Multinational force in Iraq

Multinational Force - Iraq
Multi-National Force - Iraq Insignia
Active	2004-05-14 -
Country	United States and United Kingdom
Size	~150,000
Part of	United States Central Command
Engagements	Iraq War
Commanders
Commanding General	General Raymond T. Odierno
Notable commanders	David Howell Petraeus George William Casey Jr. Ricardo Sanchez
Insignia
Distinctive Unit Insignia

The Multi-National Force - Iraq (MNF-I) is a military command, led by the United States, that is fighting the Iraq War against Iraqi insurgents or resistants. Multi-National Force - Iraq replaced the previous force, Combined Joint Task Force 7, on May 15, 2004. General Ray Odierno serves as Commanding General.

The media in the U.S. has been known to use the term U.S.-led coalition to describe this force, as the vast majority of the troops are from the United States.^[1] The majority of nations that deployed troops confined their men to their bases^[1] due to widespread violence. Additionally, the the deployment of troops and the war itself was highly unpopular in many of the countries that participated in the Multinational Force^[2].

Also in Iraq, but not part of MNF-I, are the United Nations Assistance Mission in Iraq, which is doing humanitarian work, but has a number of guards and military observers, and the NATO Training Mission - Iraq, training the Iraqi army and police force.

Contents 1 Mission objectives according to the US Military 2 List of nations in the coalition 2.1 Troop deployment in Iraq 2003-present 2.2 More than 100,000 military personnel 2.3 More than 1,000 military personnel 2.4 More than 100 military personnel 2.5 100 or fewer military personnel 3 States no longer participating in ground operations 3.1 2008 withdrawals 3.2 2007 withdrawals 3.3 2006 withdrawals 3.4 2005 withdrawals 3.5 2004 withdrawals 3.6 Coalition members that never participated in ground operations 4 YouTube channel 5 Incentives given by the U.S. to coalition members 6 See also 7 References 8 External links

Mission objectives according to the US Military

The MNF objectives, as at June 2004 as expressed in an annex to UNSCR 1546, a letter from U.S. Secretary of State Powell to the UN Security Council, appear to be:^[3]

"The MNF under unified command is prepared to continue to contribute to the maintenance of security in Iraq, including by preventing and deterring terrorism and protecting the territory of Iraq. The goal of the MNF will be to help the Iraqi people to complete the political transition and will permit the United Nations and the international community to work to facilitate Iraq’s reconstruction.

The government of Iraq enjoys broad international support, including from nations of the Arab League. Jordan is assisting in training of the Iraqi Security Forces, and the United Arab Emirates have donated military equipment (bought from Switzerland), for example.

Iraq is, nominally, a pluralistic democracy. The US-influenced Constitution of Iraq^[4] guarantees freedoms of speech, assembly and religion, private ownership of property, privacy and equality before the law, as well as total immunity to all occupying troops in the country. The first parliamentary elections occurred in December, 2005.

As of September 2008, over 545,000 Iraqi Security Forces have been trained. ^[5]

In November 2006, the United Nations Security Council voted to extend the mandate of the multinational force in Iraq until the end of 2007. The move was requested by the Iraqi government, which said the troops were needed for another year while it built up its own security forces.^[6] In December 2007, the Security Council unanimously approved resolution 1790, which extended the mandate for the "last time", until December 31, 2008.^[7]

List of nations in the coalition

Troop deployment in Iraq 2003-present

More than 100,000 military personnel

•  United States - As of August 2008, there were around 144,000^[8] Army, Navy, Coast Guard, Air Force, and Marine Corps personnel deployed to the western, northern and central regions of Iraq. The latest figure includes the 28,500 troops sent to Iraq as part of the troop surge plan, which began in early 2007. An additional 30,000 troops are deployed in the Gulf region.^[9] MNF-I includes Multi-National Corps Iraq and its subordinate divisions listed below.
  • As of September 2008, 4,152 American military personnel have been killed, including 3,100 losses as a result of enemy action. The remainder were killed in non-hostile incidents including a small number of drownings, illnesses and electrocutions, but mostly vehicle accidents, weapon accidents and suicides (at least 122 of the latter have been confirmed by the U.S. Department of Defense, as of 8/31/2007). As of 2008 at least 65,588 American military personnel have fallen ill, been wounded or injured: 36,943 of these requiring medical evacuation. One soldier is currently listed as captured. The US military itself has encountered some difficulties in sustaining such large deployments, and to this effect extended tours of duty and relaxed restrictions regarding volunteers with a criminal history under the so-called Moral Waiver.^[10]

