Madonna (entertainer)

Madonna
Madonna at the premiere of I Am Because We Are
Madonna at the premiere of I Am Because We Are
Background information
Birth name Madonna Louise Ciccone
Also known as Madonna Ciccone, Madonna Louise Veronica Ciccone, Madonna Penn, Madonna Ritchie
Born August 16, 1958 (1958-08-16) (age 51)
Bay City, Michigan, United States
Origin New York City, New York, United States
Genre(s) Pop, rock, dance, electronica
Occupation(s) Singer-songwriter, dancer[1] record producer, film producer, film director, fashion designer, author, actress, entrepreneur
Instrument(s) Vocals, guitar, percussion
Voice type(s) Mezzo-soprano
Years active 1982–present
Label(s) Sire (1982-1995)
Maverick (1992-2004)
Warner Bros. (1982-2008)
Live Nation Artists (2009-)
Associated acts Breakfast Club, Emmy
Website madonna.com

Madonna Louise Ciccone Ritchie (born August 16, 1958), known as Madonna, is an American recording artist and entertainer. Born in Bay City, Michigan and raised in Rochester Hills, Michigan, Madonna moved to New York City for a career in modern dance. After performing as member of the pop musical groups Breakfast Club and Emmy, she released her self-titled debut album in 1983, and then produced three consecutive number-one studio albums on the Billboard 200 in the 1980s and four more since year 2000.

Madonna is known for her works that explore religious symbolism and sexual themes which also drew criticism from the Vatican in the late 1980s.[2] In 1992, she founded an entertainment company, Maverick, which published a book of photographs (Sex). She also released a studio album (Erotica) and starred in a film (Body of Evidence) with erotic themes. These works generated negative publicity and coincided with a fall in commercial sales in the 1990s.[3] Madonna's career was revived in 1998, when the release of her album Ray of Light garnered critical acclaim.

Madonna has acted in 22 films. Although many failed critically and commercially,[4] she earned a Golden Globe Award for her role in the 1996 film Evita. In 1996 Madonna conceived a daughter, Lourdes Maria (also known as Lola) by personal trainer Carlos Leon before marrying film director Guy Ritchie in 2000. She and Ritchie have two sons, Rocco and David Banda, a Malawian boy they adopted in 2006, which caused media allegations they violated that country's adoption laws.

Madonna has been regarded as "one of the greatest pop acts of all time" and dubbed the "Queen of Pop" by various sources.[5][6][7] She is ranked by the Recording Industry Association of America as the best-selling female rock artist of the twentieth century and the second top-selling female artist in the United States with 63 million certified albums.[8][9] Guinness World Records list her as the world's most successful female recording artist of all time and the top-earning female singer in the world with an estimated net worth of US$490 million, having sold over 200 million records worldwide.[10][11][12][13] On March 10, 2008, she was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.[14]

Contents

Career

Early life and beginnings

Madonna was born Madonna Louise Ciccone in Bay City, Michigan. Her mother, Madonna Louise (née Fortin), was of French Canadian descent, and her father, Silvio "Tony" P. Ciccone, was a first-generation Italian American Chrysler/General Motors design engineer whose parents originated from Pacentro, Abruzzo, Italy.[15][16] Madonna is the third of six children; her siblings are Martin, Anthony, Paula Mae, Christopher, and Melanie.[17]

Madonna was raised in the Detroit suburbs of Pontiac and Avon Township (now Rochester Hills). Her mother died of breast cancer at age 30 on December 1, 1963. Her father married the family housekeeper, Joan Gustafson, and they had two children; Jennifer and Mario Ciccone. "I didn't accept my stepmother when I was growing up," Madonna said, "in retrospect I think I was really hard on her."[18] Madonna convinced her father to allow her to take ballet classes. Madonna attended St. Frederick's Elementary School and St. Andrew's Elementary School (present day Holy Family Regional) and West Middle School. She attended Rochester Adams High School, becoming a straight-A student and a member of the cheerleading squad. Madonna received a dance scholarship to the University of Michigan after graduating from high school.[19]

Madonna's ballet teacher persuaded her to pursue a dance career, so she left the college at the end of 1977 and moved to New York City.[20] Madonna had little money and for some time lived in squalor, working at Dunkin' Donuts and with modern dance troupes.[21] Speaking of her move to New York, Madonna said, "It was the first time I'd ever taken a plane, the first time I'd ever gotten a taxi cab. I came here with $35 in my pocket. It was the bravest thing I'd ever done."[22] While performing as a dancer for the French disco artist Patrick Hernandez on his 1979 world tour,[23] Madonna became romantically involved with the musician Dan Gilroy, with whom she later formed her first rock band, the Breakfast Club, in New York.[24] In it, she sang and played drums and guitar before forming the band Emmy in 1980 with drummer and former boyfriend Stephen Bray.[25] She and Bray wrote and produced dance songs that brought her local attention in New York dance clubs. Disc jockey and record producer Mark Kamins was impressed by her demo recordings, so he brought her to the attention of Sire Records founder Seymour Stein.[26]

1982–1985: Madonna and Like a Virgin

In 1982, Madonna signed a singles deal with Sire Records, a label belonging to Warner Bros. Records.[27] Her first release was "Everybody" on April 24, 1982.[28] Her debut album, Madonna was primarily produced by Reggie Lucas.

