Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39
 An aerial view of Launch Complex 39 |
|
| Launch site | Kennedy Space Center |
|---|---|
| Short name | LC-39 |
| Operator |  NASA |
| Total launches | 141 (13 Saturn V, 4 Saturn 1B, 124 Shuttle) |
| Launch pad(s) | 2 |
| Minimum / maximum orbital inclination | 28° - 62° |
| LC-39A launch history | |
| Status | Active |
| Launches | 83 (12 Saturn V, 71 Shuttle) |
| First launch | Apollo 4, November 9 1967 |
| Last launch | STS-126, November 14 2008 |
| Associated rockets | Saturn V Saturn INT-21 Space Shuttle (current) Ares V (future) |
| LC-39B launch history | |
| Status | Standby |
| Launches | 58 (1 Saturn V, 4 Saturn 1B, 53 Shuttle) |
| First launch | Apollo 10, May 18 1969 |
| Last launch | STS-116, December 9 2006 |
| Associated rockets | Saturn V Saturn IB Space Shuttle Ares I (future) |
Launch Complex 39 (LC-39) is a rocket launch site at the John F. Kennedy Space Center on Merritt Island in Florida, USA. The site and its collection of facilities were originally built for the Apollo program, and later modified to support Space Shuttle operations. NASA began modifying LC-39 in 2007 to accommodate Project Constellation.[1][2] Launches from LC-39 are supervised from the Launch Control Center, located 3 miles from the launch pads. LC-39 is one of several launch sites that share the Eastern Test Range.
Contents |
History
The first development on this site was in 1890 when a few wealthy graduates of Harvard University purchased 18,000 acres (73 km2) for one dollar per acre. Very nearly on the site of 39A they constructed a three-story mahogany clubhouse with twenty rooms for members and guests. The club featured a large dining room, wine cellar, trophy room and plenty of storage for arms and ammunition. Atop the lodge, there was a spectacular view of both ocean and wildlife that flocked to the surrounding marsh. During the 1920s, P. E. Studebaker, son of the automobile magnate, built a small casino at De Soto Beach eight miles (13 km) north of the Canaveral lighthouse to lure buyers to the site where plans were being developed for an elaborate resort city, complete with water, sewer, sidewalks, street lights, and landscaping. Also, the Playa Linda Development Corporation sought buyers to their 'proposed' development of 8000 quarter acre lots advertised as the "greatest beach development north of Miami."[3] Prior to the construction of the complex, State Road A1A ran east of the complex. Along this rural ocean road was United States Coast Guard Station Chester Shoals built in 1885.
The initial design of the launch complex contained five pads that were evenly spaced 8,700 feet (2,700 m) apart to avoid damage in the event of a pad explosion. Three were scheduled for construction (shown) and two reserved for future use (one shown). The numbering of the pads at the time was from north to south, with the northernmost being LC39A, and the southern being LC39C. LC39A was never built, and LC39C became LC39A in 1963. With today's numbering, LC39C would be north of LC39B. LC39D (visible as an outline on the plan to the left) would have been due west of LC39C. LC39E (not shown) would be due north of the mid-distance between LC39C and LC39D, with LC39E forming the top of a triangle, and equidistant from LC39C and LC39D. Today, the crawler way stub that would lead to these pads is located one mile (1.6 km) west of LC39A, and 1.5 miles (2.4 km) south of LC39B.,TerraServer Image The accompanying map also shows the unbuilt Nuclear Assembly Building (NAB).
The pads were previously used for launches of the Saturn V rocket for the Project Apollo moon missions, and later for Saturn 1B rockets for the Skylab and Apollo-Soyuz programs. The original structure of the pads was remodeled for the needs of the Space Shuttle, starting with LC39A after the last Saturn V launch, which carried Skylab, in 1973, and in 1977 for LC39B after the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project in 1975. LC39's during the Apollo era were just launchpads - the umbilical/service towers were attached to the launch platform--the only modification made was the so-called "milkstool" which allowed the Saturn IB rocket (for all manned Skylab missions, the unlaunched Skylab Rescue, and ASTP) to use the Saturn V launch tower. For the Shuttle, the pad has a fixed tower (leftover from the Apollo-Saturn era) and a rotating service platform, used to protect the Shuttle Orbiter and to install vertically-handled payloads into the payload bay.[1][4] Current NASA plans for Project Constellation calls for the reverting of both pads to a state similar to that of the Apollo Program, but with the installation of lightning masts to deflect lightning strikes away from the Ares I and Ares V rockets.