More than 1,000 military personnel

•  United Kingdom - 4,100 troops in Southern Iraq as of September 2008, leading the Multi-National Division (South East) which includes troops from several other countries. The deployment includes infantry, mechanized infantry and armored units as well as water-borne patrol personnel and a range of aircraft. The UK has lost 176 soldiers in Iraq as of November, 2008: 136 in roadside bombings, firefights, and rocket attacks. Out of the remaining 40, the cause of death included accidents, 'friendly fire' incidents, illnesses, and suicide. See Operation Telic for further information.
  • After the invasion (which involved 45,000 British troops), approximately 8,500 troops were stationed in the south of the country, but 1,300 were withdrawn in early 2006.^[11] Former Prime Minister Tony Blair had considered an expansion of up to 2,000 troops during 2004 to replace those of Spain and other departing nations, however, military commanders and former diplomats criticizing U.S. military tactics put that into question and the idea was eventually shelved.
  • On February 20, 2007, the British government declared that British soldiers would begin a timetabled withdrawal from Iraq, and an additional 1,600 personnel had returned by the end of the month.^[12] On October 8, 2007, British Prime Minister Gordon Brown announced that the British contingent would be reduced further, from 5,500 to 4,500, by the end of the year, and cut to 2,500 in Spring 2008. He added that 500 troops would be sent to bases in the Persian Gulf region to fulfill a supporting role.^[13] However, in early April 2008 the decision was made to postpone any further withdrawals, and to maintain the roughly 4000-strong contingent for the time being^[14].
  • On September 2, 2007, British forces withdrew from their last base in Basra, re-locating to the international airport. Although they nominally handed over control to Iraqi forces^[15], a ceasefire deal had quietly been struck between the Mahdi Army and British commanders, stipulating a British withdrawal from the city in return for the cessation of mortar and rocket attacks on British bases^[16]. The development came amid outspoken misgivings regarding their presence from both the Bush Administration and the British military leadership, with the former complaining that British troops were not countering the Mahdi Army's gradual takeover of Basra, and the latter condemning British patrols as 'suicide missions'. On December 16, 2007, British forces handed over official control of Basra province to the Iraqi authorities. However, the changeover was little more than symbolic as the British had very little control over the province.^[17]
  • On July 22, 2008, it was announced that Britain would maintain its troop levels in Iraq through the end of 2008, but would make significant reductions in the early 2009^[18]. There was media speculation in the UK of a total withdrawal during 2010, before the predicted July 2010 UK election. PM Gordon Brown talked about a "fundamental change of mission" in early 2009 as British forces prepare for the complete handover of installations and infrastructure (particularly the airport) and finalize the training of regional Iraqi security forces and the Iraqi Navy.
  • On October 13, 2008, Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki declared that British combat troops were no longer needed in Iraq and that they should leave as soon as possible, however, he said that some soldiers are still needed to train Iraqi forces. He criticized the handover of Basra province in December 2007 as 'premature', leading to a 'disaster' as gangs and Mahdi militamen overran the city, and that the situation was only corrected the following year when the Iraqi military intervened^[19].

More than 100 military personnel

•  Romania - On November 6, 2008, it was announced that all 501 troops would be withdrawn by the end of the year, however some instructors will be deployed in 2009 to assist Iraqi authorities.^[20] Romanian troops had previously operated in three different zones (South-East, South Central, and Baghdad). They conducted a wide range of missions including prisoner interrogation at Camp Cropper and Camp Bucca in Baghdad; reconnaissance and surveillance missions (involving UAVs) in the Polish Sector; and training, peacekeeping and base protection missions in the British Sector. The contingent, at its peak, numbered approximately 730 personnel, including 400 infantry, 100 military police, 150 de-miners, 30 medics, and 50 intelligence officers.^[21]
  • The troops' presence in Iraq became a contentious issue in domestic politics, with Prime Minister Calin Popescu Tariceanu calling for their return home in 2007, while President Traian Basescu, commander in chief, decided they should stay.^[22] The previous year (2006), Prime Minister Tariceanu announced that Romania would withdraw its troops by October, however, on November 8, Defense Minister Sorin Frunzaverde stated that there was to be no scheduled withdrawal.^[23] Three Romanian soldiers died during the mission (including one suicide), while at least nine were wounded.^[22][24] 130 more troops were temporarily deployed for UNAMI.

