Mont Blanc

See also: Mont Blanc Massif
Monte Bianco — Mont Blanc
Mont Blanc and Dome du Gouter.jpg
Mont Blanc and the Dôme du Goûter
Monte Bianco — Mont Blanc (Italy)
Monte Bianco — Mont Blanc
Monte Bianco — Mont Blanc
Elevation 4,810 metres (15,781 ft)
Location Flag of Italy.svg Italy / Flag of France.svg France
Range Graian Alps
Prominence 4,695 m (15,404 ft) ranked 11th
Coordinates
First ascent 8 August 1786 by Jacques Balmat and Michel-Gabriel Paccard
Easiest route Basic snow/ice climb
Listing Country high point
Ultra

Mont Blanc (French for white mountain), or Monte Bianco (Italian 'White Mountain'), also known as "La Dame Blanche" (French, the white lady) is a mountain in the Alps. With its 4,810 m (15,781 ft) summit, it is the highest mountain in the Alps and Western Europe[1], and is ranked 11th in the world in topographic prominence.

The mountain lies between the regions of Aosta Valley, Italy, and Haute-Savoie, France. The location of the summit is on the French-Italian border but Cartographers of France place it within its own boundaries on maps. It is claimed by Italian sources that at a convention between France and Kingdom of Sardinia, in Turin (1861), the border [2] was fixed on the highest point of Mont Blanc, the south east ridge to Monte Bianco di Courmayeur wholly within Italy, and that this was the last official definition of this border. Lately, at the end of his studies of many different maps and with auxiliary of Istituto Cartografico dell’Esercito, Antonio Napolitano, the Italian leader of a mixed commission, claimed exclusive Italian ownership of the summit.[3][4] The two most famous towns near Mont Blanc are Courmayeur, in Aosta Valley, Italy, and Chamonix, in Haute-Savoie, France — the site of the first Winter Olympics. From Chamonix a cable car ascends the mountain side.

Begun in 1957 and completed in 1965, the 11.6 km (7¼ mi) Mont Blanc Tunnel runs beneath the mountain between these two countries and is one of the major trans-Alpine transport routes.

The Mont Blanc Massif is popular for mountaineering, hiking, skiing and snowboarding.

Contents

History

Aerial view of the south-western side of Mont Blanc in early September, taken on a commercial flight.

The first recorded ascent of Mont Blanc was on 8 August 1786 by Jacques Balmat and the doctor Michel Paccard. This climb, initiated by Horace-Bénédict de Saussure, who gave a reward for the successful ascent, traditionally marks the start of modern mountaineering. The first woman to reach the summit was Marie Paradis in 1808.

Now the summit is ascended by an average 20,000 mountaineer-tourists each year and could be considered an easy, yet long, ascent for someone who is well trained and used to the altitude. This impression is reinforced by the fact that from l'Aiguille du Midi (where the cable car stops), Mont Blanc seems quite close, being merely 1,000 m (3,300 ft) higher.

However, every year the Mont Blanc massif takes many victims, and in peak weekends (normally around August) the local rescue service flies an average of 12 missions, mostly directed towards people in trouble on one of the normal routes of the mountain. These are courses that require knowledge of high-altitude mountaineering, a guide (or at least a veteran mountaineer), and proper equipment. It is a long course that includes delicate passages and the hazard of rock slides. Also, at least one night at the refuge is required to get used to the altitude (the summit is almost 5 km (3.1 mi) above sea level); less could lead to altitude sickness and possible death.

Ownership of summit

Mont Blanc seen from SPOT satellite.

Since the French Revolution this question has spurred many debates. Before this event, the whole mountain was in the Kingdom of Sardinia for several centuries.

The first treaty to define a border in the region is dated 15 May 1796. In this treaty the Sardinian king ceded the territories of Savoie and Nice to the French Republic, and in article 4 of this treaty it says: "The border between the Sardinian kingdom and the departments of the French Republic will be established on a line determined by the most advanced points on the Piedmont side, of the summits, peaks of mountains and other locations subsequently mentioned, as well as the intermediary peaks, knowing: starting from the point where the borders of Faucigny, the Duchy of Aoust and the Valais, to the extremity of the glaciers or the Monts-Maudits: first the peaks or plateaus of the Alps, to the rising edge of the Col-Mayor". This act is even more confusing, because it states that the border should be visible from the town of Chamonix and Courmayeur. The summit is not visible from Courmayeur, because part of the mountain lower down obscures it. Already inaccurate at the time, this treaty is no longer valid, because it was replaced by a later legal act.

Mont Blanc summit border line as stated on the act signed in Turin on March 7, 1861.

