Otis Redding

Otis Ray Redding, Jr. (September 9, 1941  – December 10, 1967) was an American soul singer. According to the website of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame (where he was inducted in 1989), Redding's name is "synonymous with the term soul, music that arose out of the black experience in America through the transmutation of gospel and rhythm and blues into a form of funky, secular testifying."^[1]

Biography

Early life

Redding was born in the small town of Dawson, Georgia. At the age of 5, he moved with his family to Macon, Georgia. He sang in the choir of the Vineville Baptist Church, and became somewhat of a local celebrity as a teenager after winning a local Saturday morning talent show at the Douglass Theatre 15 weeks in a row.^[2] The recording artists who were his biggest early influences were fellow Macon artist, Little Richard and Sam Cooke.^[3] In 1966, he was quoted as saying, "If it hadn't been for Little Richard, I would not be here. I entered the music business because of Richard - he is my inspiration. I used to sing like Little Richard, his Rock 'n' Roll stuff, you know. Richard has soul, too. My present music has a lot of him in it."^[4]

Career

In 1960, Redding began touring the South with Johnny Jenkins and The Pinetoppers, primarily as the group's driver. That same year he made his first recordings, "She's All Right" and "Shout Bamalama" with this group under the name "Otis and The Shooters".

In 1962, Redding made his first real mark in the music business during a Johnny Jenkins session when, during studio time left over, he recorded "These Arms of Mine", a ballad that he had written. The song became a minor hit on Volt Records, a subsidiary of the renowned Southern soul label Stax, based in Memphis, Tennessee. His manager was a fellow Maconite, Phil Walden (who later founded Capricorn Records). Redding was also managed for a brief period by Walden's younger brother Alan Walden while Phil was overseas due to a military draft.^[5] Otis Redding continued to release for Stax/Volt, and built his fan base by extensively touring a live show with support from fellow Stax artists Sam & Dave. Further hits between 1964 and 1966 included "Mr. Pitiful", "I Can't Turn You Loose" (which was to become The Blues Brothers entrance theme music), "Try a Little Tenderness" (a remake of the 1930s standard by Harry Woods, Jimmy Campbell, and Reg Connelly, later featured in John Hughes' film Pretty in Pink), "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction" (written by Mick Jagger and Keith Richards of the Rolling Stones), and "Respect" (later a smash hit for Aretha Franklin).

Redding wrote many of his own songs, which was unusual for the time, often with Steve Cropper (of the Stax house band Booker T. & the M.G.'s, who usually served as Otis's backing band in the studio). Soul singer Jerry Butler co-wrote another hit, "I've Been Loving You Too Long". One of Redding's few songs with a significant mainstream following was "Tramp (song)," (1967) a duet with Carla Thomas).

In 1967 Redding played at the Monterey Pop Festival, which helped him to break into the white pop music scene.

Death

On December 9, 1967, Redding and his backup band, The Bar-Kays, made an appearance in Cleveland, Ohio on the local "Upbeat" television show. The next afternoon, Redding, his manager, the pilot, and four members of The Bar-Kays were killed when his chartered Beechcraft 18 airplane crashed into Lake Monona in Madison, Wisconsin, on December 10, 1967. The two remaining Bar-Kays were Ben Cauley and James Alexander. Cauley was the only person aboard Redding's plane to survive the crash. Alexander was on another plane, since there were eight members in Redding's party and the chartered plane could only hold seven, and it was Alexander's turn in the rotation to take a commercial flight. Cauley reported that he had been asleep until just seconds before impact, and recalled that upon waking he saw bandmate Phalon Jones look out a window and say, "Oh, no!" Cauley said the last thing he remembered before the crash was unbuckling his seatbelt. He then found himself in the frigid waters of the lake, grasping a seat cushion to keep afloat^[6].

Redding's body was recovered the next day when the lake bed was searched. The cause of the crash was never precisely determined.

He was entombed on his private ranch in Round Oak, Georgia, 23 miles (37 km) north of Macon.

In 1975, Macon Mayor Ronnie Thompson, a fellow musician and a friend of Redding's, commissioned Redding's portrait. The acclaimed picture went missing in 2007 during the transition between Mayors C. Jack Ellis and Robert Reichert. Former Mayor Ellis disclosed that the painting had been packed up with the rest of his office. It has since been returned to the city of Macon.