•  Australia - Approx 300; Australian involvement in Iraq (designated Operation Catalyst by the Australian military) as of July 2008 consists of around 300 troops divided amongst several specialized units, (current deployments include a security detachment (SECDET) composed of 110 troops protecting the Australian embassy in Baghdad, 95 liaison officers distributed throughout Iraq, a small number of Australian troops as part of the Coalition Counter IED Task Force, and 110 personnel who form a 'Force Level Logistic Asset', fulfilling a support role).
  • The largest contribution was previously the Overwatch Battle Group (West), a force of 515 soldiers based at Camp Terendak in Talil (Southern Iraq). On 30 November 2007, the newly-elected government of Australia announced the pullout of this contingent by early 2008.^[25] The Overwatch Battle Group (West) The troops pulled out of their base on the 1st of June.^[26][27]. The attached Australian Army training team of 60-95 troops was simultaneous withdrawn, and both units formally terminated operations on the 2nd of June. The battle group was previously known as the Al Muthanna Task Group, which had about 450 troops and was deployed on February 22, 2005 to reinforce Task Force Eagle, a British Army Battlegroup, which had recently replaced the Dutch forces in Al Muthana Province. ^[28]
  • A further 500 personnel supporting operations in Iraq and Afghanistan (the latter falling under Operation Slipper) are based elsewhere in the region. These involve periodic rotations of Anzac class frigates in the Persian Gulf, currently the HMAS Stuart (~170 personnel), two Royal Australian Air Force AP-3C Orion maritime patrol aircraft (170 personnel) and three C-130 Hercules transport aircraft (155 personnel).^[29] There have been several injuries but no deaths of Australian troops in Iraq attributed to hostile action, however, a SASR commando was killed in a vehicle accident in Kuwait, and a soldier named Jacob Kovco, assigned to the Baghdad SECDET, died from an accidental discharge of his pistol.^[30] (See also: Australian contribution to the 2003 invasion of Iraq)

•  Albania - Around 240 troops under U.S. command as of September 2008, stationed at Mosul airport, where they man guard towers and conduct internal and external patrols.^[31] Albania increased its deployment from 120 to 240 in September 2008. The new troops serve in another part of Iraq.^[32]Albania, along with Croatia, signed accession protocols with NATO in July 2008 after they were invited to join the 26-member alliance at a NATO summit in April 2008. Albania was one of the first countries participating in the invasion to send troops to Iraq: in April 2003, 70 personnel were deployed^[33] In December 2006, Albanian Defence Minister Fatmir Mediu said that Albanian troops would stay in Iraq as long as United States forces remain there.^[34]

•  El Salvador - 200 troops^[35] from the 'Cuscatlan Battalion' previously under Polish command (Central South Iraq), based at Camp Delta in Kut. The 11th six month deployment started in August 2008; the effect of the Polish withdrawal in October 2008 is as yet unclear.^[36][37] The original contingent of 380 was reduced in August 2007 to 280 and then to 200 in August 2008, and further withdrawals are expected.^[38] Salvadoran troops are involved in protecting their base, and also guard supply/aid humanitarian convoys. El Salvador lost five soldiers in Iraq, four in hostile incidents and one in an accident.^[39]

•  Bulgaria - There are currently 155 Bulgarian troops guarding a U.S. detention facility in Baghdad (including 35 support staff).^[40] On November 6, 2008, the Defence Ministry declared that all of the troops would be withdrawn by the end of the year.^[41] From March 2006 to mid-2008, this unit had guarded the headquarters of the MEK at Camp Ashraf, 100km west of the Iranian border.^[42] This facility is home to 4,000 MEK militants and their weapon stocks.^[43] Bulgaria withdrew its original contribution of about 485 soldiers in 2005; the unit's objective had been guarding the city centre of Diwaniyah. 13 soldiers were killed during this deployment. At least five Bulgarian contractors were also killed by insurgents.