This act was signed in Turin on 24 March 1860 by Napoleon III and Victor Emmanuel II of Savoy, and deals with the annexation of Savoie. A demarcation agreement, signed on 7 March 1861, defines the "new border".

One of the prints from the Sarde Atlas,[2] made in 1823 and positions the border exactly on the summital edge of the mountain (and measures it to be 4,804 m (15,760 ft) high).

The convention of 7 March 1861 recognizes this, through an attached map, taking into consideration the limits of the massif, and drawing the border on the icecap of the Mont Blanc, and therefore makes it both French and Italian. Watershed analysis of modern topographic mapping not only places the main summit on the border, but also suggests that the border should follow a line northwards from the main summit towards Mont Maudit, leaving the south east ridge to Mont Blanc de Courmayeur wholly within Italy.

Despite the fact that the Franco-Italian border was redefined in both 1947 and 1963, the commission, made up of both Italians and French, tactfully ignored the Mont Blanc issue.

The Vallot cabin

The first real scientific investigations on the summit were conducted by the botanist-meteorologist Joseph Vallot at the end of the 19th century. He wanted to stay near the top of the summit, so he had to build his own permanent cabin.

The Janssen Observatory

In 1891, Pierre Janssen, a scientific academic, envisaged the construction of an observatory at the summit of Mont Blanc. Gustave Eiffel agreed to take on the project, provided he could find strong foundations. The Swiss surveyor Imfeld dug down 15 m (49 ft) but found nothing solid, so Eiffel gave up.

Despite this, the observatory was built in 1893. During the cold wave of January 1893 a temperature of −43 °C (−45.4 °F) was recorded on the Mount Blanc, being the lowest ever recorded there. Levers attached to the ice supported the observatory. This worked to some extent until 1906, when the building started leaning heavily. The movement of the levers corrected the lean slightly, but three years later (two years after Janssen’s death) a crevasse started opening under the observatory and it was abandoned. Eventually the building fell, and only the tower could be saved in extremis.

Air crashes

The mountain was the scene of two fatal Air India air crashes in 1950 [5] and 1966. Both planes were approaching Geneva airport and the pilots miscalculated their descent; 48 and 117 people, respectively, lost their lives. [6]

Elevation

The Mer de Glace glacier can be seen slowly streaming down the flanks of Mont Blanc on the left side of the image
As seen in the afternoon from the Rébuffat platform

The summit of Mont Blanc is a thick, perennial ice and snow dome whose thickness varies, so no exact and permanent summit elevation can be determined. But accurate measurements have been made. For a long time its official elevation was 4,807 m (15,770 ft). Then in 2002, the IGN and expert surveyors, with the aid of GPS technology, measured it to be 4,810.40 m (15,782 ft 2 in).

After the 2003 heatwave in Europe, a team of scientists re-measured the height on 6 and 7 September. The team was made up of the glaciologist Luc Moreau, two surveyors from the GPS Company, three people from the IGN, seven expert surveyors, four mountain guides from Chamonix and Saint-Gervais and four students from various institutes in France. This team noted that the elevation was 4,808.45 m (15,775 ft 9 in), and the peak was 75 centimetres (30 in) away from where it had been in 2002.

After these results were published, more than 500 points were measured, to assess the effects of climate change, and the fluctuations in the height of the mountain at different points. From then on the elevation of the mountain has been measured every two years.

The interpretation that the heatwave had caused this fluctuation is disputed, because the heatwave is known not to have significantly affected the glaciers above 4,000 m (13,000 ft). The height and position of the summit could have been moved by general glacial forces. At this elevation, the temperatures rarely rise above 0 °C (32 °F). During the summer of 2003, the temperature rose to 2 °C (36 °F), and even 3 °C (37 °F), but this would not have been enough for the ice, which stayed at −15 °C (5.0 °F), to melt.

The summit was measured again in 2005, and the results were published on 16 December 2005. The height was found to be 4,808.75 m (15,776 ft 9 in), 30 cm (12 in) more than the previous recorded height.

The actual rock summit is at 4,792 m (15,720 ft), and is 40 m (130 ft) away from the ice-covered summit.[7]

Climbing routes

There are a few classic climbing routes of Mont Blanc:

From the summit of Mont Blanc on a clear day, the Jura, the Vosges, the Black Forest and the Massif Central mountain ranges can be seen, as well as the principal summits of the Alps.

Exploits

Cultural works

Cinema and television

In literature

Protection of Mont Blanc

The Mont Blanc massif is being put forward as a potential World Heritage Site because of its uniqueness and its cultural importance, considered the birthplace and symbol of modern mountaineering. However not everyone shares this goal and it would require the three governments of Italy, France and Switzerland to make a request to UNESCO for it to be listed.