Madonna's look and manner of dress, performances and music videos, became influential among young girls and women. Defined by lace tops, skirts over capri pants, fishnet stockings, jewelry bearing the Christian cross, and bleached hair, it became a female fashion trend in the 1980s.[29] Her follow up album, Like a Virgin, became her first number one album on the U.S. albums chart;[30] its commercial performance was buoyed by the success of its title track, "Like a Virgin", which reached number one in the U.S. with a six week stay at the top.[23] The album sold 12 million copies worldwide, eight of which in the U.S.[31] She performed the song at the first MTV Video Music Awards, wearing her then-trademark "Boy Toy" belt.[32] Like a Virgin is listed by the National Association of Recording Merchandisers and Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as one of the Definitive 200 Albums of All Time.[33][34]

In 1985, Madonna entered mainstream films, beginning with a brief appearance as a club singer in the film Vision Quest. Its soundtrack contained her second U.S. number-one single "Crazy for You".[35] Later that year, she appeared in Desperately Seeking Susan. The film introduced the song "Into the Groove", which became her first number-one single in the UK.[36] Madonna embarked on her first concert tour in the U.S. in 1985 titled The Virgin Tour, with the Beastie Boys.[37] In July that year, Penthouse and Playboy magazines published a number of black and white nude photos of Madonna taken in the late 1970s. Madonna took legal action to try and block them from being published, but when that failed she became unapologetic and defiant. At the outdoor Live Aid charity concert at the height of the controversy, Madonna made a critical reference to the media and stated she would not take her jacket off because "they might hold it against me ten years from now".[38]

1986–1991: True Blue, Like a Prayer and the Blond Ambition World Tour

Madonna released her third album, True Blue, in 1986, prompting Rolling Stone to say that "it sounds as if it comes from the heart".[39] The album included the ballad "Live to Tell", which she wrote for the film At Close Range, starring her then-husband Sean Penn. True Blue produced five Top 5 singles on the Billboard charts: "Live to Tell", "Papa Don't Preach", "Open Your Heart", "True Blue" and "La Isla Bonita".[40] In the same year, Madonna starred in the film Shanghai Surprise and made her theatrical debut in a production of David Rabe's Goose and Tom-Tom, both co-starring Sean Penn.[41]

In 1987, Madonna starred in Who's That Girl, and contributed four songs to its soundtrack; including the title track and the U.S. number-two single, "Causing a Commotion".[42] In the same year, she embarked on the Who's That Girl Tour. It marked her first conflict with the Vatican, as Pope John Paul II urged Italian fans not to attend her concerts.[43] Later that year, Madonna released a remix album of past hits, You Can Dance. In 1988, city officials in the town of Pacentro began to construct a 13-foot (4 m) statue of Madonna in a bustier.[44] The statue commemorates the fact that her ancestors had lived in Pacentro.[45] In 1988, Madonna starred as Karen in a play by David Mamet called Speed-the-Plow.[46]

In early 1989, Madonna signed an endorsement deal with soft drink manufacturer Pepsi. She debuted her new song, "Like a Prayer", in a Pepsi commercial and also made a music video for it. The video, which features many Catholic symbols such as stigmata and burning crosses, was condemned by the Vatican.[32] Since the commercial and music video were nearly identical, Pepsi was unable to convince the public that their commercial had nothing that could be deemed inappropriate. They revoked the commercial and cancelled their sponsorship contract with Madonna.[47]

Madonna's fourth album, Like a Prayer, released in 1989, was co-written and co-produced by Patrick Leonard and Stephen Bray.[48] Rolling Stone hailed it as "...as close to art as pop music gets".[49] Like a Prayer peaked at number one on the U.S. album chart and sold seven million copies worldwide, with four million copies sold in the U.S. alone.[50] The album produced three Top 5-charting singles: the title track (her seventh number-one single in the U.S.), "Express Yourself" and "Cherish".[40]

Madonna performing "Express Yourself" during the Blond Ambition Tour.

In 1990, Madonna starred as "Breathless" Mahoney in a film adaptation of the comic book series Dick Tracy.[51] To accompany the launching of the film in May 1990, she released I'm Breathless that includes songs inspired by the film's 1930s setting. It features her eighth U.S. number-one single, "Vogue",[52] and her Academy Award-winning song "Sooner or Later".[53] The second single released from I'm Breathless was "Hanky Panky", which peaked in the U.S. at number nine.[54] In April 1990, Madonna began her Blond Ambition World Tour. Featuring religious and sexual themes, the tour drew controversy from her performance of "Like a Virgin" during which two male dancers caressed her body before she simulated masturbation.[55] The Pope again encouraged Italians not to attend to it.[56] A private association of Catholics, called Famiglia Domani, also boycotted the tour for featuring eroticism.[57] In response, Madonna said, "I am Italian American and proud of it" and the Church "completely frowns on sex... except for procreation."[58]

In November 1990, Madonna released her first greatest hits compilation album, The Immaculate Collection, which includes two new songs: "Justify My Love" and "Rescue Me".[59] "Rescue Me" became the highest-debuting single by a female artist in the U.S. chart history at the time, entering at number 15 and peaking at number nine.[23] "Justify My Love" became a number-one dance hit in the U.S.[60] Its music video featured scenes of sadomasochism, bondage,[61] same-sex kissing and brief nudity.[62] It was deemed too sexually explicit for MTV and banned from the station.[61] In 1991, Madonna starred in her first documentary film, Truth or Dare (known as In Bed with Madonna outside North America), which chronicles her Blond Ambition World Tour, as well as her personal life. The following year, she appeared in the baseball film A League of Their Own with a portrayal of Italian American Mae Mordabito, and recorded the film's theme song, "This Used to Be My Playground" which became a U.S. Billboard Hot 100 #1 hit.

1992–1996: Maverick, Sex controversy and Evita

Madrid premiere of Evita

In 1992, Madonna founded her own entertainment company, Maverick, consisting of a record company (Maverick Records), a film production company (Maverick Films), and also music publishing, television, merchandising and book-publishing divisions. It was a joint venture with Time Warner as part of a $60 million recording and business deal. The deal gave her a 20% royalty, equal at the time to Michael Jackson's.[28] The first release from the venture was Madonna's first publication Sex, a book consisting of sexually provocative and explicit images photographed by Steven Meisel. It caused media controversy but sold 500,000 copies in the U.S.[63] At the same time she released her fifth studio album Erotica, featuring three sexual songs—"Erotica", "Where Life Begins", and "Did You Do It?". The album peaked at number two in the U.S., becoming one of her least successful records.[63][64] Its title track peaked at #3 in the U.S. Hot 100.[40] The album also produced five further singles; "Deeper and Deeper", "Bad Girl", "Fever", "Rain" and "Bye Bye Baby".[65]