100 or fewer military personnel

•  Ukraine - Currently, there are 37 Ukranian officers and NCOs deployed, fulfilling liaision roles and training Iraqi police in Diwaniyah^[44]. An independent contingent, consisting of 1,650 troops from the 5th Mechanized Brigade, was deployed to Kut (South Central Iraq) in late 2003. In May 2005, the brigade was replaced with the 81st Tactical Group, numbering around 900 troops.^[45] The deployment was then reduced continuously until the remaining 44 troops were pulled out on December 22, 2005^[46]. This fulfilled a long-planned withdrawal pledged by newly-elected President Viktor Yushchenko. Defense Minister Anatoliy Hrytsenko originally announced that 30 Army officers, ten border service personnel, and ten Interior Ministry representatives would stay in Iraq, and that they would work at command facilities. Ukraine lost a total of 18 soldiers in Iraq: 12 in attacks, 3 in accidents, 2 in suicides and 1 as a result of a heart attack, while 32 were wounded or injured. Early in 2004, three Ukrainian engineers were taken hostage in Iraq but were freed shortly after.

•  Estonia - 35 special forces troops known as the 'EstPla-11' unit under U.S. command in Baghdad. Their task is to conduct raids and combat patrols. Two soldiers were killed in Iraq in separate insurgent attacks. Estonia has announced the contingent will be withdrawn in either late 2008 or early 2009. ^[47]

•  Moldova - On October 15, 2008, it was announced that Moldova would withdraw its 20-member unit from Iraq before the end of the year.^[48]

•  Czech Republic - 17 troops in Taji as of August 10, 2008^[49], where they train Iraqi troops in the maintenance of armoured vehicles. On October 1st 2008 it was announced this force would be withdrawn leaving 5 troops supporting the NATO Training Mission (NTM-I), while Czech forces in Afghanistan would increase in 2009. ^[50] The original Czech contingent consisted of 300 troops and 3 civilians running a field hospital, operating under British command Multi-National Division (South-East) (Iraq). After 2006, the goal changed from training Iraqi police to providing Force Protection to Contingency Operation Base (Basrah Air Station) at the vehicle checkpoints. Two thirds of these soldiers were pulled out by late 2007, and 80 out of the remaining 100 were withdrawn in summer 2008^[51] One Czech soldier died in May 2003 from injuries sustained in a vehicle accident in Iraq.

•  Singapore - There is one Singapore Armed Forces officer in Baghdad as of June 2007^[52]. 161 Republic of Singapore Navy (RSN) personnel onboard RSS Endurance returned on 31 January 2004 after a two-month deployment.^[53] The amphibious transport dock conducted logistical tasks, such as replenishing supplies for other naval vessels in the Persian Gulf, conducted patrols, and served as a platform for helicopter missions and maritime boarding operations missions by teams from other coalition countries.^[54] A Republic of Singapore Air Force (RSAF) C-130 transport aircraft with a crew of 31 returned on 4 April 2004 after a two-month deployment. During its deployment, the C-130 detachment transported supplies to coalition forces.^[55] A RSAF KC-135 tanker aircraft with a crew of 33 returned on 11 September 2004 after a three-month deployment, during which the KC-135 provided air-to-air refueling for coalition forces.^[56] Another RSN amphibious transport dock, RSS Resolution, returned on 19 March 2005 with 180 personnel after a three-month deployment,^[57] while another RSAF KC-135 returned on 17 September 2005 with 35 personnel after a three-month deployment.^[58] In the RSN's final mission, the amphibious transport dock RSS Resolution returned on 27 May 2006 after a three-month deployment.^[59] This deployment saw the ship taking on the expanded role of taking charge of coalition and Iraqi Navy ships to defend Iraq's oil platforms.^[60]

