Oriental Orthodoxy
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Oriental Orthodoxy is the communion of Eastern Christian Churches that recognize only three ecumenical councils — the First Council of Nicaea, the First Council of Constantinople and the Council of Ephesus. They reject the dogmatic definitions of the Council of Chalcedon. Hence, these Churches are also called Old Oriental Churches or Non-Chalcedonian Churches. These churches are in fellowship with Eastern Orthodox Churches with whom they are in dialogue for a return to unity.[1]
Despite the potentially confusing nomenclature, Oriental Orthodox churches are distinct from those that are collectively referred to as the Eastern Orthodox Church. The Oriental Orthodox communion comprises six groups: Coptic Orthodox, Syriac Orthodox, Ethiopian Orthodox, Eritrean Orthodox, Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church (India) and Armenian Apostolic churches. [2] These six churches, while being in communion with each other are completely independent hierarchically and have no equivalent of the Bishop of Rome or Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople [3]
The Oriental Orthodox Church and the rest of the Church split over differences in Christological terminology. The First Council of Nicaea (321) declared that Jesus Christ is God, "consubstantial" with the Father; and the Council of Ephesus (431) that Jesus, though divine as well as human, is only one person. Twenty years after Ephesus, the Council of Chalcedon declared that Jesus has two complete natures, one human and one divine. Those who opposed Chalcedon likened its doctrine to the Nestorian heresy, condemned at Ephesus, that Christ was two distinct persons, one divine and one human. In 2001, the leaders of Oriental Orthodoxy and Eastern Orthodoxy concluded that they had always believed in the same Christology, but differed over how this was to be formulated. This conclusion became the basis for healing the schism between them, and the two groups jointly issued a "Middle Eastern Oriental Orthodox Common Declaration" [4]
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History
The schism between Oriental Orthodoxy and the rest of the Church occurred in the 5th century. The separation resulted in part from the refusal of Pope Dioscorus, the Patriarch of Alexandria, to accept the Christological dogmas promulgated by the Council of Chalcedon, which held that Jesus has two natures: one divine and one human. Pope Dioscorus would accept only "of or from two natures" but not "in two natures." To the hierarchs who would lead the Oriental Orthodox, this was tantamount to accepting Nestorianism, which expressed itself in a terminology incompatible with their understanding of Christology. Founded in the Alexandrine School of Theology it advocated a formula stressing the unity of the Incarnation over all other considerations.
The Oriental Orthodox churches were therefore often called Monophysite, although they reject this label, as it is associated with Eutychian Monophysitism; they prefer the term "non-Chalcedonian" or "Miaphysite" churches. Oriental Orthodox Churches reject what they consider to be the heretical Monophysite teachings of Eutyches and of Nestorius as well as the Dyophysite definition of the Council of Chalcedon.
Christology, although important, was not the only reason for the Alexandrian Church's refusal to accept the declarations of the Council of Chalcedon; political, ecclesiastical and imperial issues were hotly debated during that period.
In the years following Chalcedon the patriarchs of Constantinople remained in communion with the non-Chalcedonian patriarchs of Alexandria, Antioch, Jerusalem, while Rome remained out of communion with the latter and in unstable communion with Constantinople. It was not until 518 that the new Byzantine Emperor, Justin I (who accepted Chalcedon), demanded that the Church in the Roman Empire accept the Council's decisions. [5] Justin ordered the replacement of all non-Chalcedonian bishops, including the patriarchs of Antioch and Alexandria. The extent of the influence of the Bishop of Rome in this demand has been a matter of debate.
By the 20th century the Chalcedonian schism was not seen with the same importance, and from several meetings between the authorities of the Holy See and the Oriental Orthodoxy, reconciling declarations emerged in the common statement of the Oriental Patriarch (Mar Ignatius Zakka I Iwas) and the Pope (John Paul II) in 1984.
| “ | The confusions and schisms that occurred between their Churches in the later centuries, they realize today, in no way affect or touch the substance of their faith, since these arose only because of differences in terminology and culture and in the various formulae adopted by different theological schools to express the same matter. Accordingly, we find today no real basis for the sad divisions and schisms that subsequently arose between us concerning the doctrine of Incarnation. In words and life we confess the true doctrine concerning Christ our Lord, notwithstanding the differences in interpretation of such a doctrine which arose at the time of the Council of Chalcedon.[6] | ” |
According to the canons of the Oriental Orthodox Churches, the four bishops of Rome, Alexandria, Ephesus (later transferred to Constantinople) and Antioch were all given status as Patriarchs; in other words, the ancient apostolic centres of Christianity, by the First Council of Nicaea (predating the schism) — each of the four patriarchs was responsible for those bishops and churches within his own area of the Universal Church, (with the exception of the Patriarch of Jerusalem, who was independent of the rest). Thus, the Bishop of Rome has always been held by the others to be fully sovereign within his own area, as well as "First-Among-Equals", due to the traditional belief that the Apostles Saint Peter and Saint Paul were martyred in Rome.
