PNC Park

PNC Park
Home of the Pittsburgh Pirates
PNCPark77.jpg
A view of the field from the press-box
Location 115 Federal St.
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15212
Broke ground April 7, 1999
Opened March 31, 2001
Owner City of Pittsburgh Sports & Exhibition Authority
Surface Grass
Construction cost US$216 million
Architect HOK Sport
L.D. Astorino & Associates (Pittsburgh)
Capacity 38,496 (2001)
Field dimensions Left Field – 325 feet (99 m) (6 feet (2 m) high fence)
Left-Center – 383 feet (117 m)
Deep Left-Center Field – 410 feet (125 m)
Center Field – 399 feet (122 m) (10 feet (3 m) high fence)
Right-Center – 375 feet (114 m)
Right Field – 320 feet (98 m) (21 feet (6 m) high wall)
Tenants
Pittsburgh Pirates (NL) (since 2001)

PNC Park is a baseball park located in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. It is the fifth home of the Pittsburgh Pirates, the city's Major League Baseball (MLB) franchise.[1][2] It opened during the 2001 Major League Baseball season, after the controlled implosion of the Pirates' previous home, Three Rivers Stadium. The ballpark is named for locally based PNC Financial Services, which purchased the naming rights in 1998.[3] PNC Park features a natural grass playing surface and seats 38,496 people for baseball, which as of 2008, is the second-smallest capacity of any Major League park.

Funded in conjunction with Heinz Field, the $216 million park stands along the Allegheny River, on the Northside of Pittsburgh with a view of Downtown Pittsburgh. Plans to build a new stadium for the Pirates originated in 1991, but did not come to fruition for five years. Built in the style of "classic" stadiums, such as Boston's Fenway Park, PNC Park also introduced unique features, such as the use of limestone in the building's facade.[1] The park also features a riverside concourse, steel truss work, an extensive out-of-town scoreboard, and many local eateries. Constructed quicker than most modern stadiums, workers built PNC Park in a 24-month span.

Since completion, PNC Park has been hailed as one of the best ballparks in the country. It has the third-cheapest average ticket prices of any MLB stadium and has helped attract business to surrounding establishments, though the Pirates have not had a winning season since they moved to the stadium. PNC Park hosted the 2006 Major League Baseball All-Star Game, the fifth MLB All-Star Game held in Pittsburgh.

Contents

History

Planning and funding

On September 5, 1991, Pittsburgh mayor Sophie Masloff proposed a new 44,000-seat stadium for the Pittsburgh Pirates on the city's Northside.[4] Three Rivers Stadium, the Pirates' home at the time, had been designed for functionality rather than "architecture and aesthetics".[4] The location of Three Rivers Stadium came to be criticized for being in a hard-to-access portion of the city, where traffic congestion occurred before and after games.[5] Discussions about a new ballpark took place, but were never seriously considered until entrepreneur Kevin McClatchy purchased the team in February 1996. Until McClatchy's purchase, plans about the team staying in Pittsburgh were uncertain.[4] In 1996, Masloff's successor, Tom Murphy, created the "Forbes Field II Task Force". Made up of 29 political and business leaders, the team studied the challenges of constructing a new ballpark. Their final report, published on June 26, 1996, evaluated 13 possible locations. The "North Side site" was recommended due to its affordable cost, potential to develop the surrounding area, and opportunity to incorporate the city skyline into the stadium's design.[4] The site selected for the ballpark is just upriver from the site of early Pirates home field Exposition Park.[6][7]

After a political debate, public money was used to fund PNC Park. Originally, a sales tax increase was proposed to fund three projects: PNC Park, Heinz Field, and an expansion of the David L. Lawrence Convention Center. However, after the proposal was rejected in a referendum, the city developed Plan B.[8] Similarly controversial, the alternative proposal was labeled Scam B by opponents.[9] Some members of the Allegheny Regional Asset District felt that the Pirates' pledge of $40 million toward the new stadium was too little, while others criticized the amount of public money allocated for Plan B. One member of the Allegheny Regional Asset District board called the use of tax dollars "corporate welfare."[10][11] The plan, totaling $809 million, was approved by the Allegheny Regional Asset District board on July 9, 1998—with $228 million allotted for PNC Park.[10][12] Shortly after Plan B was approved, the Pirates made a deal with Pittsburgh city officials to remain in the city until at least 2031.[9] PNC Financial Services purchased the stadium's naming rights in August 1998.[3][13] As per the agreement, PNC Bank will pay the Pirates approximately $2 million each year through 2020.[14][15] The total cost of PNC Park was $216 million.[1][2]