States no longer participating in ground operations

2008 withdrawals

•  South Korea - A farewell ceremony for the remainder of the Irbil-based South Korean contingent was held on December 1, 2008, with its withdrawal from Iraq scheduled for December 5^{[61] [62]}. See Zaytun Division for further information.
•  Bosnia and Herzegovina has deployed a total of 85 soldiers. This includes a unit of 36 troops involved in ordnance disposal in Diwaniyah. In August 2008, Bosnia and Herzegovina sent an additional 49 soldiers to help guard the US Camp Victory in Baghdad^[63]. A farewell ceremony for the Bosnian troops was held on November 29, 2008^[64].
•  Tonga - 55 Royal Marines were deployed in late 2007, guarding the command headquarters at Camp Victory in Baghdad.^{[65] [66]}. The Tongan unit concluded its mission on December 5^[67]. A separate contingent of 45 Royal Marines had previously operated in Iraq from early July 2004 to mid-December 2004, augmenting the 1st Marine Expeditionary Force by guarding Camp Blue Diamond in Anbar Province.^[68]
•  Macedonia - 77 soldiers under U.S. command in Taji conducted a wide range of missions including patrols, raids, training, and manning checkpoints.^[69] In 2007, it was announced that Macedonia would increase its contingent from 44 to 80 the following year.^[70]. A farewell ceremony for the Macedonian troops was held on November 26, 2008^{[71] [72]}, with the withdrawal of the contingent scheduled for the second half of December^[73].
•  Azerbaijan - The Azerbaijanis formally terminated their operations and handed over their mission to the Iraqis on December 4, 2008^[74]. They had been stationed in the vicinity of Haditha Dam in western Iraq, providing security for a nearby US Marine camp and patrolling the dam complex. The original contingent numbered 150 troops, increasing to 250 after an additional 100 were sent on December 29, 2004, before decreasing to 88 by September 2007^[75]. One soldier died during the mission due to an unspecified cause^[76].
•  Latvia - The last three Latvian soldiers concluded their mission on November 8, 2008^[77]. Latvian troops were initially deployed to Kirkuk (under U.S. command) for a year, then transferred to Camp Charlie in Al Hillah, followed by Camp Delta in Al Kut. Finally, the Latvians were stationed at Camp Echo in Ad Diwaniyah where they conducted external security patrols. During their final posting, three Latvian soldiers were killed in action. On June 18, 2007, all but 7 of Latvia's 125 troops left Iraq. Four of the remainder left within two weeks, leaving three officers who participated in intelligence analysis and operational planning from July 2007 onwards.
•  Mongolia - All 100 troops were withdrawn on September 25, 2008.^[78] The Mongolians, who originally numbered 180, had operated under Polish command and were tasked with guarding the main Polish base, Camp Echo. Prior to that posting, they had been protecting a logistics base dubbed 'Camp Charlie' in Hillah.^[79]
•  Kazakhstan - 29 ordnance disposal experts were deployed to Kut, under Polish command. The contingent was withdrawn from Iraq on October 21, 2008, thereby concluding a five-year mission^[80]. One soldier was killed in 2005 along with eight Ukrainians when a pile of booby-trapped munitions was detonated by insurgents.
•  Armenia deployed a total of 46 personnel divided into three units: a logistics platoon providing vehicles and drivers for supply convoys which run from Kuwait into the Polish sector of Iraq, an ordnance disposal engineer team attached to the Salvadoran contingent, and a medical unit at Camp Echo. On December 5, 2005, the Armenian government declared its intention to stay in Iraq for another year,^[81], and did the same on December 6, 2006.^[82] However, in October 2008, Armenia ended its military presence in Iraq, citing improved security and the ongoing withdrawal of a much larger Polish army contingent that has supervised Armenian troops deployed in the country^[83]
•  Georgia - Following the outbreak of war between Georgia and Russia on August 8, 2008, Mikheil Saakashvili said that Georgia was pulling its entire 2,000-strong contingent of troops from Iraq.^[84] During the 10^th and 11^th of August the US Air Force airlifted the whole contigent out of Iraq^[85]. The troops, all of whom had been trained by American instructors, were based east of Baghdad, close to the border with Iran^[86] Politicians had already stated that the contingent would be reduced to 300 in summer 2008.^[35] Georgia's contingent originally consisted of 300 special forces troops under U.S. command in Baqouba, who guarded two bridges and three American Forward Operating Bases. 550 more troops were deployed in June 2005, ostensibly to serve as UNAMI guards, although they were placed under U.S. command on a dangerous 'Middle Ring Security' mission in the Green Zone.^[87] On March 9, 2007, Georgian President Mikhail Saakashvili announced his plans to increase total Georgian troop strength in Iraq to 2000, by sending an extra 1,200 troops and moving those already in Iraq to join the new unit.^[88] As of July 2008, five Georgian soldiers had died in Iraq (one in a vehicle accident, one committed suicide, while three were killed in combat) and 19 were wounded.^[89]
•  Poland - Following Polish involvement in the 2003 invasion of Iraq, 2,500 troops were deployed to the south of the country. Poland led the Multinational Division Central-South. The contingent was reduced in size from 2,500 to 1,500 in 2005. In January 2006, Polish troops handed over control of Babil province to U.S. troops and decided to remain on bases in Kut and Diwaniyah for the remainder of their mandate^[90]. Two months later, the number of troops was reduced to 900. These soldiers were pulled out in October 2008^[91], following a dispute between President Lech Kaczyński and newly-elected Prime Minister Donald Tusk over how long they should remain in the country^[92]. Twenty-two Polish soldiers were killed in Iraq, along with three security personnel and two journalists.