During 1993, she starred in two films. First was the erotic thriller Body of Evidence. The film contained S&M and bondage and was poorly received by critics.[66][67] The second was the first production for Maverick Films, Dangerous Game. It was released straight-to-video in North America but received some good reviews for Madonna's performance. The New York Times described that "She submits impressively to the emotions raging furiously around her."[68] She expressed her disappointment regarding the final cut of the film, claiming that the director had cut many of her key scenes and completely changed the ending.[69] Madonna embarked on The Girlie Show World Tour at the end of 1993. It featured her dressed as a whip-cracking dominatrix, surrounded by topless dancers.[70] The controversy continued in Puerto Rico when she rubbed its flag between her legs on stage, while Orthodox Jews protested against her first ever show in Israel.[71]

In the spring of 1994, Madonna released the single "I'll Remember" which she recorded for Alek Keshishian's film With Honors. That year, she also appeared on the Late Show with David Letterman, using four-letter words and asking Letterman to smell her underwear.[72] That same year she began dating rap artist Tupac Shakur, who she wanted to have a child with. The two would continue to date through that year into 1995 during his incarceration[73]. Later that year , she released her sixth studio album Bedtime Stories which was different from her outrageous moves from "Erotica".[3] It produced four singles— "Secret" (no. 3 on Hot 100), "Take a Bow" - which became the biggest hit of Madonna's career on the Billboard Hot 100, "Bedtime Story" and "Human Nature".

In November 1995, Madonna released Something to Remember, a collection of her ballads which featured her cover of the Marvin Gaye song "I Want You" and the top ten song "You'll See". In 1996, Madonna’s most critically successful film, Evita, was released.[74] She portrayed the main part of Eva Perón, a role first played by Elaine Paige in the West End.[75] The soundtrack album contained three of her singles, of which "You Must Love Me" won an Academy Award and a Golden Globe for Best Original Song From a Motion Picture. Madonna also won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Musical or Comedy.[76]

1997–2001: Ray of Light, Music and the Drowned World Tour

Madonna performing "Ray of Light" at 2006's Confessions Tour

Madonna's 1998 studio album Ray of Light debuted at #2 in the U.S.[3] Allmusic called it her "most adventurous record."[77] The album produced two U.S. top 5 singles: "Frozen" and "Ray of Light".[40] It won three Grammy Awards.[78] Its title track won a Grammy for "Best Short Form Music Video." and was used by Microsoft in its advertising campaign to introduce Windows XP.[79][80] "Frozen" was adjudicated to be a plagiarism of Belgian songwriter Salvatore Acquaviva's 1993 song "Ma Vie Fout L'camp", and the album banned in Belgium.[81] The album has been ranked #363 on Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time.[82] In 1998, Madonna was signed to play a violin teacher in the film Music of the Heart but left the project, citing "creative differences" with director Wes Craven.[83] Madonna followed the success of Ray of Light with the single "Beautiful Stranger",[84] recorded for the 1999 Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me soundtrack. It reached #19 on the Billboard Hot 100 with airplay alone.[85]

In 2000, Madonna starred in The Next Best Thing. She contributed two songs to the film's soundtrack, "Time Stood Still" and the international hit "American Pie", a cover version of the 1970s Don McLean single.[86] Madonna's eighth studio album, Music, was released in 2000 and debuted at #1 on the U.S. album charts.[87] It produced three successful singles in the U.S.; "Music", "Don't Tell Me" and "What It Feels Like for a Girl".[88] The latter having a video which depicts murders by car, was banned by MTV and VH1.[89]

In 2001, Madonna began her first world tour since 1993, the Drowned World Tour, visiting cities in North America and Europe. The tour was a success as one of the highest grossing of the year.[90] It grossed $75 million from 47 sold-out shows.[91] She also released her second greatest hits collection, GHV2 to coincide with the home video release of the tour.

2002–2006: American Life and Confessions on a Dance Floor

Live 8 benefit concert, July 2, 2005

In 2002, Madonna starred in the film Swept Away directed by her husband Guy Ritchie. The film was a commercial and critical failure and released straight-to-video in the UK.[92] Later that year, she released the title song "Die Another Day" to the 20th James Bond film, in which she had a cameo role. It reached number eight in the U.S. Hot 100 and was nominated for both a Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song and a Golden Raspberry for Worst Song.[40][93][94] In 2002, Madonna starred in a play by David Williamson titled Up for Grabs.[95]

In 2003, Madonna collaborated with fashion photographer Steven Klein on an exhibition installation named X-STaTIC Pro=CeSS. It included photography from a photoshoot in W Magazine and seven video segments. The installation ran from March 28 to May 3, 2003 in New York gallery, Deitch Projects, it then travelled the world in an edited form.[96] In April 2003, Madonna released the album American Life, themed on American society. It received mixed reviews.[97] The song peaked at #37 on the Billboard Hot 100.[98] Having sold 4 million copies,[99] American Life became the lowest selling album of her career.[100] Later that year, Madonna performed the song "Hollywood" with Britney Spears, Christina Aguilera and Missy Elliott at the MTV Video Music Awards. Madonna kissed Spears and Aguilera during the performance, resulting in tabloid press frenzy.[101] That fall, Madonna provided guest vocals on Spears's single "Me Against the Music".[102] During the Christmas season of 2003, Madonna released Remixed & Revisited, a remix EP that included rock versions of songs from American Life, and "Your Honesty", a previously unreleased track from the Bedtime Stories recording sessions.[103]

In March 2004 Madonna and Maverick sued Warner Music Group and its former parent company, Time Warner, claiming that mismanagement of resources and poor bookkeeping had cost the company millions of dollars. In return, WMG filed a countersuit, alleging that Maverick had lost tens of millions of dollars on its own.[104][105] On June 14, 2004, the dispute was resolved when Maverick shares owned by Madonna and Ronnie Dashev were purchased. The company was now a wholly owned subsidiary of Warner Music. but Madonna is still signed to Warner under a separate recording contract.[104] Later that year, Madonna embarked on the Re-Invention World Tour in the U.S., Canada, and Europe. It became the highest-grossing tour of 2004, earning $125 million.[106] She made a documentary about the tour named I'm Going to Tell You a Secret.[107] In 2004, Rolling Stone ranked her #36 on their list of the "100 Greatest Artists of All Time".[108]