Design and construction

Kansas City-based HOK Sport, which is considered to be the "leading stadium design firm in the [United States]," designed the ballpark.[16][17] The design and construction management team consisted of the Dick Corporation and Barton Malow.[1] An effort was made in the design of PNC Park to salute other "classic style" ballparks, such as Fenway Park, Wrigley Field, and Pittsburgh's Forbes Field; the design of the ballpark's archways, steel truss work, and light standards are results of this goal.[1][18] PNC Park was the first two-deck ballpark to be built in the United States since Milwaukee County Stadium opened in 1953.[2][18] The park features a 24 by 42 foot (7.3 by 12.8 m) Sony JumboTron, which is accompanied by the first-ever LED video boards in an outdoor MLB stadium.[19] PNC Park is the first stadium to feature an out-of-town scoreboard with the score, inning, count, number of outs, and base runners for every other game being played around the league.[19]

The 6th Street Bridge was renamed the Roberto Clemente Bridge in honor of the former Pirate.

Ground was broken for PNC Park on April 7, 1999,[20] after a ceremony to rename the Sixth Street Bridge as the "Roberto Clemente Bridge" in honor of the late Pirate Roberto Clemente.[21] Due to traffic problems after the Park's opening, the bridge is closed to vehicular traffic on game days to allow spectators to park in Pittsburgh's Golden Triangle and walk across the bridge to the stadium.[22][23] PNC Park was built with Kasota limestone shipped from a Minnesota river valley, to contrast the brick bases of other modern stadiums.[24] The stadium was constructed over a 24-month span—at the time of construction, three months faster than any other modern major league ballpark—and the Pirates played their first game less than two years after groundbreaking.[25] The quick construction was accomplished with the use of special computers, which relayed building plans to builders 24 hours per day.[25] In addition, all 23 labor unions involved in the construction signed a pact that they would not strike during the building process.[25] As a result of union involvement and attention to safety regulations, the construction manager, the Dick Corporation, received a merit award for its safety practices from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration.[26] PNC Park is inspected yearly, along with Heinz Field, by Chronicle Consulting, LLC, for structural defects and maintenance.[27]

Opening and reception

The Pirates opened PNC Park with two pre-season games against the New York Mets—the first of which was played on March 31, 2001.[28] The first official baseball game played in PNC Park was between the Cincinnati Reds and the Pirates, on April 9, 2001. The Reds won the game by the final score of 8–2.[29] The first pitch—a ball—was thrown from Pittsburgh's Todd Ritchie to Barry Larkin. In the top of the first inning, Sean Casey's two-run home run was the first hit in the park. The first Pirates' batter, Adrian Brown, struck out; however, later in the inning Jason Kendall singled—the first hit by a Pirate in their new stadium.[1]

PNC Park at night across the Allegheny River

Upon opening in 2001, PNC Park was praised by fans and media alike. ESPN.com writer Jim Caple ranked PNC Park as the best stadium in Major League Baseball, with a score of 95 out of 100.[30] Caple compared the park to Frank Lloyd Wright's Fallingwater, calling the stadium itself "perfect", and citing high ticket prices as the only negative aspect of visiting the park.[31] Jay Ahjua, author of Fields of Dreams: A Guide to Visiting and Enjoying All 30 Major League Ballparks, called PNC Park one of the "top ten places to watch the game."[32] Pirates' vice-president Steve Greenberg said, "We said when construction began that we would build the best ballpark in baseball, and we believe we've done that."[33] Major League Baseball executive Paul Beeston said the park was "the best he's seen so far in baseball."[33] Many of the workers who built the park said that it was the nicest that they had seen.[26] Jason Kendall, Pittsburgh's catcher at the opening of the park, called PNC Park "the most beautiful ballpark in the game."[34] PNC Park had an average attendance of 30,742 people per game throughout its inaugural season,[35] though it would drop approximately 27% the following season to 22,594 spectators per game.[36] Throughout the 2001 season, businesses in downtown and on the Northside of Pittsburgh showed a 20–25% increase in business on Pirate game days.[37] In 2008, Men's Fitness named the park one of "10 big league parks worth seeing this summer."[38][39]

