Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (Swedish: Nobelpriset i fysiologi eller medicin) is awarded once a year by the Swedish Karolinska Institute. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895, awarded for outstanding contributions in Physics, Chemistry, Literature, Peace, and Physiology or Medicine since 1901. The first Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded in 1901 to Emil Adolf von Behring, a German, "for his work on serum therapy, especially its application against diphtheria, by which he has opened a new road in the domain of biological science and thereby placed in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and deaths." This award is administered by the Nobel Foundation and widely regarded as the most prestigious award that a scientist can receive in these fields. It is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death. "The highlight of the Nobel Prize Award Ceremony in Stockholm is when each Nobel Laureate steps forward to receive the prize from the hands of His Majesty the King of Sweden. ... Under the eyes of a watching world, the Nobel Laureate receives three things: a diploma, a medal and a document confirming the prize amount".[1]
In 2008 the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Harald zur Hausen of Germany "for his discovery of human papilloma viruses causing cervical cancer" and Françoise Barré-Sinoussi and Luc Montagnier of France "for their discovery of human immunodeficiency virus"; they share the prize amount of 10,000,000 SEK (slightly more than €1 million, or US$1.4 million). The front side of "The medal of the Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute" provides the same profile of Alfred Nobel depicted on the medals for Physics, Chemistry, and Literature; its reverse side "represents the Genius of Medicine holding an open book in her lap, collecting the water pouring out from a rock in order to quench a sick girl's thirst".[2]
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Nomination and selection
A maximum of three Nobel Laureates and two different works may be selected for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.[3]
These Nobel Laureates are selected by a committee that consists of five members elected by the Karolinska Institutet. In its first stage, several thousand people are asked to nominate candidates. These names are scrutinized and discussed by experts until only the winners remain. This slow and thorough process was insisted upon by Alfred Nobel.
Forms, which amount to a personal and exclusive invitation, are sent to about three thousand selected individuals to invite them to submit nominations. The names of the nominees are never publicly announced, and neither are they told that they have been considered for the Prize. Nomination records are sealed for fifty years. In practice some nominees do become known. It is also common for publicists to make such a claim, founded or not.
The nominations are screened by committee, and a list is produced of approximately two hundred preliminary candidates. This list is forwarded to selected experts in the field. They remove all but approximately fifteen names. The committee submits a report with recommendations to the appropriate institution.
While posthumous nominations are not permitted, awards can occur if the individual died in the months between the nomination and the decision of the prize committee.
The Award
The Nobel Prize in Physics consists of a gold medallion (the Nobel Prize Medal for Physiology or Medicine), a diploma, and a monetary grant.[3] The Nobel Prize Medals, which have been minted in Sweden since 1902, are registered trademarks of the Nobel Foundation. Their engraved designs are internationally-recognized symbols of the prestige of the Nobel Prize.
The front side (obverse) of the Nobel Prize Medals for Physics, Chemistry, Literature, and Physiology or Medicine (for the "Swedish Prizes") features the same engraved profile of Alfred Nobel with his name abbreviated as "Alfr. Nobel" to the left of his profile and the dates of his birth and death to the right of it (in capital letters and Roman numerals).[3]
The grant is currently approximately 10 million SEK, slightly more than €1 million (US$1.6 million or £0.8 million ).[3][4]
The Nobel Award Ceremony
The committee and institution serving as the selection board for the prize typically announce the names of the laureates in October. The prize is then awarded at formal ceremonies held annually on December 10, the anniversary of Alfred Nobel's death. "The highlight of the Nobel Prize Award Ceremony in Stockholm is when each Nobel Laureate steps forward to receive the prize from the hands of His Majesty the King of Sweden. ... Under the eyes of a watching world, the Nobel Laureate receives three things: a diploma, a medal and a document confirming the prize amount".[3]
The Nobel Banquet is the banquet that is held every year in Stockholm City Hall in connection with the Nobel Prize.[3][4]
Laureates
References
- ↑ "What the Nobel Laureates Receive". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2008-10-06.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize Medal for Physiology or Medicine". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2008-10-06.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 "What the Nobel Laureates Receive", accessed November 1, 2007.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 "The Nobel Prize Ceremonies", nobelprize.org, accessed November 1, 2007.
External links
- All Nobel Laureates in Medicine – Index webpage on the official site of the Nobel Foundation.
- The Nobel Prize Medals and the Medal for the Prize in Economics – By Birgitta Lemmel; an article on the history of the design of the medals featured on the official site.
- The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine – Official site of the Nobel Foundation.
- What the Nobel Laureates Receive – Featured link in The Nobel Prize Award Ceremonies.
- Nobel Prize Internet Archive of Laureates in Physiology or Medicine
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