Madonna in Chelsea

In January 2005, Madonna performed a cover version of the John Lennon song "Imagine" on the televised U.S. aid concert "Tsunami Aid", which raised money for the tsunami victims in Asia.[109] In July 2005, Madonna performed at the Live 8 benefit concert in London, run in support of the aims of the UK's Make Poverty History campaign and the Global Call for Action Against Poverty.[110] Her performances of "Like a Prayer", "Ray of Light" and "Music" were included in the Live 8 DVD.[111] Her tenth studio album, Confessions on a Dance Floor was released that year and sold more than 8 million copies.[112] The album received positive reviews.[113] It produced four singles — "Hung Up" reached #1 in a record breaking 45 countries.[114] "Sorry" became Madonna's twelfth number one in the UK,[115] making her the female artist with the most #1 singles in the UK charts.[116] It was also a #1 U.S. Dance hit.[117] "Get Together", became her thirty-sixth number one dance hit in the U.S.[98] The fourth single, "Jump", reached number nine in the UK.[118]

In mid-2006, Madonna became the worldwide model for H&M.[119] Included in the deal was a specially designed track suit, created by Madonna. The next year, the clothing line M by Madonna was launched internationally.[120] Madonna's Confessions Tour began in May 2006. It had a global audience of 1.2 million people and, with reported gross sales of $260.1 million.[121] The use of religious symbols such as the crucifix and Crown of Thorns in the performance of "Live to Tell" caused controversy. The Russian Orthodox Church and the Federation of Jewish Communities of Russia urged all members to boycott her concert.[122] Prosecutors in Düsseldorf threatened to sue her and a Protestant bishop said, "the only way an aging superstar can attract attention is to offend people's religious sentiments."[123] Vatican officials claimed her mock crucifixion was an open attack on Catholicism,[124] to which Madonna responded: "My performance is neither anti-Christian, sacrilegious or blasphemous. Rather, it is my plea to the audience to encourage mankind to help one another and to see the world as a unified whole."[125] In December 2006, PETA criticized Madonna for wearing a chinchilla fur coat in a London restaurant.[126][127]

Madonna opposes American President George W. Bush. In her Confessions Tour performance of the song "I Love New York", she replaced the original lyrics "just go to Texas, isn't that where they golf?" with "just go to Texas and suck George Bush's dick!"[128] She endorsed Wesley Clark's Democratic nomination for the 2004 presidential election in a letter to her fans saying, "the future I wish for my children is at risk."[129] In late 2006, she expressed her support for Hillary Rodham Clinton in the 2008 election.[130] Most recently, she stated that she would be behind Al Gore if he decided to run for the 2008 elections after seeing his documentary on global warming, An Inconvenient Truth.[131] She also urged her fans to see Michael Moore's Fahrenheit 9/11.[132]

2007–present: Live Nation, Hard Candy and the Sticky & Sweet Tour

In May 2007, Madonna released the download-only song "Hey You", in anticipation of Live Earth, which was free for its first week. She also performed it at the London Live Earth concert in July 2007.[133]

In October 2007, Madonna announced her departure from Warner Bros. Records and a new $120 million, ten year contract with Live Nation. She will be the founding recording artist for the new music division, Live Nation Artists.[134] The Warner Bros. deal will be completed with a compilation album due at the end of 2008 or early 2009.[135]

2008 Sticky & Sweet Tour

In November 2007, the New York Post claimed animal enthusiasts were "horrified" by Madonna dyeing her sheep for a photograph, and "vilified" for organising pheasant-hunting parties at her estate.[136] In December 2007, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame announced Madonna as one of the five inductees of 2008.[137] The ceremony took place on March 10, 2008.[138] Madonna also directed her first film, Filth and Wisdom and produced and wrote I Am Because We Are, a documentary on the problems faced by Malawians directed by her former gardener Nathan Rissman.[139][140] Filth and Wisdom received mixed reviews from the British press. The Times Online said she has "done herself proud" while The Daily Telegraph described the film as "not an entirely unpromising first effort [but] Madonna would do well to hang on to her day job."[141][142] The Guardian praised I Am Because We Are, saying that she "came, saw and conquered the world's biggest film festival."[140]

In 2008, Madonna promoted her eleventh studio album, Hard Candy, with the Hard Candy Promo Tour. It was lauded by Rolling Stone as an "impressive taste of her upcoming tour."[143] The album debuted at number one on the UK Albums Chart, where Madonna achieved ten number one albums.[144] Hard Candy sold 100,000 copies in the United States upon its first day of release.[145] It debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 with over 280,000 copies sold.[146] The album received mostly positive reviews worldwide,[147] though some critics panned it as "an attempt to harness the urban market".[148] Its lead single "4 Minutes" reached number 3 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and number 1 on the U.S. Radio & Records Pop Chart.[40][149] The single scored Madonna her 37th Billboard Hot 100 Top 10 hit, making her the artist with the most Top 10 hits in the history of the chart, surpassing Elvis Presley.[150] In the UK, she retained her record for the most number one singles for a female artist, this being her 13th.[151] An international tour to promote the album, the Sticky & Sweet Tour, began on August 23, 2008.[152] Two further singles "Give It 2 Me" (Billboard Hot 100, No.57) and "Miles Away" were released to accompany the album.