Statues

In 1947, Pirate manager Fred Clarke began lobbying to have a statue of Honus Wagner erected in his honor.[40] Funds were raised and on April 30, 1955, a nine-foot bronze statue of Wagner was unveiled in Schenley Park,[41] beyond the left field seating of Forbes Field.[42] The unveiling was attended by 1,000 people, including Commissioner of Baseball Ford Frick, Pittsburgh mayor David L. Lawrence, and Cy Young.[41] Though weakened by age, Wagner remarked, "How about that!" when he saw the statue.[42] When the Pirates moved to Three Rivers Stadium, the statue was moved to the Gate C entrance.[41] On July 11, 1994,[43] the City of Pittsburgh dedicated a 12-foot statue of Roberto Clemente outside of Three Rivers Stadium.[44][45] The base of Clemente's statue is shaped like a baseball diamond, with dirt from three of the fields Clemente played at—Santurce Field in Carolina, Puerto Rico, Forbes Field, and Three Rivers Stadium—at each base.[46] Upon the implosion of Three Rivers Stadium, the two statues were removed from their locations, refurbished, and relocated outside PNC Park.[47] On October 1, 2000, after the final game at Three Rivers Stadium, former Pirate Willie Stargell threw out the ceremonial last pitch. He was then presented with a model of a statue that was to be erected in his honor outside of PNC Park.[48] The statue was officially unveiled on April 7, 2001; however, Stargell did not attend due to health problems.[49][50] Two days after the official opening of PNC Park, Stargell died from a stroke.[51][52] In addition to the statue's unveiling, a pre-game video tribute was shown in his honor.[53]

Alterations

In 2007, Allegheny County passed a ban on smoking in most public places, thus making PNC Park completely smoke-free.[54] Prior to the 2008 season, the Pirates made multiple alterations to PNC Park.[55] The biggest change was removing the Outback Steakhouse located underneath the scoreboard, and adding a new restaurant known as The Hall of Fame Club.[56] Unlike its predecessor, The Hall of Fame Club is open to all ticket-holders on game days; it includes an outdoor patio with a bar and seats with a view of the field.[56] The Pirates feature bands in The Hall of Fame Club after the completion of select games—the first performance was by Joe Grushecky and the Houserockers.[56][55] The Pirates also announced a program to make the park more environmentally friendly, by integrating "greening initiatives, sustainable business practices and educational outreach."[57] In addition, club and suite sections were outfitted with high-definition televisions.[56]

Other events

See also: 2006 Major League Baseball All-Star Game

PNC Park hosted the 77th Major League Baseball All-Star Game on July 11, 2006.[58] The American League defeated the National League by a score of 3–2, with 38,904 spectators in attendance.[59] The first All-Star Game in PNC Park, it was the fifth All-Star Game hosted in Pittsburgh, and the first since 1994.[60] During the game, late Pirate Roberto Clemente was honored with the Commissioner's Historic Achievement Award; his wife, Vera, accepted on his behalf.[61] The stadium hosted the Century 21 Home Run Derby the previous evening; Ryan Howard, of the Philadelphia Phillies, won the title.[62] During the Derby, Howard and David Ortiz hit home runs into the Allegheny River.[63]

PNC Park has hosted various evacuation and response drills, which would be used in the event of a terrorist attack. Members of the United States Department of Homeland Security laid out the groundwork for the initial drill in February 2004.[64] In May 2005, 5,000 volunteers participated in the $1 million evacuation drill, which included mock explosions.[65] A goal of the drill was to test the response of 49 western Pennsylvania emergency agencies.[66] In April 2006, the Department of Homeland Security worked in conjunction with the United States Coast Guard to develop a plan of response for the 2006 All-Star Game.[67] Similar exercises were conducted on the Allegheny River in 2007.[68]

The first collegiate baseball game at PNC Park was played on May 6, 2003, between the Pittsburgh Panthers and the Duquesne Dukes.[69] Duquesne won the game by a score of 2–1.[70] As of 2008, the Panthers lead the annual "City Game" series against the Dukes three games to one, with the 2007 game canceled because of poor field conditions.[71][72] PNC Park has also hosted various concerts, including The Rolling Stones and Pearl Jam in 2005.[73]