The first use of LC39 came in 1967 with the first Saturn V launch, carrying the unmanned Apollo 4 spacecraft. The second unmanned launch, Apollo 6, also used LC39A. With the exception of Apollo 10, which used LC39B (due to the "all-up" testing resulting in a 2-month turnaround period), all manned Apollo-Saturn V launches, commencing with Apollo 8, used LC39A. After the launch of Skylab in 1973, using the Saturn INT-21 rocket (a two-stage variation of the Saturn V rocket originally intended for the Apollo Applications Program), LC39A was reconfigured for the Space Shuttle and was used for the first Shuttle launch (STS-1), using the Columbia in 1981.[5] After Apollo 10, LC39B was kept as a backup launch facility in the case of the destruction of LC39A, but saw service for all three Skylab missions, the ASTP flight, as well as un-launched Skylab Rescue flight. After ASTP, LC39B underwent the same reconfiguration as LC39A, but due to necessary modifications (mainly to allow the facility to service a modified Centaur-G upper stage), along with budgetary restraints, it was not ready until 1986, and the first Shuttle launch to use it was the ill-fated STS 51-L flight – the Challenger Disaster.
During the launch of Discovery on STS-124 on May 31, 2008, the pad at LC39A suffered extensive damage, in particular to the concrete trench used to deflect the SRB's flames.[6]
Space shuttle usage
Integration of launch vehicle stack
The thrust to allow the Space Shuttle to achieve orbit is provided by a combination of the Solid Rocket Boosters (SRBs) and the Space Shuttle Main Engines (SSMEs). The SRBs use solid propellant, hence their name. The SSMEs use a combination of liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen (LOX) from the External Tank (ET), as the Shuttle does not have fuel tanks for the SSMEs. Months before launch, the 3 main components of the "stack" are brought together in the Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB). The components are placed on a Mobile Launcher Platform (MLP). The SRBs arrive in segments via rail car from their manufacturing facility in Utah, the external tank arrives from its manufacturing facility in Louisiana by barge and the Space Shuttle waits in the Orbiter Processing Facility (OPF). The SRBs are first stacked, and then the external tank is mounted between them. Then using a massive crane, the Shuttle is lowered and connected to the external tank.
Transportation to the pad
When the stack integration is completed, it is moved by the Crawler-Transporter the 3-4 miles (5-6 kilometres) to the pad over eight hours. At the pad, the MLP is lowered onto several pedestals, and the Crawler-Transporter moves off the pad to a staging area a safe distance away.
The payload is independently transported to the pad in a payload transportation canister.
Launch towers
Each pad contains a two-piece access tower system, the Fixed Service Structure (FSS) and the Rotating Service Structure (RSS). The FSS permits access to the Shuttle via a retractable arm and a "beanie cap" to capture vented LOX from the external tank. The RSS contains "Payload Changeout" clean room, offers access to the orbiter's payload bay, protection from the elements and can protect the shuttle in winds up to 60 knots (110 km/h). Also at each pad are large cryogenic tanks that store the fuel liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen (LOX) fuel for the SSMEs. The highly explosive nature of these chemicals requires numerous safety measures at the Launch Complex. NASA calculates the minimum safe distance for a fully fueled Space Shuttle stack is three miles (5 km) for personnel, and 8,700 feet (2,700 m) between pads. Before tanking operations begin and during launch, non-essential personnel are excluded from the danger area. The Launch Control Center and VAB are almost exactly three miles (5 km) away.
Sound suppression system
An elevated water tank near each pad provides sound buffering protection for the launching spacecraft. Part of the Sound Suppression System, the 290-foot (88 m) water towers store 300,000 gallons (1.1 Megalitres) of water, which is released just before engine ignition.[7] The water discharged onto the launch platform during lift-off muffles the intense sound waves produced by the Shuttle engines. Due to heating of the water, a large quantity of steam is produced during launch.