Life with My Sister Madonna, a controversial book by Madonna's brother, Christopher Ciccone, was released on July 14, 2008. The book debuted at #2 on the New York Times Best Seller List.[153] The book was not authorized by Madonna and has led to a rift between the siblings, with Madonna's publicist Liz Rosenberg commenting on a reconciliation: "with the book coming out, I assume that will remove the chances of that ever happening." [154]

Influences

Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival, 2006

Madonna's Catholic background and relationship with her parents were reflected in the album Like a Prayer.[155][156] It is also an evocation of the impact religion had on her career.[157] Her video for the title track contains Catholic symbolism, such as the stigmata. During The Virgin Tour, she wore a rosary and prayed with it in the music video for "La Isla Bonita".[158]

Madonna has also referred to her Italian heritage in her work. The video for "Like a Virgin", features Venetian settings.[159] The "Open Your Heart" video sees her boss scolding her in Italian. In Ciao, Italia! - Live from Italy, the video release of her Who's That Girl Tour, she dedicates the song "Papa Don't Preach" to the Pope ("Papa" is the Italian word for "Pope".)[160]

In 1985, Madonna commented that the first song to ever make a strong impression on her was "These Boots Are Made for Walkin'" by Nancy Sinatra and that it summed up her "take-charge attitude."[161] As a young woman, she attempted to broaden her taste in literature, art, and music, and during this time became interested in classical music. She noted that her favorite style was baroque, and loved Mozart and Chopin because she liked their "feminine quality".[162] In 1999, Madonna identified musical influences that impacted her such as Karen Carpenter, The Supremes and Led Zeppelin, and dancers like Martha Graham and Rudolf Nureyev.[163] In an interview with The Observer, Madonna professed her inspirations—Detroit natives The Raconteurs and The White Stripes, as well as New York band The Jett Set.[164]

During her childhood, Madonna was inspired by actors, later saying, "I loved Carole Lombard and Judy Holliday and Marilyn Monroe. They were all incredibly funny...and I saw myself in them...my girlishness, my knowingness and my innocence".[161] Her "Material Girl" music video recreated Monroe's "Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend" from the film Gentlemen Prefer Blondes, and she later studied the screwball comedies of the 1930s, particularly those of Lombard, in preparation for her film Who's That Girl. The video for "Express Yourself" (1989) was inspired by Fritz Lang's silent film Metropolis. The video for "Vogue" recreated the style of Hollywood glamour photographers, in particular Horst P. Horst, and imitated the poses of Marlene Dietrich, Carole Lombard and Rita Hayworth, while the lyrics referenced many of the stars who had inspired her.[165] Among them was Bette Davis, described by Madonna as an idol, along with Louise Brooks and Dita Parlo.[166] Madonna was also influenced by Andy Warhol for the 1992 music videos for "Erotica" and "Deeper and Deeper".

Madonna has been influenced by the art world, most notably by Frida Kahlo.[167] Her 1995 music video to "Bedtime Story" featured images inspired by the paintings of Kahlo and Remedios Varo.[168] Her 2003 video to "Hollywood" was a homage to the work of photographer Guy Bourdin which led to a lawsuit by Bourdin's son due to the use of his father's work without permission.[169]

Personal life

Relationships

In the late 1970s, Madonna dated Dan Gilroy, with whom she formed the band Breakfast Club.[170] In the early 1980s, she dated her collaborator Stephen Bray,[171] artist Jean-Michel Basquiat,[172][173] DJ and record producer Mark Kamins,[174] and musician Jellybean Benitez.[171] While filming the music video for "Material Girl" in 1985, Madonna dated actor Sean Penn and married him later that year. After filing and withdrawing divorce papers in December 1987, they separated on New Year's Eve 1988 and divorced in January 1989.[175] Of her marriage to Penn, Madonna said, "I was completely obsessed with my career and not ready to be generous in any shape or form."[176] Madonna then began a relationship with Warren Beatty while working on the film Dick Tracy.[177] The couple broke up in the fall of 1990, after a year and a half together.[178][179]

Madonna with husband Guy Ritchie

In late 1990, Madonna dated Tony Ward,[180] a bisexual model and porn star who starred in her music videos for "Cherish" (1989) and "Justify My Love" (1990). Their relationship ended by early 1991,[181] and Madonna began an eight-month relationship with rapper Vanilla Ice, who appeared in her Sex book.[180] Madonna dated basketball player Dennis Rodman in the mid 1990s.[180] In September 1994, in Central Park, Madonna met fitness trainer Carlos Leon who became her trainer and lover.[182] On October 14, 1996, Madonna gave birth to Lourdes Maria Ciccone Leon in Los Angeles, California.[183] Madonna dated Andy Bird, who sold his story about their eighteen-month relationship in late 2000.[184] Madonna became involved with Guy Ritchie, whom she had met in 1999 through mutual friends Sting and his wife, Trudie Styler. On August 11, 2000, she gave birth to their son, Rocco in Los Angeles.[185] On December 22, 2000, Madonna and Ritchie were married in Scotland.[186] As of 2008, Madonna resides in Marylebone, London and her country estate in Berwick St. John, Wiltshire, with Ritchie, their two sons, and her daughter.[187] On October 15, 2008, a spokeswoman confirmed that Madonna and husband Guy Ritchie have filed for divorce in October 2008. [188] A preliminary decree of divorce was granted Friday, November 21, 2008, and will become final on Friday, January 2, 2009.[189] On November 21, 2008, TV Guide reported that Madonna and Ritchie were granted a preliminary “quickie divorce.” The document released by the court states that Madonna, said in a sworn statement that the reason for filing for her divorce is due to Ritchie's "unreasonable behavior."[190]

David Banda adoption

In October 2006, Madonna traveled to Malawi to help build an orphanage, which she also funded as part of the Raising Malawi initiative.[191] On October 10, 2006, she filed adoption papers for a boy named David Banda Mwale, born on September 24, 2005 and renamed David Banda Mwale Ciccone Ritchie.[192][193] Banda was flown out of Malawi on October 16.[194] The adoption raised public controversy because Malawian law requires would-be parents to reside in Malawi for one year before adopting.[195] The effort was highly publicised and culminated in legal disputes.[196]

Madonna refuted the allegations on The Oprah Winfrey Show in October 2006. She said that there are no written adoption laws in Malawi that regulate foreign adoption and that Banda had been suffering from pneumonia after surviving malaria and tuberculosis when she met him.[197] Madonna blamed the media for "doing a great disservice to all the orphans of Africa" by discouraging the adoption.[198] Singer and humanitarian activist, Bono, defended her by saying, "Madonna should be applauded for helping to take a child out of the worst poverty imaginable."[199]