Posthumous releases

"(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay" was recorded only three days before Redding's death. According to Nashid Munyan, curator of the Stax Museum of American Soul Music, Redding considered the song unfinished, having whistled the tune of one verse for which he intended to compose lyrics later.^[7] The song was released (with the place-holding whistling intact) in January 1968 and became Redding's only number-one single on the Billboard Hot 100, and the first posthumous single in U.S. chart history. "(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay" was a significant stylistic departure from the bulk of his previous work, and might have presaged a change in direction for the singer. ^[8]

Shortly after Redding's death, Atlantic Records, distributor of the Stax/Volt releases, was purchased by Warner Bros. Stax was required to renegotiate its distribution deal, and found that Atlantic actually owned the entire Stax/Volt back catalog. ^[9] Stax was unable to regain the rights to their recordings, and severed their relationship with Atlantic. Atlantic also retained the rights to all unreleased Otis Redding masters. ^[9]

Redding had recorded a massive amount of material in late 1967 just before his death (it was from these sessions that "(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay" emerged). Atlantic had enough material for three new Redding studio albums - The Immortal Otis Redding (1968), Love Man (1969), and Tell the Truth (1970) - which were all issued on Atlantic's Atco Records. ^[9] A number of successful singles emerged from these LPs, among them "Amen" (1968), "Hard to Handle" (1968), "I've Got Dreams to Remember" (1968), "Love Man" (1969), and "Look at That Girl" (1969). ^[9] Singles were also lifted from two live Atlantic-issued Redding albums, In Person at the Whisky a Go Go, recorded in 1966 and issued 1968 on Atco, and Monterey International Pop Festival, a Reprise Records release featuring the live Monterey Pop Festival performances of The Jimi Hendrix Experience on side one and Redding on side two.

Legacy

In 1993, the U.S. Post Office issued an Otis Redding 29 cents commemorative postage stamp. Redding was inducted in the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1994, and in 1999 he posthumously received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame listed three Redding recordings ("Shake," "(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay," and "Try a Little Tenderness") among its list of "The 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll." ^[10] Rolling Stone ranked Redding #21 on their list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time^[11].

In 2002, the city of Macon honored its native son, unveiling a memorial statue of Redding in the city's Gateway Park. The Rhythm and Blues Foundation named Redding as the recipient of its 2006 Legacy Award.

In September 2007, the first official DVD anthology of Redding's live performances was released by Concord Music Group, the current owners of the Stax catalog. The DVD, entitled Dreams To Remember: The Legacy of Otis Redding, featured 16 classic full-length performances and 40 minutes of new interviews documenting Redding's life and career.^[12] It was premiered at the Douglass Theatre.

Exhibitions

In commemoration of the 40th anniversary of the passing of the legendary Otis Redding, the Georgia Music Hall of Fame presented the first major exhibition of music, photographs, film and artifacts documenting the singer's life and musical legacy (September 14, 2007-September10,2008). "I've Got Dreams to Remember" features over 175 artifacts including photographs, hand-written lyrics, posters, letters and other personal memorabilia, as well as multi-media kiosks exploring Otis Redding's evolution as a singer, composer, arranger and producer. Organized in association with the Otis Redding Estate, the exhibition was curated by Ellen Fleurov, president of Crossroads Traveling Exhibitions, Atlanta. The exhibition was named "Museum Exhibition of the Year" by the Georgia Association of Museums and Galleries in January 2008.

Among the highlights of "I've Got Dreams to Remember," drawn from the Georgia Music Hall of Fame's permanent collection and the archives of the Redding family, as well as friends and colleagues, are:

• Obscure, pre-Stax recordings released in 1960 and 1961 on the Transworld, Finer Arts, Alshire, Confederate and Gerald labels;
• A family scrapbook with candid images of Redding on stage at black clubs and theaters, including the Apollo in Harlem and The Royal Peacock in Atlanta, Georgia, ca. 1962-65;
• A press release from Walden & Associates that describes "One of the biggest mistakes of Otis' career"- not recording Dylan's Just Like A Woman, which he had written with Redding in mind after seeing him perform at the Whiskey-A-Go-Go in West Hollywood in April 1966;
• Hand-written lyrics for Don't Let Me Waste My Time, a never-recorded song;
• Remarkable concert and behind-the-scenes images from the 1966 and 1967 performances at the Olympia Theater in Paris by Jean-Pierre Leloir, one of Europe's most recognized music photographers;
• Memorabilia, photographs, and notable recordings from Jotis, Redding's own label, by protégés such as Billy Young and Arthur Conley;
• An ultra-rare poster advertising the Dec. 10th, 1967, Otis Redding concert at the Factory in Madison, Wisconsin, the concert he was en route to when his plane crashed into Lake Monona, killing Redding and all but one aboard; and
• Western Union telegrams to Redding's family from James Brown, Stevie Wonder, Elvis Presley and other musical luminaries expressing their heartfelt sorrow over Redding's death.