An evening game between the Los Angeles Dodgers and Pittsburgh Pirates - August 7, 2001

Features

Playing surface and park dimensions

The playing surface of PNC Park is Tuckahoe Bluegrass, which is a mixture of various types of Kentucky Bluegrass.[74] Installed prior to the 2009 season, the grass surface was selected for its "high quality pedigree that is ideal for Northern cities such as Pittsburgh."[74] The infield dirt is a mixture known as "Dura Edge All-Star Infield Mix" and was designed solely for PNC Park.[74] The 18-foot warning track is crushed lava rock.[74] The drainage system underneath the field is capable of handling 14 inches (36 cm) of rain per hour.[75] The original playing surface consisted of sand-based natural grass,[76] and was replaced prior to the 2006 season.[74] Unlike most ballparks, PNC Park's home dugout is located along the third base line instead of the first base line; giving the home team a view of the city skyline.[77] The outfield fence ranges from a height of 6 feet (2 m) in left field to 10 feet (3 m) in center field and 21 feet (6 m) in right field, a tribute to former Pirate right fielder Roberto Clemente, who wore number 21.[38][78] The distance from home plate to the outfield fence ranges from 320 feet (98 m) in right field to 410 feet (125 m) in left center; the straightaway center field fence is set at 399 feet (122 m).[1] At its closest point, the Allegheny River is 443 feet (135 m) and 4 inches (10 cm) from home plate.[1][2] On July 6, 2002, Daryle Ward became the only player to hit a home run into the river on the fly, when he hit a grand slam off Pirates pitcher Kip Wells.[79][80]

Seating and ticket prices

During its opening season, PNC Park's seating capacity of 38,496 was the second-smallest of any major league stadium—the smallest being Fenway Park.[1][81] Seats are angled toward the field and aisles are lowered to give spectators improved views of the field.[82] The majority of the seats, 26,000, are on the first level,[33] and the highest seat in the stadium is 88 feet (27 m) above the playing surface.[83] At 51 feet (16 m), the batter is closer to the seats behind home plate than to the pitcher.[84] At their closest point, seating along the baselines is 45 feet (14 m) from the bases.[82] The four-level steel rotunda and a section above the out-of-town scoreboard offer standing-room only space.[85] With the exception of the bleacher sections, all seats in the park offer a view of Pittsburgh's skyline.[86]

From its opening through the 2008 season, PNC Park's tickets have remained between $9 to $35 for general admission.[33][87][88] The stadium includes 69 luxury suites and 5,558 suite and club seats, with prices ranging from $47 to $210 per ticket throughout the 2008 season.[88] One of only two teams not to increase ticket prices entering the 2008 season, PNC Park ranks as having the third-cheapest average ticket prices in the league.[89] Attendance throughout the 2008 season averaged 20,113 spectators per game, 28th in the 30-team league.[90] The low attendance has come as a result of the Pirates' play; as of 2008, the team has not had a winning record since 1992.[91] Through 2004, 5% of games played at PNC Park were sold out.[82]

Eateries

A traditional Primanti Brothers sandwich

As with its predecessor, PNC Park's culinary service provider is Aramark.[92][93] The main eating concourse, known as "Tastes of Pittsburgh",[86] features a wide range of options including traditional ballpark foods, hometown specialties, and more exotic fare like sushi.[94] Pittsburgh's hometown specialties include Primanti Brothers sandwiches, whose signature item consists of meat, cheese, hand-cut french fries, tomatoes, and coleslaw between two slices of Italian bread.[95][96] Other local eateries offered include Mrs. T's Pierogies, Quaker Steak and Lube, and Benkovitz Seafood.[94] Located behind center field seating is Manny's BBQ, which offers various barbecue meals. It is named for former Pirates' catcher Manny Sanguillén, who has been known to sign autographs for fans waiting in line.[81][97] For the 2008 season, the Pirates created an all-you-can-eat section in the right field corner.[56] Fans seated in the section are allowed "unlimited hotdogs, hamburgers, nachos, salads, popcorn, peanuts, ice cream and soda" for an entire game.[98] In addition to the food offered, fans are free to bring their own food into the stadium, a rarity among the league's ballparks.[78]

Notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 "PNC Park". PittsburghPirates.com. Retrieved on 2008-04-03.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 "PNC Park at North Shore". ESPN.com. Retrieved on 2008-04-10.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Jaeger, Lauren (1998-09-17). "PNC Bank Purchases Naming Rights To Pittsburgh Pirates' New Stadium", AllBusiness.com. Retrieved on 2008-07-23. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Bouma, Ben (1998). "Heading for Home". On Deck: The Official Magazine of the Pittsburgh Pirates 3 (3): pp. 42–8. 
  5. ↑ Smith, Curt (2001). Storied Stadiums. New York City: Carroll & Graf. ISBN 0786711876. 
  6. ↑ Chris Potter (2008-06-12). "Was there a baseball field that the Pittsburgh Pirates played in before Forbes Field in Oakland?". You Had To Ask. Pittsburgh City Paper. Retrieved on 2008-07-30.
  7. ↑ "Exposition Park". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette (2006-07-11). Retrieved on 2008-07-30.
  8. ↑ "Plan B". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved on 2008-04-05.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Dvorchak, Robert (1998-06-21). "A TD for Plan B", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved on 2008-04-05. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Barnes, Tom; Dvorchak, Robert (1998-07-10). "Plan B approved: Play ball!", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved on 2008-04-05. 
  11. ↑ Cook, Ron (1998-06-22). "Plan B flawed; option is worse", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved on 2008-04-05. 
  12. ↑ Barnes, Tom (1998-02-11). "Arena won't be part of Plan B", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved on 2008-04-05. 
  13. ↑ Fried, Gil (2005). Managing Sport Facilities. Human Kinetics. pp. p. 223. ISBN 0736044833. http://books.google.com/books?id=NOjo6ahtErsC. 
  14. ↑ Wolfley, Bob (2008-02-28). "Values of venue naming rights can vary widely", Sports, Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Retrieved on 2008-07-23. 
  15. ↑ "Stadium naming rights". Sports Business. ESPN.com (2004-09-29). Retrieved on 2008-07-23.
  16. ↑ Dulac, Gerry (1998-09-28). "Football stadium architect selected", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved on 2008-04-05. 
  17. ↑ "PNC Park". HOKsve.com. Retrieved on 2008-04-21.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Plunkett, Jack W. (2006). Plunkett's Sports Industry Almanac 2007: Sports Industry Market Research. Plunkett Research Ltd. pp. Pittsburgh Pirates. ISBN 1593920733. http://books.google.com/books?id=2yQXwMr8HXsC&pg=PT361&dq=PNC+Park&lr=&sig=ACfU3U0I6OCUxX-BHBC3ZsF-K-7eYdVTiQ#PPT361,M1. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Bouchette, Ed (2001-04-15). "Technology park", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved on 2008-04-20. 
  20. ↑ Barnes, Tom (1999-04-08). "City, Pirates break ground for PNC Park with big civic party", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved on 2008-04-11. 
  21. ↑ Pro, Johnna A. (1999-04-08). "Clemente's family helps to christen renamed bridge", Local News, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved on 2008-07-19. 
  22. ↑ Scarpaci, Joseph L.; Kevin Joseph Patrick (2006). Pittsburgh and the Appalachians: Cultural and Natural Resources in a Postindustrial Age. Univ of Pittsburgh Press. pp. p. 115. ISBN 0822942828. http://books.google.com/books?id=9qTdSl2CkzkC. 
  23. ↑ Castiglione, Joe; Douglas B. Lyons (2004). Broadcast Rites and Sites: I Saw It on the Radio with the Boston Red Sox. Taylor Trade Publications. pp. p. 223. ISBN 1589790812. http://books.google.com/books?id=aiDytCAVZ-sC&pg=PA223&dq=PNC+Park&lr=&sig=ACfU3U1t2YGvRlvwzfNmu8j3cCgkNGAj8A#PPA223,M1. 