Some said that Banda's biological father Yohane did not understand what adoption meant and had assumed that the arrangement was fostering. He said, "These so-called human rights activists are harassing me every day, threatening me that I am not aware of what I am doing." He also said, "They want me to support their court case, a thing I cannot do for I know what I agreed with Madonna and her husband."[200] Madonna responded that Banda had rejected her offer of financial support and preferred adoption.[201] The adoption was finalized on May 28, 2008[202] Yohane Banda expressed satisfaction but said, "I might challenge some aspects of the order."[203]

Work at the Kabbalah Centre

Since the late 1990s, Madonna has been a student of the Kabbalah and studies at the Kabbalah Centre in Los Angeles. The centre's current leader is Rabbi Philip Berg and his wife Karen. She also studies with Rabbi Eitan Yardeni, whose wife Sarah Yardeni runs her favorite charitable project, "Spirituality for Kids", a subsidiary of the Centre.[204] Madonna donated $21 million towards a new Kabbalah school for children.[205] Israeli rabbis condemned the song "Isaac" from Confessions on a Dance Floor because they believed it was a tribute to Rabbi Isaac Luria and claimed that Jewish law forbids commercialising a rabbi's name. Madonna claimed that she had named it after an Israeli singer and said, "The album isn't even out, so how could Jewish scholars in Israel know what my song is about?"[206] Madonna has defended her Kabbalah studies by stating it "would be less controversial if I joined the Nazi Party" and that the Kabbalah is "not hurting anybody."[207]

Legacy

Her Confessions Tour is the highest grossing concert tour by a female artist.[208] In the United Kingdom, she is the most successful female in the singles chart history and has more number one singles than any other female solo artist.[209] In 2008, she surpassed Elvis Presley as the artist with most top ten hits in the history of Billboard Hot 100.[210] In 2007, Madonna was listed by VH1 as eighth in the Greatest Women of Rock & Roll.[211] On March 10, 2008, she was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.[212]

There has been speculation about her relationships with other women, including Naomi Campbell and Sandra Bernhard. The book Sex depicts her in sexual situations with men and women, and she has been credited with educating people about bisexuality.[213] Madonna has been criticized by the Roman Catholic Church, particularly during her "Who's That Girl", "Blond Ambition" and "Confessions" tours. The New York Times journalist and author Gay Talese relates this to her Italian ancestry – people from Pacentro have been in a long tradition of rebellion against Catholics.[214] Madonna had her son Rocco baptized in a Presbyterian Church.[215]

Madonna has generated academic interest. Interdisciplinary research and publications address her relationship to and place within commodity culture, the mass-media spectacles she creates, and the iconography of minority groups such as gay and lesbian people, which she uses in videos such as those for "Vogue", "Like a Prayer", "La Isla Bonita" and "Borderline". These publications were so extensive that in the 1990s, academics would refer to "Madonna Studies" as a sub-field of media studies.[216]

In 2006 a new water bear species (Latin: Tardigrada), Echiniscus madonnae,[217] was named after Madonna. The paper with the description of E. madonnae was published in the international journal of animal taxonomy Zootaxa in March 2006 (Vol. 1154, pages: 1–36). The authors' justification for the name of the new species was: "We take great pleasure in dedicating this species to one of the most significant artists of our times, Madonna Louise Veronica Ritchie." The Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) number of the species is 711164.[218]

Discography

Main articles: Madonna albums discography, Madonna singles discography, and Madonna: Music Video & DVD Videography

Filmography

Main article: Madonna filmography

Tours

Madonna has had eight successful tours in the course of her career, being:

See also

References

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  199. ↑ "Bono defends Madonna's adoption", NME News. Retrieved on 2008-06-05. 
  200. ↑ "Boy's father worries Madonna may back out", MSNBC (2006-10-26). Retrieved on 2008-06-14. 
  201. ↑ Vieira, Meredith (2006-11-01). "Madonna and child", Dateline NBC. Retrieved on 2008-02-03. 
  202. ↑ Tenthani, Raphael (2008-05-28). "Madonna 'Over the Moon' About Finalized Adoption", 'People'. Retrieved on 2008-05-28. 
  203. ↑ "Father of Madonna's Adopted Son May Challenge Custody Ruling", FOX News. Retrieved on 2008-06-09. 
  204. ↑ Mim Udovitch. Inside Hollywood's Hottest Cult - Part Three: Madonna’s Magical Mystical Tour. June 20, 2005. Retrieved February 26, 2006.
  205. ↑ Madonna opens her own school. The Times of India. August 5, 2004. Retrieved February 26, 2006.
  206. ↑ Elysa Gardner. Madonna at a crossroads. USA Today. October 27, 2005. Retrieved on February 26, 2006.
  207. ↑ "Madonna defends Kabbalah interest". BBC (2005-10-31). Retrieved on 2008-06-03.
  208. ↑ "Madonna, The Confessions Tour". BBC. Retrieved on 2008-06-03.
  209. ↑ "The musical superstars". BBC. Retrieved on 2008-06-09.
  210. ↑ Bronson, Fred (2005-11-24). "Chart Beat". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media. Retrieved on 2008-02-05.
  211. ↑ "100 Greatest Women of Rock & Roll (20-1)". VH1. MTV Network. Retrieved on 2008-06-05.
  212. ↑ "Madonna leads list of Rock Hall inductees". CNN. Retrieved on 2008-06-09.
  213. ↑ Rust, P. C. R. Bisexuality in the United States: A social science reader. New York: Columbia University Press. "Madonna's relationships with women have been the subject of public intrigue and scrutiny. She has been linked with Naomi Campbell and Saundra Bernhardt... the "Sex" book features her in... sexual situations with both men and women... Madonna's sexual fluidity has been attributed to the social liberation of bisexuality in the United States in the 1990's.". 
  214. ↑ (2004-09-28). Italians in America - Our Contribution, Region 1 (NTSC) [DVD]. White Star. ASIN: B0002S643C.
  215. ↑ "Madonna's Son Baptized", ABC News (December 21). Retrieved on 2008-06-05. 
  216. ↑ Robertson, P (1996), Guilty Pleasures: Feminist Camp From Mae West to Madonna Duke University Press, London pp. 117
  217. ↑ "Echiniscus madonnae". Tardigrada Newsletter. Michalczyk & Kaczmarek (2006). Retrieved on 2008-06-14.
  218. ↑ "Echiniscus madonnae". ITIS. Retrieved on 2008-06-03.