Emergency pad evacuation
In an emergency, the launch complex uses a slidewire escape basket system for quick evacuation. Assisted by members of the closeout team, the crew would leave the shuttle and ride an emergency basket to the ground at speeds reaching up to 55 miles per hour (88 km/h).[8] From there, the crew take shelter in a bunker. A modified M113 Armored Personnel Carrier can carry injured astronauts away from the complex to safety.[9]
Future usage
With the planned retirement of the Shuttle in 2010, NASA will modify the two launch pads to accommodate the manned Ares I Crew Launch Vehicle and the unmanned Ares V Cargo Launch Vehicle in support of Project Constellation.[10] Prior to the announcement that Ares would use LC-39, officials in Florida were concerned by the possibility that the Space Shuttle's successor project may not have launched from Kennedy Space Center.
LC-39B
With the need to keep a Shuttle launch schedule, along with the need to start testing of the new Ares I rocket, NASA deactivated LC39B on January 1, 2007, thus making the nighttime launch of STS-116, which occurred on December 9, 2006 the last regularly scheduled mission. Despite the turnover of the pad from Shuttle operations to Constellation operations, the pad is still being kept in "reserve" status for the upcoming STS-125 flight to repair the ailing Hubble Space Telescope. This is due in part that NASA cannot launch both STS-125 and the STS-401 rescue flight from LC39A at the same time, and that the assigned orbiter, Atlantis, would not be in the same orbital inclination as that of the International Space Station (thus the "safe harbor" principle would not apply).
Despite the logistical issues concerning STS-125, NASA has started converting LC39B for its new Ares I role with the installation of three lightning mast towers similar to those used on the Atlas V and Delta IV launch pads at nearby Cape Canaveral. The main period of renovation, however, will occur after STS-125. During this phase, the RSS will be removed and a Shuttle MLP will be used to launch in conjunction with the Ares I-X flight, which will utilize a four-segment solid rocket first stage with a dummy fifth segment and boilerplate second stage. During the conversion period, NASA will, in keeping with the simplicity called for by the ESAS report, strip LC39B of its FSS, rendering the Apollo-like "clean pad" design for the first time since 1977, and, at the same time will build two new MLPs that will support both the Ares I and its launch umbilical tower, but yet will allow NASA to continue using the existing Crawler-Transporters. The new MLP's systems are being designed by ASRC Aerospace under the USTDC contract. The new tower, similar in appearance to the Saturn V tower, will only have two "swing" arms; one for the crew (along with an attached "clean room") and one for the Orion Service Module. A pair of collect "chocks," similar in function to the existing chocks used on the Shuttle Orbiter, will be used to both fuel, drain, and vent the LH2 and LOX for the Ares I second stage (the Shuttle chocks only fill and drain, with separate vent arms being used). In addition, a new "roller coaster" escape system, replacing the existing slide wire system, will connect the launch tower with a new fortified bunker located 1000 meters from the pad; a necessity in the case of a launch pad emergency while the crew access arm is still attached to the Orion spacecraft. By the time the entire Ares I stack is finished being tested (in 2012), with both the solid-fueled first stage and liquid-fueled second stage, LC-39B will have all traces of Space Shuttle hardware removed, and LC-39B will become a "clean" pad for the first time since 1977. The LH2, LOX, and water tank (used for the sound suppression system) will be the only structures left over from the Shuttle era.[11]
LC-39A
Just like the first 24 shuttle flights, pad 39A pad will support the final shuttle operations, starting with STS-117 until 2010, and then will undergo deactivation once the Shuttle is retired.
After this date, like LC39B, LC39A will have both the FSS and RSS removed to render the "clean" pad approach as required by the ESAS, but LC-39A will be used primarily as the launch pad for the Ares V rocket after 2018, and as such, will undergo additional modifications to accommodate extra LH2 and LOX storage at the site, along with the lightning masts similar to those used on LC39B (although they may be built at the same time as those slated for LC-39B in order to save costs).
Because of the in-line design of the Ares V, the three existing MLPs, which dates back to Apollo and modified to accommodate the Shuttle, will undergo a major overhaul in order to accommodate the Ares V and its launch umbilical tower, which will have Apollo-like swing arms for the Earth Departure Stage and the Altair (Lunar Surface Access Module or LSAM). Due to their age and the need to support the immense weight of the Ares V and its tower (which will weigh more than the Apollo-Saturn V system), the current Crawler-Transporters, in use since 1967, will be upgraded with newer engines and other equipment to allow support of both the Ares I and Ares V when lunar flight commence after 2018. Although it would be primarily used for Ares V flights, LC39A can also support launches of the Ares I in the event LC39B is damaged or destroyed in a launch pad accident.