  24. ↑ Lowry, Patricia (2001-04-15). "The new jewel on the Allegheny might be the best ballpark", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved on 2008-07-29. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 Dvorchak, Robert (2001-04-15). "PNC Park: The political struggle over financing PNC Park went into extra innings", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved on 2008-07-29. 
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 McKay, Jim (2001-04-15). "Workers proud of what they have wrought", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved on 2008-04-20. 
  27. ↑ Chronicle Consulting. "Sports & Exhibition Authority of Pittsburgh and Allegheny County". ChronicleConsulting.com. Retrieved on 2008-04-21.
  28. ↑ Biertempfel, Bob (2001-04-01). "Pirates lose first test run at PNC Park", Pittsburgh Tribune-Review. Retrieved on 2008-07-20. 
  29. ↑ Curt, Smith (2003). Storied Stadiums: Baseball's History Through Its Ballparks. New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers. pp. p. 562. ISBN 0786711876. 
  30. ↑ Caple, Jim. "Pittsburgh's gem rates the best". ESPN.com. Retrieved on 2008-04-15.
  31. ↑ Caple, Jim. "Pittsburgh's gem rates the best". Page 2. ESPN.com. Retrieved on 2008-04-03.
  32. ↑ Phillips 2005, pp. 314–5
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 33.3 "PNC Park Gets Rave Reviews". ThePittsburghChannel.com (2001-02-21). Retrieved on 2008-04-07.
  34. ↑ Kendall, Jason (2001-04-01). "New ballpark something to behold", Pittsburgh Tribune-Review. Retrieved on 2008-07-20. 
  35. ↑ "MLB Attendance Report - 2001". ESPN.com. Retrieved on 2008-07-25.
  36. ↑ "MLB Attendance Report - 2002". ESPN.com. Retrieved on 2008-07-25.
  37. ↑ Brown, Charles (November/December 2001). "Pittsburgh's Putting on its Game Face". Pittsburgh International Airport Magazine 1 (1): pp. 10–3. 
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 Pratt, Devin. "Top Stadiums: Pittsburgh's PNC Park", Men's Fitness. Retrieved on 2008-04-10. 
  39. ↑ Langosch, Jenifer (2008-04-02). "PNC in Men's Fitness top 10 stadiums", PittsburghPirates.com. Retrieved on 2008-04-10. 
  40. ↑ DeValeria 1995, p. 298
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 41.2 DeValeria 1995, p. 299
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 Hittner 2003, p. 257
  43. ↑ Walsh, Jack; Marshall J. Cook (2004). Baseball's Good Guys. Sports Publishing LLC. pp. p. 131. ISBN 1582617228. 
  44. ↑ Marquez, Heron (2005). Roberto Clemente. Twenty-First Century Books. pp. p. 99. ISBN 1575057670. http://books.google.com/books?id=7AWf-6kqtPkC. 
  45. ↑ Dunham, Montrew; Meryl Henderson (1997). Roberto Clemente. Simon and Schuster. pp. p. 179. ISBN 0689813643. http://books.google.com/books?id=QpdNjieaqhQC. 
  46. ↑ Ruff, Donna (2006). 60 Hikes Within 60 Miles: Pittsburgh. Menasha Ridge Press. pp. p. 71. ISBN 0897325915. http://books.google.com/books?id=BW6NAp_a_0QC. 
  47. ↑ Barnes, Tom (2000-11-22). "Sports bar planned outside PNC Park", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved on 2008-08-01. 
  48. ↑ Finoli, Dave (2006). The Pittsburgh Pirates. Arcadia Publishing. pp. p. 127. ISBN 0738549150. http://books.google.com/books?id=zf2llq672W4C. 
  49. ↑ McCollister, John (2005). Tales From The 1979 Pittsburgh Pirates. Sports Publishing LLC. pp. p. 43. ISBN 1582618380. http://books.google.com/books?id=n3EYIXoOnVQC. 
  50. ↑ Sheehan, Charles (2001-04-09). "Pirates unveil statue of Stargell", USA Today. Retrieved on 2008-08-01. 
  51. ↑ "Stargell's death linked to hypertension", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette (2001-04-09). Retrieved on 2008-08-01. 