2007 withdrawals

•  Denmark - By 21 December, 2007, Denmark's final contribution to the Multinational Force in Iraq, a 55-member air force contingent based in Basra, had been completely withdrawn.^[93] Their task had been to operate a unit of four helicopters in support of British and Iraqi forces until December,^[94] following the withdrawal of the original contingent in July 2007.^[94] The so-called Dancon/Irak mission consisted of 430 troops operating under UK command (South-East Iraq), and included military police involved in the training of local security forces as well as infantry. They were based south of Basra at "Camp Danevang". A number of troops remain in Baghdad, Iraq, where they train Iraqi forces under the NATO Training Mission - Iraq^[95]. A separate unit of 35 troops temporarily served under UNAMI. On February 21, 2007, Prime Minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen had announced that the withdrawal of Danish 'combat' troops in Iraq would be completed by August 2007,^[96] however, on July 26, 2007, it was reported that 250 of the Danish troops had already withdrawn, at least two weeks ahead of schedule.^[97] The Danish government repeatedly guaranteed that its forces would remain as long as the Iraqi government requested. On April 28, 2007, the Danish military reported that it was in the process of temporarily deploying an unspecified number of special forces to 'resolve a special problem.'^[98] Denmark has lost seven soldiers in Iraq; one to friendly fire, one in a vehicle accident, and five to hostile incidents, while several more have been wounded. In early 2006, the Iraqi insurgency released a statement calling for more attacks on the Danish army in the retaliation to the Danish cartoon controversy.^[99]
•  Slovakia - On January 27, 2007, Slovak Prime Minister Robert Fico announced that all but 11 of the 110 Slovak troops (primarily engaged in destroying ordnance) operating under the US-led Coalition had been transferred from Diwaniya in Iraq to Kuwait. They arrived home the following month. The remaining troops were sent to perform liaison duties at the Multinational Forces HQ in Baghdad: nine were withdrawn in stages,^[100] while the last two returned by the end of the year.^[101] 4 Slovak soldiers were killed by mortars and roadside bombs during their deployment in Iraq.
•  Lithuania - The remaining 50 members of the Lithuanian contingent arrived home on August 9, 2007.^[102] Lithuania originally deployed 120 troops to Iraq, approximately 50 under Polish command near Hillah (designation: LITDET), where they guarded Camp Echo; and an equal number under Danish command near Basra (designation: LITCON), where they conducted joint patrols with the Danish troops.^[103] The remainder served at various command centers throughout the country. The unit in the Polish sector was withdrawn during the course of 2006. Nine Lithuanian soldiers remain in Iraq under NTM-I.

2006 withdrawals

•  Italy - On September 21, 2006, Italian forces handed over Dhi Qar province in southern Iraq to newly-trained Iraqi security forces, thus ending their military mission: "The Italian contingent is going back. The mission is accomplished — the security of the province is in your hands", Minister of Defence Arturo Parisi said to Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki.^[104] About a month earlier, on August 23, the Italian contingent stood at 1,600 troops. The 'Garibaldi Brigade' served its final four month tour of duty between May and September 2006, and included mechanized infantry, helicopters and Carabinieri in South Central Iraq, based around Nasiriyah. The original contingent consisted of about 3,200 troops, but on July 9, 2005, former PM Berlusconi announced that Italian soldiers would gradually be withdrawn in groups of 300. New Prime Minister Romano Prodi had pledged to withdraw the troops in his first speech to the senate and called the war "a grave mistake that has complicated rather than solved the problem of security".^[105][106] Shortly after, on May 26, 2006, Italian foreign minister Massimo D'Alema announced that the Italian forces would be reduced from 1,800 to 1,600 by June. On June 8, he said Italy's military presence in Iraq would end before 2007.^[107] The Military of Italy have lost 34 soldiers in Iraq.