Multi-media stations feature rare concert performance footage and outtakes from Redding's appearances on local and syndicated teen music programs. Also highlighted are tracks from the singer's seminal studio and live recordings, plus early, lesser-known singles, outtakes, variant recordings, original compositions performed and covered by other musicians and his own cover versions of music by Sam Cooke, The Beatles and The Rolling Stones, among others. Excerpts of interviews with Redding himself and individuals and artists such as Zelma Redding, Rodgers Redding, Steve Cropper, Stax co-founder Jim Stewart, Alan Walden, DJs Hamp Swain and Satellite Poppa and others contribute personal stories and insights to the experience.

In popular culture

• Arthur Conley made mention of Otis Redding in his 1967 song "Sweet Soul Music" with the line "Spotlight on Otis Redding now Singing fa fa fa fa...".
• Beginning with their 1993-1994 performances of the song Hey Nineteen, the band Steely Dan replaced the phrase "Hey Nineteen/That's Aretha Franklin/She don't remember/Queen of Soul" with "Hey Nineteen/That's Otis Redding/She don't remember/King of Soul." While singing the song in the Two Against Nature tour of 2000, Donald Fagen often left the name attribution blank for the singing-along audiences to fill in, and when most of them sang "Aretha Franklin," he corrected them by saying, "No, that's Otis Redding."
• Barry Gibb has stated in numerous interviews that the song To Love Somebody was written for Otis Redding, but died before he was able to record it.
• The Doors, fans of Redding, added this verse before "Runnin' Blue": "Poor Otis dead and gone, left me here to sing his song. Pretty little girl with the red dress on, Poor Otis dead and gone." Singer Jim Morrison had been singing those lines on their tour the year before. Morrison also added in the same song the line "Got to find the dock of the bay", which was the name of Redding's compilation album 'The Dock of the Bay' which was released in 1968.
• The Grateful Dead frequently covered "Hard To Handle" during their concerts.
• The Righteous Brothers song "Rock and Roll Heaven" features the verse: "Otis brought us all to the dock of the bay", a tribute to Redding and his song "(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay".
• A likeness of Redding appears as an evil version of himself in Nightmares & Dreamscapes, adapted from Stephen King's short story You Know They Got a Hell of a Band. Redding is portrayed as a police officer in the town of Rock N Roll Heaven, which is populated by late rock and roll legends.
• Steve Perry made mention of Otis Redding in his 1984 song "Captured by the Moment" with the line "Otis replied, a little tenderness we got to try.", a reference to the Redding song "Try a Little Tenderness"
• 1986's Pretty In Pink featured Duckie (Jon Cryer) dancing and singing along to "Try a Little Tenderness". He states his admiration for Otis.
• 1986's Top Gun features Pete Mitchell/Maverick (Tom Cruise) and Charlotte Blackwood/Charlie (Kelly McGillis) listening to "(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay". Pete states that while he was still a youth, after his father died in combat, his grieving mother would call for Pete, and requested him to keep playing the same records over again, and "The Dock of the Bay" was on one of those records.
• The band Okkervil River wrote a song called "Listening to Otis Redding at Home during Christmas" on their album Don't Fall in Love with Everyone You See.
• Redding's sons Dexter and Otis III, together with cousin Mark Locket, founded the funk/disco-band The Reddings in 1978.
• The song "Hard to Handle" was covered by The Black Crowes on their 1990 debut album Shake Your Money Maker.
• Redding's music was heavily featured in the 1991 film The Commitments, including "Mr Pitiful", "Try a Little Tenderness" and "Hard to Handle".
• In Nick Hornby's High Fidelity (novel), protagonist Rob Fleming is thrilled to purchase a copy of the 45 single, "You Left the Water Running", from a woman who is pawning her husband's albums at a very low price in retaliation for his infidelity.
• In 1997, on their album Midwestern Songs of the Americas the Minneapolis punk quartet Dillinger Four paid tribute to Otis Redding in the song "Doublewhiskeycokenoice" with these lyrics: "God save Otis Redding because I know he's never gone". This song also contains a sample from the song "Stay in School", in which Redding speaks: "Hi, this is the big O. I was just standing here thinking about you, thought I'd write a song about you, and dedicate it to you. Take a listen."
• The 2000 Everclear album, Songs from an American Movie, Vol. 1: Learning How to Smile, features a song titled "Otis Redding", which contains the lyric, "I wish I could sing like Otis Redding, I wish I could play this guitar in tune." On the 2003 Sara Evans album Restless, there is also a song entitled "Otis Redding", referencing how the legend's music making the song's heroine feel good and reminds her of the summer.
• The rock band Phish routinely plays a song written by a friend from Burlington, Vermont, Richard Wright, called "I Didn't Know" featuring the lyrics "Pardon me, Doug (pardon me, Doug,) Is this a picture of Otis Redding? Yes! Yes! Taken right before he died, Well you can give me his hide."
• In 2005, a sample from "It's Too Late" appeared on the track "Gone" from Kanye West.
• In 2007, Redding was referenced in the song "Been There Before" by the band Hanson. The lyrics, "Well the young man sitting/ On the dock of the bay/ He took a longterm trip/ On a first class plane/ Now the whole world listens/ To that one man's song" reference Redding's recording of "(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay" before his plane crash.
• In the 1988 movie Bull Durham, the character Nuke LaLoosh (Tim Robbins), sings the wrong words to "Try a Little Tenderness" (thinking the line "young girls, they do get weary" is actually "young girls, they do get woolly"), leading Crash Davis (Kevin Costner) to angrily correct him.
• In 1987's "Dirty Dancing," Jennifer Grey's character "Baby" walks in on a group of resort employees dancing to "Love Man" and she is forever transformed. The song "These Arms of Mine" was also on the soundtrack.
• "These Arms of Mine" was featured on the "S.O.S." episode of the TV series Lost and on season four of the U.S. version of So You Think You Can Dance.
• "My Lover's Prayer" was featured in "From Where To Eternity", a season two episode of the TV series The Sopranos.
• The song "For Your Precious Love" plays during the opening scene of the 2006 French film "Tell No One."
• In the 1985 movie, "Heaven Help Us", Michael Dunn (Andrew McCarthy) and Danni (Mary Stuart Masterson) slow dance to the song, "I've Been Loving You Too Long" that Danni selects from a jukebox at a boardwalk place.
• In 2008, rock n roll/punk band The Gaslight Anthem paid tribute to Redding (among others) in the song "Once Upon a Time"
• In 2003, ska/soul band The Adjusters released an album entitled 'Otis Redding Will Save America'
• In the popular show How I Met Your Mother, main character Ted Mosby makes several references to his admiration of Otis Redding.