Mont Blanc is one of the most visited tourist destinations in the world, and for this reason, it is threatened. Pro-Mont Blanc (an international collective of associations for the protection of Mont Blanc) published in 2002 the book Le versant noir du mont Blanc (The black hillside of Mont Blanc), which exposes current and future problems in conserving the site. [2]

In 2007, Europe's highest outhouses (two) were transported by helicopter and installed at an elevation of 4,260 metres (14,000 ft). The dunny-cans are emptied by helicopter. The facilities will service 30,000 skiers annually, and will help prevent the deposit of urine and feces that spread down the mountain face with the spring thaw.[11]

Bibliography

See also

References

  1. ↑ The Caucasus mountains, which include higher peaks than Mont Blanc, are included on political maps of Europe, although the case can be made that they are geographically and culturally more Asian than European. Excluding the Caucasus, Mont Blanc is the highest summit in Europe.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Image:1823 Mont Blanc 1.jpg
  3. ↑ Achievement of the working group in which the Italian property of the European peack is pointed out.
  4. ↑ Repubblica, 31 ganuary 2005 On the false historical line of the French topographic map.
  5. ↑ The glacier des Bossons : plane crashes:
  6. ↑ BBC ON THIS DAY 24 January 1966: 117 die in Air India tragedy
  7. ↑ Vincent, Christian (2004-08-02). "The rock summit of the Mont Blanc, 40 m west of the ice summit". Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique. Retrieved on 2008-08-08.
  8. ↑ Danish Artist Drapes Mont Blanc in Red, June 8, 2007
  9. ↑ KAIRN > Montagne / Escalade / Nature / Outdoor
  10. ↑ Jaccuzzi (sic) on Mont-Blanc summit
  11. ↑ Ananova.com
  12. ↑ Rey's Il Monte Cervino was first published in Italian and appeared in English in 1907, in a translation by J. E. C. Eaton; a revised edition, with two further chapters by R. L. G. Irving, was published in Oxford by Basil Blackwell, 1946, and reprinted in 1949

Photo gallery

External links

Ultra prominent peaks of Europe
Scandinavia
Galdhøpiggen • Kebnekaise • Jiehkkevárri • Snøhetta • Store Lenangstind • Sarektjåhkkå — On islands: Beerenberg • Hvannadalshnúkur • Newtontoppen • Novaya Zemlya HP
Western Europe
Spain: Mulhacén • Aneto • Torre de Cerredo • Almanzor — Massif Central: Puy de Sancy
Atlantic islands
Canaries: Teide • Roque de los Muchachos • P de la Nueves • Malpaso — Azores: Pico • Madeira: Ruivo
Alps
Mont Blanc • Großglockner • Finsteraarhorn • Wildspitze • Bernina • Hochkönig • Dufourspitze • Hoher Dachstein • Marmolada • Viso • Triglav • Barre des Écrins • Säntis • Ortler • Baldo • Gran Paradiso • Coca • Cima Dodici • Dents du Midi • Chamechaude • Zugspitze • Antelao • Pointe d'Arcalod • Grintovec • Großer Priel • Grigna Settentrionale • Bondone • Presanella • Birnhorn • Col Nudo • Pointe Percée • Montasch • Polinik • Tödi • Birkkarspitze • Wilder Kaiser • Grande Tête de l'Obiou • Cima Tosa • Hochtor • Grimming • Grand Combin • Tournette • Zirbitzkogel • Kesch
Italy etc
Corno Grande • Amaro • Dolcedorme • Montalto • Cimone — Corsica: Cinto — Sardinia: Punta La Marmora — Sicily: Etna
Eastern Europe
Carpathians: Gerlachovský štít • Parângu Mare • Moldoveanu • Peleaga — Crimea: Roman-Kosh — Urals: Narodnaya
Balkans
Musala • Olympus • Taygetus • Korab • Jezercë • Athos • Kyllini • Ossa • Nemerçkë • Vihren • Pangaion Hills • Kaimakchalan • Smolikas • Giona • Jakupica • Kendrevices • Radomir • Parnassus • Botev • Cikes • Velamares • Baba • Psili Korifi
Greek islands
Dhirfis • Ainos • Fengari — Crete: Ida • Pakhnes • Dikti — Cyprus: Olympus
Caucasus
Elbrus • Bazardüzü • Kazbek • Tebulosmta • Aragats • Dykh-Tau • Dyultydag • Kapudzhukh Lerr • Gora Addala Shukgelmezr • Gora Shan • Shahdagh