•  Japan - See: Japanese Iraq Reconstruction and Support Group

•  Norway - 140 of 150 troops (engineers and mine clearers) withdrawn on June 30, 2004 citing growing domestic opposition and the need for the troops elsewhere; the 10 remaining liaison officers had been withdrawn by August 2006. The Bondevik II government insists the troops were never part of the invasion force, citing a UN humanitarian mandate. This does not seem to have come to the attention of the international community, as Al-Qaeda has included Norway in videotaped threats on at least two occasions, and U.S. organizations have included Norway on their lists of participating nations.

2005 withdrawals

•  Portugal - had 128 military policemen under Italian command (South East Iraq). These troops were withdrawn on February 10, 2005, two days ahead of schedule.

•  Netherlands - An independent contingent of 1,345 troops (including 650 Dutch Marines, three or four Chinook helicopters, a military police unit, a logistics team, a commando squad, a field hospital and Royal Netherlands Air Force AH-64 attack helicopters) was deployed to Iraq in 2003, based in Samawah (Southern Iraq). On June 1, 2004, the Dutch government renewed their stay through 2005. The Algemeen Dagblad reported on October 21, 2004, that the Netherlands would pull its troops out of Iraq in March 2005, which it did, leaving half a dozen liaison officers until late 2005. The Netherlands lost 2 soldiers in separate attacks.

2004 withdrawals

•  Nicaragua - 230 troops left in February 2004, no replacement, attributed to financial reasons. While in Iraq, the troops were under Spanish command.

•  Spain - had 1,300 troops (mostly assigned to policing duties) in Najaf and commanded the troops of Honduras, El Salvador, the Dominican Republic, and of Nicaragua. Newly elected Prime Minister José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero fulfilled one of his campaign pledges and declared the end of the mission on April 28, 2004 with the withdrawal of the last 260 troops. While in Iraq, Spain lost 11 military personnel: ten killed in insurgent attacks and one in an accident.

•  Honduras - 368 troops withdrawn by the end of May 2004 along with Spain's contingent, citing that the troops were sent there for reconstruction, not combat. While in Iraq, the troops were under Spanish command (South East Iraq).

•  Dominican Republic - 302 troops withdrawn by the end of May 2004, shortly after Spain and Honduras withdrew their contingents, citing growing domestic opposition and the fall from power of PRD candidate Hipolito Mejia and the election of center-left PLD candidate Leonel Fernandez to the presidency in 2004. The decision to withdraw came just two days after President Mejia promised to keep the troops in Iraq until the expiration of their mandate in August^[108]. Dominican troops were under constant mortar attacks but suffered no casualties. While in Iraq, the troops were under Spanish command (South East Iraq).

•  Philippines - 51 medics, engineers and other troops were withdrawn on July 14, 2004 in response to the kidnapping of a truck driver. When the hostage takers' demands were met (the withdrawal of Filipino troops from Iraq), the hostage was released^[109]. While in Iraq, the troops were under Polish command (Central South Iraq). During that time, several Filipino soldiers were wounded in an insurgent attack, although none died.

•  Thailand - Withdrawal of the last 100 troops from Thailand's 423-strong humanitarian contingent was completed on September 10, 2004, in accordance with Thailand's mandate in Iraq, which expired in September. Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra had previously announced an early withdrawal if the situation became too dangerous^[110]. Thailand lost 2 soldiers in Iraq in an insurgent attack.

•  Hungary - Hungary's contingent of 300 transportation troops had begun arriving home in Budapest from Iraq on December 22, 2004, reported by the AFP. All of Hungary's troops were reported by the Defence Ministry to have left Iraq by the end of that day. While in Iraq, one Hungarian soldier was killed in an insurgent attack.

•  New Zealand - Two rotations of 61 military engineers, known as Task Force Rake, operated in Iraq from September 26, 2003 to September 25, 2004.^[111][112] They were deployed to undertake humanitarian and reconstruction tasks consistent with UN Security Council Resolution 1483; they were not part of the invading force. While in Iraq the unit was under British command (South East Iraq) and was based in Basra.

•  Iceland - Iceland had a total of three troops, including two Explosive Ordnance Disposal experts, a medical advisor, and some transport experts assigned to the Danish unit immediately after the occupation began; they have since been withdrawn.

