Pearl S. Buck

Pearl S. Buck
Pearl Buck.jpg
Pearl Buck, ca. 1932.
Born June 26, 1892(1892-06-26)
Hillsboro, West Virginia, United States
Died March 6, 1973 (aged 80)
Danby, Vermont, United States
Occupation Writer
Nationality American
Subjects China
Notable award(s) Pulitzer Prize
1932

Nobel Prize in Literature
1938

Pearl S. Buck (June 26, 1892 — March 6, 1973) also known as Sai Zhen Zhu (Simplified Chinese: 赛珍珠; Pinyin: Sài Zhēnzhū; Traditional Chinese: 賽珍珠), was a prolific American sinologist and Pulitzer Prize-winning American writer. In 1938, she became the first American woman to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, "for her rich and truly epic descriptions of peasant life in China and for her biographical masterpieces." With no irony, she has been described in China as a Chinese writer.[1]

Contents

Life

Pearl Comfort Sydenstricker Buck was born in Hillsboro, West Virginia to Caroline (Stulting; 1857-1921) and Absalom Sydenstricker, a Southern Presbyterian missionary. The family was sent to Zhenjiang, China in 1892 when Pearl was 3 months old. She was raised in China and was tutored by a Confucian scholar[2] named Mr. Kung.[3] She was taught English as a second language by her mother and tutor.

The Boxer Rebellion greatly affected Pearl Buck and her family. Buck wrote that during this time, …her eight-year-old childhood … split apart. Her Chinese friends deserted her and her family, and there were not as many Western visitors as there once were. The streets [of China] were alive with rumors- many … based on fact- of brutality to missionaries … Buck’s father was a missionary, so Buck’s mother, her little sister, and herself were …evacuated to the relative safety of Shanghai, where they spent nearly a year as refugees… (The Good Earth, Introduction) In July 1901, Buck and her family sailed to San Francisco. Not until the following year did the Sydenstrickers return to China.

In 1910, she left China once again for America to attend Randolph-Macon Woman's College [4], where she would earn her degree (Phi Beta Kappa) in 1914. She then returned to China and married an agricultural economist missionary, John Lossing Buck, on May 13, 1917. She lived with him in Suzhou, a small town in Southern China, very close to Shanghai. But this is not the region she described later as "The Good Earth."; her book was very much based on her experience in Anhui later. She served in China as a Presbyterian missionary from 1914 until 1933. Her views later became highly controversial in the Fundamentalist-Modernist Controversy, leading to her resignation as a missionary.


Part of a series on
Protestant missions to China
Robert Morrison 1782-1834.jpg
Robert Morrison

Background
Christianity
Protestantism
Chinese history
Missions timeline
Christianity in China
Nestorians
Catholics
Jesuits
Protestants

People
Karl Gützlaff • Hudson Taylor
Lottie Moon • Timothy Richard
Jonathan Goforth • Cambridge Seven
Eric Liddell • Gladys Aylward
(more missionaries)

Missionary agencies
CIM • LMS
ABCFM • CMS
US Presbyterian Mission • (more agencies)

Impact
Chinese Bible • Medical missions in China
Manchurian revival • Chinese Colleges
Chinese Hymnody • Chinese Roman Type
Cantonese Roman Type • Fujianese Roman Type
Anti-Footbinding • Anti-Opium

Pivotal events
Taiping Rebellion
Opium Wars
Unequal Treaties
Yangzhou riot
Tianjin Massacre
Kucheng Massacre
Boxer Crisis
Xinhai Revolution
Chinese Civil War
WW II
People's Republic

Chinese Protestants
Liang Fa • Keuh Agong
Xi Shengmo • Sun Yat-sen
Feng Yuxiang • John Sung
Wang Mingdao
Allen Yuan • Samuel Lamb

In 1920, she and John had a daughter, Carol, who was afflicted with phenylketonuria. The small family then moved to Nanjing, where Pearl taught English literature at the University of Nanking. In 1925, the Bucks adopted Janice (later surnamed Walsh). In 1926, she left China and returned to the United States for a short time in order to earn her Masters degree from Cornell University.