  52. ↑ Associated Press (2001-04-09). "Pittsburgh native Casey paces Reds over Pirates, 8-2", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved on 2008-08-01. 
  53. ↑ Robinson, Alan (2001-04-10). "PNC Park opens on a sad day", USA Today. Retrieved on 2008-08-01. 
  54. ↑ PittsburghPirates.com (2007-03-20). "PNC Park becomes smoke-free facility". Press release. Retrieved on 2008-04-19.
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 Belko, Mark (2008-04-04). "Pirates show off park features", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved on 2008-04-05. 
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 56.2 56.3 56.4 Langosch, Jennifer (2008-04-03). "Offseason face-lift complete at PNC", PittsburghPirates.com. Retrieved on 2008-04-05. 
  57. ↑ PittsburghPirates.com (2008-03-11). "Pirates launch greening initiatives program at PNC Park". Press release. Retrieved on 2008-04-21.
  58. ↑ MLB.com (2006-04-28). "Pittsburgh Pirates host 2006 All-Star Week, including 77th MLB All-Star Game". Press release. Retrieved on 2008-04-09.
  59. ↑ Eagle, Ed (2006-07-12). "Young rallies AL to victory". MLB.com. Retrieved on 2008-04-08.
  60. ↑ "All-Star Results". MLB.com. Retrieved on 2008-07-29.
  61. ↑ Bloom, Barry M. (2006-07-12). "Baseball honors Clemente". MLB.com. Retrieved on 2008-04-08.
  62. ↑ Bloom, Barry M. (2006-07-10). "Howard powers way to Derby crown". MLB.com. Retrieved on 2008-04-08.
  63. ↑ Briggs, David (2006-07-10). "Pirates of the Allegheny", MLB.com. Retrieved on 2008-04-20. 
  64. ↑ "Terrorism Drill Scheduled For PNC Park", Pittsburgh News, WTAE-TV (2004-02-25). Retrieved on 2008-08-02. 
  65. ↑ Roberts, Josie (2005-05-04). "Goodie bags, entertainment part of PNC Park drill", Pittsburgh Tribune-Review. Retrieved on 2008-08-02. 
  66. ↑ May, Glenn; Allison M. Heinrichs (2005-05-08). "Drills and thrills 5,000 volunteers go to bat as victims of mock disaster", Pittsburgh Tribune-Review. Retrieved on 2008-08-02. 
  67. ↑ "Coast Grd. To Keep Rivers Safe During All-Star Gm.", KDKA-TV (2006-04-14). Retrieved on 2008-08-02. 
  68. ↑ "Terror drill on Allegheny River today", Pittsburgh Tribune-Review (2007-09-14). Retrieved on 2008-08-02. 
  69. ↑ "Pittsburgh Baseball Falls to Duquesne, 2-1, at PNC Park". PittsburghPanthers.com (2003-05-06). Retrieved on 2008-04-15.
  70. ↑ Fittipaldo, Ray (2003-05-07). "Pitcher's big-league effort lifts Duquesne past Pitt, 2-1", Duquesne/Atlantic 10, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved on 2008-05-13. 
  71. ↑ Axelrod, Phil (2008-04-17). "Baseball: Three freshmen step up as Panthers rout Dukes", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved on 2008-09-13. 
  72. ↑ Axelrod, Phil (2005-04-15). "Baseball: Pitt, Duquesne to treat game like exhibition", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved on 2008-09-13. 
  73. ↑ PittsburghPirates.com (2005-09-27). "The Rolling Stones concert information". Press release. Retrieved on 2008-05-14.
  74. ↑ 74.0 74.1 74.2 74.3 74.4 "PNC Park surface getting full makeover", PittsburghPirates.com (2008-10-14). Retrieved on 2008-10-14. 
  75. ↑ Cagan, Jonathan; Craig M. Vogel (2002). Creating Breakthrough Products: Innovation from Product Planning to Program. FT Press. pp. p. 218. ISBN 0139696946. http://books.google.com/books?id=hlSRf61_nnkC&pg=PA218&dq=PNC+Park&sig=ACfU3U24O2Q6NQzWWXZvwcoEqgu3XPo6Lg. 
  76. ↑ "Sod Installed At PNC Park", ThePittsburghChannel.com (2000-10-30). Retrieved on 2008-04-10. 
  77. ↑ Pahigian 2004, p. 228
  78. ↑ 78.0 78.1 Ahuja 2001, p. 68
  79. ↑ Rossi, Rob (2006-07-11). "Howard has a blast", Pittsburgh Tribune-Review. Retrieved on 2008-07-26. 
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