External links

Awards and achievements
Golden Globe Award
Preceded by
Nicole Kidman
for To Die For		 Best Actress - Motion Picture Musical or Comedy
1997
for Evita		 Succeeded by
Helen Hunt
for As Good as It Gets
Grammy Award
Preceded by
MC Hammer
for Please Hammer Don't Hurt 'Em the Movie		 Best Long Form Music Video
1992
for Live! - Blond Ambition World Tour 90		 Succeeded by
Annie Lennox
for Diva
Preceded by
Janet Jackson
for Got 'Til It's Gone		 Best Short Form Music Video
1999
for Ray of Light		 Succeeded by
Korn
for Freak on a Leash
Preceded by
James Taylor
for Hourglass		 Best Pop Vocal Album
1999
for Ray of Light		 Succeeded by
Sting
for Brand New Day
Preceded by
Giorgio Moroder & Donna Summer
for Carry On		 Best Dance Recording
1999
for Ray of Light		 Succeeded by
Cher
for Believe
Preceded by
James Horner & Will Jennings
for My Heart Will Go On		 Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media
2000
for Beautiful Stranger		 Succeeded by
Randy Newman
for When She Loved M
Preceded by
The Chemical Brothers
for Push the Button		 Best Electronic/Dance Album
2007
for Confessions on a Dance Floor		 Succeeded by
The Chemical Brothers
for We Are the Night
Preceded by
Thom Zimny and Bruce Springsteen
for Wings for Wheels: The Making of Born to Run		 Best Long Form Music Video
2008
for The Confessions Tour		 Succeeded by
TBA
MTV Video Music Awards
Preceded by
Jamiroquai
for Virtual Insanity		 Video of the Year
1998
for Ray of Light		 Succeeded by
Lauryn Hill
for Doo Wop (That Thing)
Preceded by
Whitney Houston
for How Will I Know		 Best Female Video
1987
for Papa Don't Preach		 Succeeded by
Suzanne Vega
for Luka
Preceded by
Janet Jackson
for If		 Best Female Video
1995
for Take a Bow		 Succeeded by
Alanis Morissette
for Ironic
Preceded by
Jewel
for You Were Meant for Me		 Best Female Video
1998
for Ray of Light		 Succeeded by
Lauryn Hill
for Doo Wop (That Thing)
Madonna
Studio albums
Madonna (1983) · Like a Virgin (1984) · True Blue (1986) · Like a Prayer (1989) · Erotica (1992) · Bedtime Stories (1994) · Ray of Light (1998) · Music (2000) · American Life (2003) · Confessions on a Dance Floor (2005) · Hard Candy (2008)
Compilations
You Can Dance (1987) · The Immaculate Collection (1990) · Something to Remember (1995) · GHV2 (2001) · Remixed & Revisited (2003)
Soundtrack albums
Vision Quest (1985) · Who's That Girl (1987) · I'm Breathless - Music from and Inspired by the film Dick Tracy (1990)  · With Honors (1994) · Evita (1996) · Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me (1999) · The Next Best Thing (2000) · Die Another Day (2002)
Live videos and albums
Live - The Virgin Tour (1985) · Who's That Girl - Live In Japan (1987) · Ciao, Italia! - Live from Italy (1988) · Blond Ambition - Japan Tour 90 (1990) · Live! - Blond Ambition World Tour 90 (1990) · Truth or Dare (aka In Bed with Madonna) (1991) · The Girlie Show - Live Down Under (1994) · Drowned World Tour 2001 (2001) · I'm Going to Tell You a Secret (2006) · The Confessions Tour (2007)
Video compilations and singles
Madonna (1984) · "Papa Don't Preach" (1986) · It's That Girl (1987) · She's Breathless (1990) · The Immaculate Collection (1990) · "Justify My Love" (1990) · "Ray of Light" (1998) · Rays of Light (1999) · The Video Collection 93:99 (1999) · The Madonna Collection (2000) · The Ultimate Collection (2000) · "Music" (2000) · "What It Feels Like for a Girl" (2001)
Tours
The Virgin Tour (1985) · Who's That Girl (1987) · Blond Ambition (1990)  · The Girlie Show (1993) · Drowned World (2001) · Re-Invention (2004) · Confessions (2006) · Sticky & Sweet (2008)
Filmography
A Certain Sacrifice (1985) · Vision Quest a.k.a. Crazy For You (1985) · Desperately Seeking Susan (1985) · Shanghai Surprise (1986) · Who's That Girl (1987) · Bloodhounds of Broadway (1989) · Dick Tracy (1990) · Truth or Dare aka In Bed with Madonna (1991) · Shadows and Fog (1992) · A League of Their Own (1992) · Body of Evidence (1993) · Dangerous Game aka Snake Eyes (1993) · Blue in the Face (1995) · Four Rooms (1995) Girl 6 (1996) · Evita (1996) · The Next Best Thing (2000) · Swept Away (2002) · Die Another Day (2002) · I'm Going to Tell You a Secret (2005) · Arthur and the Invisibles (2006) · I Am Because We Are (2008) · Filth and Wisdom (2008)
Related topics
Albums · Singles · Videography · Filmography · Music from Motion Pictures · Awards · Bibliography · Music Video & DVD Videography · Unreleased songs · Madonna as gay icon · Madonna Studies · Raising Malawi · Live Nation · Maverick · Warner Bros. Records · Sire Records
Madonna singles discography
Madonna
"Everybody" (1982) · "Burning Up" (1983) · "Holiday" (1983/1984/1985/1991/1999) · "Lucky Star" (1983/1984) · "Borderline" (1984/1986)
Like a Virgin
"Like a Virgin" (1984) · "Material Girl" (1985) · "Angel" (1985) · "Into the Groove" (1985) · "Dress You Up" (1985) · "Love Don't Live Here Anymore" (1986)
True Blue