From 1920 to 1933, Pearl and John made their home in Nanking (Nanjing), on the campus of Nanking University, where both had teaching positions. In 1921, Pearl's mother died, and shortly afterwards her father moved in with the Bucks. The tragedies and dislocations which Pearl suffered in the 1920s reached a climax in March 1927, in the violence known as the "Nanking Incident." In a confused battle involving elements of Chiang Kai-shek's Nationalist troops, Communist forces, and assorted warlords, several Westerners were murdered. The Bucks spent a terrified day in hiding, after which they were rescued by American gunboats. After a trip downriver to Shanghai, the Buck family sailed to Unzen, Japan, where they spent the following year. They later moved back to Nanking, though conditions remained dangerously unsettled.

Home

In 1935 Buck divorced her first husband and married her publisher and the president of John Day Company, Richard Walsh, with whom she moved to Pennsylvania. Buck bought a sixty-acre homestead she called Green Hills Farm in Bucks County, Pennsylvania. Green Hills Farm is where Buck spent thirty-eight years of her life, raising her family, writing, pursuing humanitarian interests, and gardening. She completed many works while living in Pennsylvania, such as This Proud Heart (1938), The Patriot (1939), Today and Forever (1941), and The Child Who Never Grew (1950).

Humanitarian efforts

Buck was an extremely passionate activist for human rights. In 1949, outraged that existing adoption services considered Asian and mixed-race children unadoptable, Pearl established Welcome House, Inc., the first international, interracial adoption agency. In the nearly five decades of its work, Welcome House has assisted in the placement of more than five thousand children. In 1964, to provide support for Asian-American children who were not eligible for adoption, Buck also established the Pearl S. Buck Foundation, which provides sponsorship funding for thousands of children in half a dozen Asian countries. When establishing the Opportunity House Foundation to support child sponsorship programs in Asia, Buck said, "The purpose...is to publicize and eliminate injustices and prejudices suffered by children, who, because of their birth, are not permitted to enjoy the educational, social, economic and civil privileges normally accorded to children." [5]

While the historic site works to preserve and display artifacts from her profoundly multicultural life, many of Buck's life experiences are also described in her novels, short stories, fiction, and children's stories. Through them she sought to prove to her readers that universality of mankind can exist if man accepts it. She dealt with many topics including women's rights, emotions (in general), Asian cultures, immigration, adoption, and conflicts that many people go through in life.

Pearl S. Buck died of lung cancer on March 6, 1973 in Danby, Vermont and was interred in Green Hills Farm in Perkasie. She designed her own tombstone, which does not record her name in English; instead, the grave marker is inscribed with Chinese characters representing the name Pearl Sydenstricker.[6]

Selected bibliography

Novels

Biographies

Autobiographies

Non-fiction

Short Stories

Awards

References

Notes

  1. ↑ Meyers, Mike. "Pearl of the Orient," New York Times. March 5, 2006.
  2. ↑ Pearl Buck biography
  3. ↑ Biography, University of Pennsylvania
  4. ↑ Randolph-Macon Woman's College
  5. ↑ Pearl S. Buck International: Our History
  6. ↑ Conn, Peter. Dragon and the Pearl

External links

Nobel Laureates in Literature

Grazia Deledda (1926) · Henri Bergson (1927) · Sigrid Undset (1928) · Thomas Mann (1929) · Sinclair Lewis (1930) · Erik Axel Karlfeldt (1931) · John Galsworthy (1932) · Ivan Bunin (1933) · Luigi Pirandello (1934) · Eugene O'Neill (1936) · Roger Martin du Gard (1937) · Pearl S. Buck (1938) · Frans Eemil Sillanpää (1939) · Johannes Vilhelm Jensen (1944) · Gabriela Mistral (1945) · Hermann Hesse (1946) · André Gide (1947) · T. S. Eliot (1948) · William Faulkner (1949) · Bertrand Russell (1950)
 · 1901–1925 · 1926–1950 · 1951–1975 · 1976–2000 · 2001–present