Discography

Albums

Albums released posthumously

Other albums

• 1968 - Soul As Sung by Otis Redding and Little Joe (Alshire Presents)
• 1971 - Monterey International Pop Festival - Otis Redding/The Jimi Hendrix Experience (Reprise) US: #16
• 1972 - The Best of Otis Redding (Atco) US: #76
• 1982 - Recorded Live: Previously Unreleased Performances (Atlantic)
• 1986 - The Ultimate Otis Redding (Warner Bros.)
• 1987 - The Otis Redding Story (Atlantic)
• 1992 - Remember Me (Stax)
• 1992 - The Very Best of Otis Redding, Vol. 1 (Rhino)
• 1993 - Otis! The Definitive Otis Redding (Rhino 4D Boxed Set)
• 1995 - The Very Best of Otis Redding, Vol. 2 (Rhino)
• 1998 - Dreams To Remember: The Otis Redding Anthology (Rhino 2D)
• 1998 - Love Songs (Rhino)
• 1999 - In Concert (Stax)
• 2002 - Very Best of Otis Redding (Atco) UK: #26
• 2006 - Stax Profiles (Stax)
• 2006 - The Definitive Soul Collection (Rhino 2D)
• 2008 - Live in London and Paris (Stax)

Singles

All singles issued on Volt Records unless otherwise noted.

Singles released posthumously

All singles issued on Atco Records unless otherwise noted.

References

External links

• Honoring Otis 40 years later by A. David Dahmer
• Otis Redding Official Website
• Otis Redding at Allmusic
• Otis Redding French Website
• Otis Redding at the Internet Movie Database
• Otis Redding Entry in the New Georgia Encyclopedia
• Article About Otis Redding by Dr. Frank Hoffmann
• Otis Redding At Find a Grave
• Historyofrock.com's Otis Redding biography
• Otis Redding at WDAS Radio
• Podcast featuring Otis Redding

Catégorie:Artiste de Memphis soul