rights, it was agreed that Philip would ascend the throne but would forever renounce his claim to the throne of France for himself and his descendants[5], . It was not difficult to see whether Louis would have refused, as a Habsburg ruler in Spain would have put a possible enemy on three frontiers.
After the Royal Council decided to accept Charles' will naming Philip King of Spain, the Spanish ambassador was called in and introduced to his new King. The ambassador, along with his son, knelt before Philip and made a long speech in Spanish which Philip did not understand, although Louis XIV did. Ironically, Philip had only begun taking Spanish lessons that day.
However, the other powers of Europe contested the idea, eventually leading to the War of Spanish Succession (1701-1714). Although Philip was allowed to remain on the Spanish throne, Spain was forced to cede Minorca and Gibraltar to Great Britain; the Spanish Netherlands, Naples, Milan, and Sardinia to the Austrian Habsburgs; and Sicily and parts of the Milanese to Savoy[6].
These losses greatly diminished the Spanish Empire in Europe, which had already been in decline. Throughout his reign, Philip sought to reverse the decline of Spanish power as Great Britain increasingly began to dominate at sea.
He married his double-second cousin Maria Louisa of Savoy (17 September 1688–February 14, 1714) on November 3, 1701[7] and they had 4 sons:
He married Elizabeth Farnese, Princess of Parma, (25 October 1692–11 July 1766), on 24 December 1714[8], they had 7 children:
On January 14, 1724, Philip abdicated the throne to his eldest son, Louis I. Debate centers on the reason for this abdication, but centers on two theories. One theory states that Philip V did not wish to reign anymore for mental reasons, hence entrusting the government to Louis I. During his reign he exhibited many elements of mental instability.
The second theory emphasizes the rapid loss of legitimate males in the French royal family due to infectious disease and the desire to avoid another continental war similar to the War of the Spanish Succession. Many of Louis XIV's surviving sons were illegitimate, and therefore unable to inherit. Given strict adherence to Salic law, women could not inherit the French throne as well. Further complicating matters, treaties barred the Kings of Spain from becoming Kings of France to prevent the creation of a Franco-Spanish superstate within a personal union of crowns. However, these treaties were in direct conflict with French succession law that barred denying the eldest legitimate male heir of Hugh Capet the French crown. Therefore, by abdicating the Spanish crown, Philip V could have become the king of France, as there would be no personal union given his son's reign in Spain and his in France.
Events insured that no matter what the actual reason for abdication was, Philip V would reign again in Spain: Louis I died of small pox. And the potentially catastrophic scenario of extinction of the male-line in France was averted when the French crown was inherited by Louis XIV's great-grandson, Louis XV, who survived into adulthood after the regency of the Duke of Orleans.
Philip helped his Bourbon relatives to make territorial gains in the War of the Polish Succession and the War of the Austrian Succession by reconquering Naples and Sicily from Austria and Oran from the Ottomans. Finally, at the end of his reign Spanish forces also successfully defended their American territories from a large British invasion during the War of Jenkins' Ear.
During his reign Spain began to recover from the stagnation it had suffered during the twilight of the Spanish Habsburg dynasty. Ferdinand VI of Spain, his son by his first queen Maria Luisa of Savoy, succeeded him.
Philip was afflicted by fits of manic depression and increasingly fell victim to a deep melancholia. His second wife, Elizabeth Farnese, completely dominated her passive husband. She bore him further sons, including another successor, Charles III of Spain. He was later helped with his affliction by the castrato singer Carlo Broschi, famously known as Farinelli, who, for twenty years, sang the same four arias each night to the king before he went to sleep .
Philip died on July 9, 1746 and was buried in his favorite Royal Palace of La Granja de San Ildefonso.
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16. Henry IV of France | |||||||||||||||
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8. Louis XIII of France |
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17. Marie de' Medici | |||||||||||||||
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4. Louis XIV of France |
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18. Philip III of Spain | |||||||||||||||
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9. Infanta Anne of Spain |
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19. Archduchess Margaret of Austria | |||||||||||||||
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2. Louis, Dauphin of France |
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20. Philip III of Spain (= 18) | |||||||||||||||
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10. Philip IV of Spain |
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21. Archduchess Margaret of Austria (= 19) | |||||||||||||||
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5. Infanta Maria Theresa of Spain |
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22. Henry IV of France (= 16) | |||||||||||||||
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11. Princess Elisabeth of France |
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23. Marie de' Medici (= 17) | |||||||||||||||
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1. Philip V of Spain |
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24. William V, Duke of Bavaria | |||||||||||||||
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12. Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria |
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25. Princess Renata of Lorraine | |||||||||||||||
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6. Ferdinand Maria, Elector of Bavaria |
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26. Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor | |||||||||||||||
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13. Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria |
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27. Princess Maria Anna of Bavaria | |||||||||||||||
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3. Princess Maria Anna of Bavaria |
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28. Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy | |||||||||||||||
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14. Victor Amadeus I, Duke of Savoy |
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29. Infanta Catherine Michelle of Spain | |||||||||||||||
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7. Princess Henriette Adelaide of Savoy |
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30. Henry IV of France (= 16) | |||||||||||||||
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15. Princess Christine Marie of France |
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31. Marie de' Medici (= 17) | |||||||||||||||
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Philip V of Spain
Cadet branch of the Capetian dynasty
Born: December 19 1683 Died: July 9 1746 |
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French royalty | ||
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Preceded by Louis François de France |
duc d'Anjou 1683–1700 |
Succeeded by Louis de France |
Regnal titles | ||
Preceded by Charles II |
King of Naples and Sardinia; Duke of Brabant, Guelders, Limburg, Lothier, Luxembourg and Milan; Count of Flanders, Hainaut and Namur 1700–13 |
Succeeded by Charles VI |
King of Sicily 1700–13 |
Succeeded by Victor Amadeus II |
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King of Spain (First time) 1700 – January 14 1724 |
Succeeded by Louis |
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Preceded by Louis |
King of Spain (Restored) September 6 1724 – 1746 |
Succeeded by Ferdinand VI |
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