"Live to Tell" (1986) · "Papa Don't Preach" (1986) · "True Blue" (1986) · "Open Your Heart" (1986) · "La Isla Bonita" (1987)
Who's That Girl
"Who's That Girl" (1987) · "Causing a Commotion" (1987) · "The Look of Love" (1987)
You Can Dance
"Spotlight" (1988)
Like a Prayer
"Like a Prayer" (1989) · "Express Yourself" (1989) · "Cherish" (1989) · "Oh Father" (1989/1995) · "Dear Jessie" (1989) · "Keep It Together" (1990)
I'm Breathless
"Vogue" (1990) · "Hanky Panky" (1990)
The Immaculate Collection
"Justify My Love" (1990) · "Crazy for You (Remix)" (1991) · "Rescue Me" (1991) · "Holiday"/"The Holiday Collection" (1991)
Erotica
"Erotica" (1992) · "Deeper and Deeper" (1992) · "Bad Girl" (1993) · "Fever" (1993) · "Rain" (1993) · "Bye Bye Baby" (1993)
Bedtime Stories
"Secret" (1994) · "Take a Bow" (1994) · "Bedtime Story" (1995) · "Human Nature" (1995)
Something to Remember
"You'll See" (1995) · "Oh Father" (1995) · "One More Chance" (1996) · "Love Don't Live Here Anymore (Remix)" (1996)
Evita
"You Must Love Me" (1996) · "Don't Cry for Me Argentina" (1996/1997) · "Another Suitcase in Another Hall" (1997)
Ray of Light
"Frozen" (1998) · "Ray of Light" (1998) · "Drowned World/Substitute for Love" (1998) · "The Power of Good-Bye" (1998) · "The Power of Good-Bye/Little Star" (1998) · "Nothing Really Matters" (1999)
Music
"Music" (2000) · "Don't Tell Me" (2000/2001) · "What It Feels Like for a Girl" (2001)
American Life
"American Life" (2003) · "Hollywood" (2003) · "Nothing Fails" (2003) · "Love Profusion" (2003/2004)
Confessions on a Dance Floor
"Hung Up" (2005) · "Sorry" (2006) · "Get Together" (2006) · "Jump" (2006)
Hard Candy
"4 Minutes" (featuring Justin Timberlake & Timbaland) (2008) · "Give It 2 Me" (2008) · "Miles Away" (2008)
Other soundtracks
"Crazy for You" (1985) · "Gambler" (1985) · "This Used to Be My Playground" (1992) · "I'll Remember" (1994) · "Beautiful Stranger" (1999) · "American Pie" (2000) · "Die Another Day" (2002)
Other singles
"Sidewalk Talk" (John "Jellybean" Benitez featuring Catharine Buchanan and Madonna) (1984) · "Me Against the Music" (Britney Spears featuring Madonna) (2003) · "Hey You" (2007)
Promo singles
"I Want You" (with Massive Attack) (1995) · "Buenos Aires" (Remixes) (1997) · "Little Star" (1998) · "Impressive Instant" (The Peter Rauhofer Remixes) (2001) · "Amazing" (2001) · "Thunderpuss GHV2 Megamix" (2001) · "Nobody Knows Me" (Remixes) (2003) · "Into the Hollywood Groove" (with Missy Elliott) (2003) · "Mother and Father" (Peter Rauhofer Re-Invention Remix) (2005) · "Future Lovers/I Feel Love (Live)" (2007) · "Music Inferno (Live)" (2007)
James Bond music
Themes
Monty Norman "James Bond Theme" · John Barry "James Bond Is Back/From Russia with Love" · John Barry "007 Theme" · John Barry "On Her Majesty's Secret Service"
Compilations
David Arnold Shaken and Stirred: The David Arnold James Bond Project · The Best of Bond...James Bond
"Official" film themes
John Barry Byron Lee & the Dragonaires "Kingston Calypso" · Matt Monro Lionel Bart "From Russia with Love" · Shirley Bassey Anthony Newley & Leslie Bricusse "Goldfinger" · Tom Jones "Thunderball" · Nancy Sinatra "You Only Live Twice" · Louis Armstrong "We Have All the Time in the World" · Shirley Bassey "Diamonds Are Forever" · Paul McCartney & Wings "Live and Let Die" · Lulu "The Man with the Golden Gun" · Carly Simon Carole Bayer Sager "Nobody Does It Better" · Shirley Bassey "Moonraker" · Sheena Easton & Derek Watkins "For Your Eyes Only" · Rita Coolidge "All Time High" · Duran Duran "A View to a Kill" · a-ha "The Living Daylights" · The Pretenders "Where Has Everybody Gone?" · Gladys Knight "Licence To Kill" · Patti LaBelle "If You Asked Me To" · Tina Turner "GoldenEye" · Sheryl Crow "Tomorrow Never Dies" · Garbage "The World Is Not Enough" · Madonna "Die Another Day" · Chris Cornell "You Know My Name" · Jack White & Alicia Keys "Another Way to Die"
Non-EON film themes
Herb Alpert and the Tijuana Brass "Casino Royale" · Lani Hall "Never Say Never Again"
Soundtrack albums
JB = John Barry · DA = David Arnold
Monty Norman Dr. No · JB From Russia with Love · JB Goldfinger · Don Black/JB Thunderball · JB You Only Live Twice · JB On Her Majesty's Secret Service · JB Diamonds Are Forever · George Martin & Olympia Brass Band Live and Let Die · JB The Man with the Golden Gun · Marvin Hamlisch The Spy Who Loved Me · JB Moonraker · Bill Conti For Your Eyes Only · JB Tim Rice Octopussy · JB & Godley & Creme A View to a Kill · JB The Living Daylights · Michael Kamen Licence to Kill · Éric Serra GoldenEye · DA & K.D. Lang Tomorrow Never Dies · DA & Scott Walker The World Is Not Enough · DA Die Another Day · DA Casino Royale · DA Quantum of Solace
Persondata
NAME Madonna
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Ciccone, Madonna Louise
SHORT DESCRIPTION musician, singer, songwriter, actress, author
DATE OF BIRTH August 16, 1958
PLACE OF BIRTH Bay City, Michigan, United States
DATE OF DEATH
PLACE OF DEATH