Nepali language
| Nepali नेपाली |
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| Spoken in: | Nepal, India, Bhutan, Tibet. | |||
| Region: | South Asia. | |||
| Total speakers: | native - 22million[1], total - appr. 30 million | |||
| Ranking: | 66 | |||
| Language family: | Indo-European Indo-Iranian Indo-Aryan Pahari (Northern zone) Eastern Pahari Nepali |
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| Writing system: | Devanagari script | |||
| Official status | ||||
| Official language in: |  Nepal Sikkim (India) Bengal (India) |
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| Regulated by: | Language Academy of Nepal | |||
| Language codes | ||||
| ISO 639-1: | ne | |||
| ISO 639-2: | nep | |||
| ISO 639-3: | nep | |||
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Nepali is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in Nepal, Bhutan, and some parts of India and Myanmar (Burma).
It is the lingua-franca of Nepal and also one of 23 Official languages of India incorporated in 8th annex of the Indian Constitution. It is a lingua-franca of the state of Sikkim and has official language status in West Bengal's Darjeeling district. Similarly it is spoken in State of Uttaranchal as well as in the state of Assam. Roughly half of the population of Nepal speaks Nepali as a mother tongue. Beside this some casr and religions use their own language as their first language. However, the official language of Nepal is Nepali.
Nepali goes by various names. It was also called Gorkhali or Gurkhali, "the language of the Gurkhas," and Parbatiya, "the language of the mountains." Khaskura is the oldest term, literally speech of the Khas, who were peasants in the Karnali-Bheri basin of far western Nepal since prehistoric or early historic times. Khaskura exists in opposition to Khamkura, a group of Tibeto-Burman dialects spoken by Kham peoples in the highlands separating the Karnali-Bheri basin from the Gandaki basin in central Nepal.
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History
Perhaps 500 years ago, the Khas migrated eastward, bypassing the inhospitable Kham highlands to settle in the lower valleys of the Gandaki basin, which were well suited to rice cultivation. One notable extended family settled in Gorkha, a small principality about halfway between Pokhara and Kathmandu. In the late 1700s a scion named Prithvi Narayan Shah raised an army of Gurungs, Magars and possibly other hill tribesmen and set out to conquer and consolidate dozens of small principalities in the Himalayan foothills. Since Gorkha had replaced the original Khas homeland as the center of political and military initiative, Khaskura was redubbed Gorkhali, i.e. language of the Gorkhas.
Prithvi Narayan's especially notable military achievement was conquest of the urbanized Kathmandu Valley, on the eastern rim of the Gandaki basin. This region was also called Nepal at the time. Kathmandu became Prithvi Narayan's new capital, then he and his heirs extended their domain east into the Koshi basin, north to the Tibetan Plateau, south into the plains of northern India, and west of the Karnali/Bheri basin.
Expansion, particularly to the north, west, and south brought the growing state into conflict with British and Chinese territorial ambitions. This led to wars that trimmed it back roughly to Nepal's present borders or less, however, both great powers understood the value of a buffer state and did not attempt to reduce the new country further. Since the Kathmandu Valley or Nepal had become the new center of political initiative, this word gradually came to refer to the entire realm and not just the Kathmandu Valley. And so Gorkhali, language of Gorkha, was again redubbed Nepali.
Nepali is the easternmost of the Pahari languages, a group of related languages spoken across the lower elevations of the Himalaya range, from eastern Nepal through the Indian states of Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh. The influence of the Nepali language can also be seen in Bhutan and some parts of Burma. Nepali developed in proximity to a number of Tibeto-Burman languages, most notably Nepal Bhasa, and shows Tibeto-Burman influences.
Nepali is closely related to Hindi but is more conservative, borrowing fewer words from Persian and English and using more Sanskritic derivations. Today, Nepali is commonly written in the Devanagari script. There is some record of using Takri script in the history of Nepali, especially in western Nepal, Utarakhand, and Himanchal. Bhujimol is an older script native to Nepal. Nepali is mutually intelligible with Hindi and Urdu speakers.
Nepali developed a great literature within a short period of hundred years in the nineteenth century, fueled by Adhyatma Ramayana; Sundarananda Bara (1833); Birsikka, an anonymous collection of folk-tales; and a Ramayana by Bhanubhakta. The contribution of trio-lauretes Poudyal, Devkota, and Sama took Nepali to the level of other world languages. The contribution of laureates outside Nepal, especially from Darjeeling and Varanasi, is also worth noting.
The sole use of Nepali in the courts and government of Nepal is being challenged. The issue of recognition of other ethnic languages in Nepal was one of the talking points raised by the Maoist insurgency. A Cabinet Minister, Matrika Yadav, recently took a ministerial oath in the Maithili language, rather than Nepali.
Scholars Kamal Malla and Tej. Kansakar comment of the Sanskrit derivation of Nepali:
- "Janaka, Yajnavalkya, Valmiki, Kapila and Gautama Buddha have greatly contributed to the Sanskrit and Prakrita from which the Nepali language seeks its origins."[2]
See also: Lhotshampa
Grammar
Phonology
Phrases
Examples of phrases in Nepali include:
- namaste. नमस्ते — all-purpose Hindu greeting, often translated as "I salute the god within you". Its literal Sanskrit meaning is "your homage" and in common usage simply means "hello" or "goodbye."
- tapāī̃ko/timro nām ke ho? तपाईंको/तिम्रो नाम के हो? - What is your name?
- mero nām Aalok ho. मेरो नाम आलोक हो — My name is Aalok.
- tapāī/timi lai kasto cha? तपाईंलाई/तिमीलाई कस्तो छ? — How are you?
The following are more commonly used:
- ke cha? के छ? (informal), sañcai hunuhuncha? सञ्चै हुनुहुन्छ? (formal)
- khānā khāne ṭhāũ kahā̃ cha? खाना खाने ठाउँ कहाँ छ? — Where is the place to eat?
- kāṭhmāḍaũ jāne bāṭo dherai lāmo cha. काठ्माडौँ जाने बाटो धेरै लामो छ — The road to Kathmandu is very long.
- nepālmā baneko नेपालमा बनेको — Made in Nepal.
- ma nepālī hũ म नेपाली हूँ — I am Nepali.
- pugyo पुग्यो — That is enough (mainly used while eating/amount of food/and various other amounts).
References
- ↑ Nepali language at Omniglot.com
- ↑ P. 47 Occasional Papers in the Humanities & Social Sciences By Kamal Prakash Malla, Tej. R. Kansakar
Further reading
- Schmidt, R. L. (1993) A Practical Dictionary of Modern Nepali.
- Turner, R. L. (1931) A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language.
- Hutt, M. & Subedi, A. (2003) Teach Yourself Nepali.
- Manders, C. J. (2007) नेपाली व्याकरणमा आधार A Foundation in Nepali Grammar.
See also
- Nepali literature
External links
- A set of free tools for typing, web search and email in Unicode Nepali
- A set of free materials for learning Nepali
- How to write Nepali
- Download Nepali Word Processor: Madhyam developed by Balendu Sharma Dadhich
- Download Nepali Fonts
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