The technical reason for the schism was that the bishops of Rome and Constantinople excommunicated the non-Chalcedonian bishops in 451 for refusing to accept the "in two natures" teaching, thus declaring them to be out of communion. Recent declarations indicate that the Holy See now regards itself as being in a state of partial communion with the other patriarchates; while full communion has not been restored, the mutual excommunications between Constantinople and Rome were lifted by Pope Paul VI and the Ecumenical Patriarch Athenagoras I when they met in Jerusalem in 1964.
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Oriental Orthodoxy is a dominant religion in Armenia (94%), the ethnically Armenian Nagorno-Karabakh Republic (95%), and in Ethiopia (51%, the total Christian population being 62%), especially in two regions in Ethiopia: Amhara (82%) and Tigray (96%), as well as the chartered city of Addis Ababa (82%), and is also important in Oromia Region (41%). It is also one of two dominant religions in Eritrea (50%). It is a minority in Egypt (15%), Sudan (3-5% out of the 15% of total Christians), Syria (2-3% out of the 10% of total Christians) and Kerala, India (8%[1] out of all the 2.3% of total Christians in India). In terms of total number of members, the Ethiopian Church is the largest of all Oriental Orthodox Churches, and is second among all Orthodox Churches among Eastern and Oriental Churches (exceeded in number only by the Russian Orthodox Church).
Oriental Orthodox Communion
The Oriental Orthodox Communion is a group of churches within Oriental Orthodoxy which are all in full communion with each other. The communion includes:
- The Oriental Orthodox Communion
- The Armenian Apostolic Church of All Armenians
- The Armenian Apostolic Church of Cilicia
- The Armenian Apostolic Church of Constantinople
- The Armenian Apostolic Church of Jerusalem
- The Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria
- The British Orthodox Church in the United Kingdom
- The French Coptic Orthodox Church in France
- The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church
- The Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church
- The Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch (also known as the Syrian Orthodox Church of Antioch)
- The Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church
- The Armenian Apostolic Church of All Armenians
Occasional confusions
The Assyrian Church of the East is sometimes incorrectly considered as Oriental Orthodox. Being largely centered in what was then the Persian Empire, it was separated administratively from the Church of the Roman Empire around 400, and then broke communion with the latter in reaction to the Council of Ephesus(431). Additionally, it accepts a Nestorian dyophysite Christology that is categorically rejected by the Oriental Orthodox Communion, and venerates as saints people anathematized as heretics by the latter.
There are many overlapping ecclesiastical jurisdictions in India, mostly with a Syriac liturgical heritage centered in the state of Kerala. Two of these, the autonomous Malankara Jacobite Syriac Orthodox Church and the autocephalous Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church, are Oriental Orthodox; the others include two Eastern Catholic Churches, and various independent churches, one of which, the Mar Thoma Church is in communion with the Anglican Communion.
See also
- Eastern Orthodoxy
- Western Rite Orthodoxy
- Saint Thomas Christians
References
- ↑ Syrian Orthodox Resources -- Middle Eastern Oriental Orthodox Common Declaration
- ↑ Oriental Orthodox Churches
- ↑ An Introduction to the Oriental Orthodox Churches
- ↑ Syrian Orthodox Resources -- Middle Eastern Oriental Orthodox Common Declaration
- ↑ CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pope St. Hormisdas
- ↑ From the common declaration of Pope John Paul II and HH Mar Ignatius Zakka I Iwas, June 23 1984
Bibliography
- Betts, Robert B., Christians in the Arab East, Lycabbetus Press (Athens, 1978)
- Charles, R. H. The Chronicle of John, Bishop of Nikiu: Translated from Zotenberg's Ethiopic Text, 1916. Reprinted 2007. Evolution Publishing, ISBN 978-1-889758-87-9. [2]
External links
- Orthodox Unity
- Common declaration of Pope John Paul II and HH Mar Ignatius Zakka I Iwas
- Joint declarations between the Syriac Orthodox and Roman Catholic Churches
- Agreed Statements between representatives of the Oriental and Eastern Orthodox Churches
- Armenian Church
- Coptic Orthodox Church in America
- Syriac Orthodox Resources
- Indian Orthodox Church Indian Orthodox Church
- Georgian Orthodox Church Patriarchate
- Indian Orthodox Church
- Ethiopian Orthodox Church Directory
- Indian Syrian Christian Resources
- Indian Orthodox Resource site
- Orthodox churches and monasteries. Foto album
| Autocephalous and Autonomous Churches of Oriental Orthodoxy |
| Autocephalous Churches |
| Alexandria | Antioch | Armenia | Eritrea | Ethiopia | India |
| Autonomous Churches |
| Alexandria: British Orthodox Church | French Orthodox Church
Antioch: Malankara Syriac Orthodox Church Armenia: Cilicia | Constantinople | Jerusalem |