Coalition members that never participated in ground operations

The original list of coalition members provided by the White House ^[113] included several nations that did not intend to participate in the actual fighting. Some of them, such as Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Palau and Solomon Islands, do not have standing armies. However, through the Compact of Free Association, the Marshall Islands, Palau and the Federated States of Micronesia, citizens of those countries are guaranteed US national status and therefore are allowed to serve in the US military. The members of these island nations have deployed in a combined Pacific force consisting of Guamanian, Hawaiian and American Samoan reserve units. They have been deployed twice to Iraq. The government of one country, the Solomon Islands, listed by the White House as a member of the coalition, was apparently unaware of any such membership and promptly denied it.^[114]

YouTube channel

In early March 2007, MNF-I announced^[115] that the coalition had launched an official YouTube channel.^[116] The channel's videos have over a million views.^[117]

The stated purpose of the YouTube channel is to "document action as it appeared to personnel on the ground and in the air as it was shot." The clips posted to the site are edited for "time, security reasons, and/or overly disturbing or offensive images."

Incentives given by the U.S. to coalition members

Many nations received monetary and other incentives from the United States in return for sending troops to or otherwise supporting the Iraq war.^{[118] [119]} Below is a partial list of some of the incentives offered to coalition members:

• Turkey - Turkey was offered approximately $8.5 billion in loans in exchange for sending 10,000 peacekeeping troops in 2003. Even though the US did say the loans and the sending of troops to Iraq were not directly linked, it also said the loans are contingent upon "cooperation" on Iraq.^[120]
• Singapore - In May 2003 the Bush Administration signed a free trade agreement with Singapore, the first with an Asian country. In announcing the deal, President Bush hailed Singapore as "a strong partner in the war on terrorism and a member of the coalition on Iraq." Asia Times columnist Jeffrey Robertson argued was a reward for Singapore's support of the Iraq invasion. The suggested quid pro quo may be dubious, since the FTA negotiations with Singapore were begun by President Clinton and concluded around the same time as the FTA with Chile (also started by Clinton), which was not a coalition partner.^{[118][121][122][123][124]}
• Australia: In 2004 the Bush Administration "fast tracked" a free trade agreement with Australia. The Sydney Morning Herald called the deal a "reward" for Australia's contribution of troops to the Iraq invasion.^[125][126]
• Great Britain: As of 2006, the Independent reported that British companies have received at least £1.1bn contracts for reconstruction work in postwar Iraq.^[127]

In addition to direct incentives, critics of the war have argued that the involvement of other members of the coalition was in response for indirect benefits, such as support for NATO membership or other military and financial aid. Almost all of the Eastern European nations involved in the Coalition have either recently joined or are in the process of joining the US-led NATO alliance (namely Bulgaria, Georgia, Albania, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Romania and Slovakia).^[128], the exceptions being Poland, Hungary and the Czech Republic which joined NATO in 1999. Estonian Foreign Minister Urmas Paet, for example, said on April 21 that Estonian troops had to remain in Iraq due to his country's "important partnership" with the United States.^[129]

At least one country, Georgia, is believed to have sent soldiers to Iraq as an act of repayment for the American training of security forces that could potentially be deployed to the break-away regions of South Ossetia and Abkhazia.^[130] Indeed, Georgian troops that were sent to Iraq have all undergone these training programs.^[131]

El Salvador's President Antonio Saca has been accused of deploying troops in return for membership in the Central American Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA),^[132] and as a member of the right-wing ARENA party that was supported heavily by the United States during the El Salvador Civil War, is certainly influenced by the United States. Objectively, there is reason to doubt a link between CAFTA and participation in Iraq. CAFTA members El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua sent troops to Iraq, while CAFTA members Guatemala and Costa Rica did not.

Conversely, Greece's non involvement (a poll indicated 90% against the Iraq Invasion), may have led to the US recognizing the Republic of Macedonia under its constitutional name.^[133]

See also

• Gulf War (1990–1991) Coalition
• Coalition of the willing
• United Nations Assistance Mission in Iraq
• NATO Training Mission - Iraq

References

External links

• http://mnf-iraq.com Official site
• Site with Iraq news and detailed database of all Coalition and Contractor casualties in Iraq
• Top UN envoy Sergio Vieira de Mello killed in terrorist blast in Baghdad - UN News Centre
• Coalition Troop Deployment Data and Graphs, Collected from various news sources.
• British Casualty Monitor: Tracking the war in Iraq
• Coalition of the Willing: Numbers and News

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