Other changes
The VAB is currently undergoing modifications to accommodate the simultaneous assembly and checkout operations for both the Shuttle and for the Ares I. Eventually, the VAB will undergo further modifications to allow for the assembly of both an Ares I and Ares V when lunar missions commence after 2018.
In addition to the VAB, two to three new Mobile Launcher Platforms will be built to support the in-line Ares I booster and its support tower (although the Ares I-X and Ares I-Y flights will use the existing Space Shuttle facilities), and the Apollo-era Crawler-Transporters will be upgraded to support the program. Another possibility would be the construction of a LC39C, which was originally planned, along with LC39D, to support uprated Saturn V rockets in connection with the cancelled Apollo Applications Program, in which Project Constellation is a partial resurrection of.
Other potential launch sites
Although floated by the media, but not made official by the ESAS report or chosen by NASA, two other launch facilities at nearby Cape Canaveral Air Force Station (CCAFS) for the launching of the Ares I rocket were mentioned. Initially built in the 1960s to accommodate both the Saturn I and later Saturn IB rockets, two existing pads, Launch Complex 34 (LC34) and Launch Complex 37A (LC37A) had been floated for conversion by NASA into Ares I facilities, mainly for unmanned Ares I launches, but with modifications, could be used as manned launch facilities.
LC34, the most well-known Apollo-era launch facility other than LC39, is the site of the tragic Apollo 1 fire in 1967 and the triumphant Apollo 7 mission that followed in October, 1968. Last used in 1968, NASA originally planned to use LC34 for the three manned Skylab flights, but instead decided to modify the LC39 facilities (with the so-called "milkstool" stand to accommodate the shorter Saturn IB with the Saturn V towers) for those three flights, as well as the 1975 Apollo-Soyuz flight. Currently, only the launch pedestal remains and it has since become a memorial to the three-member Apollo 1 crew that was killed there in 1967, 19 years before the Challenger Disaster.
LC37A, on the other hand, was never used by NASA during the Apollo program; its sister LC-37B pad being used for the unmanned Apollo 203 and Apollo 5 flights before being deactivated and converted for use in the launching of the Delta IV EELV. Although NASA has not yet made a decision to use the Ares I as an unmanned satellite launcher (it is capable of placing medium-sized satellites into LEO), but, if such a decision is made, the assembly and launch operations at either pad will resemble the operations at the SLC 6 launch pad at Vandenberg Air Force Base in California, in which all of the elements would be assembled at the pad itself, as opposed to LC39 in which assembly occurs in one location and launching occurs at another.
See also
- John F. Kennedy Space Center
- List of Merritt Island launch sites
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 NASA (1993). "Launch Complex 39-A & 39-B" (in English). National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved on September 30, 2007.
- ↑ NASA (2000). "Launch Complex 39" (in English). NASA. Retrieved on September 30, 2007.
- ↑ Eriksen, Brevard County, Florida: A Short History to 1955
- ↑ NASA (2006). "Feature: Launch Complex 39" (in English). NASA. Retrieved on September 30, 2007.
- ↑ NASA (2006). "Shuttle-Era Pad Modifications" (in English). NASA. Retrieved on September 30, 2007.
- ↑ http://www.space.com/missionlaunches/080602-sts124-pad39a-damage.html#comments SPACE.com -- NASA Eyes Launch Pad Damage for Next Shuttle Flight
- ↑ "Sound Suppression System". Retrieved on 2007-10-22.
- ↑ "SPACE.com -- NASA Conducts Shuttle Astronaut Rescue Drill". Retrieved on 2007-10-22.
- ↑ "NASA Field Journal by Greg Lohning". Retrieved on 2008-11-1.
- ↑ NASA (2006). "Ares Project Status" (.PDF) (in English). NASA. Retrieved on September 30, 2007.
- ↑ NASA (2006). "Sound Suppression System" (in English). NASA. Retrieved on September 30, 2007.
External links
- KSC page on Launch Complex 39 Facilities
- "Kennedy Prepares to Host Constellation". NASA (2007-09-28).
- Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39 is at coordinates
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