Karnataka

  ?ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ
Karnataka
India
Map indicating the location of Karnataka
Thumbnail map of India with Karnataka highlighted
Location of Karnataka
Coordinates:
Time zone IST (UTC+5:30)
Area 191,976 km² (74,122 sq mi)[1]
Capital Bangalore
Largest city Bangalore
District(s) 29
Population
• Density		 52,850,562[2] (9th)
• 275.6 /km² (714 /sq mi)
Language(s) Kannada
Governor Rameshwar Thakur
Chief Minister B. S. Yeddyurappa
Established 1956-11-01
Legislature (seats) Bicameral (224 + 75)
ISO abbreviation IN-KA
Website: karunadu.gov.in/
Seal of Karnataka
Seal of Karnataka

Karnataka (Kannada: ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ, pronounced [kəɾˈnɑːʈəkɑː]) is a state in the southern part of India. It was created on November 1, 1956, with the passing of the States Reorganisation Act. Originally known as the State of Mysore, it was renamed Karnataka in 1973.

Karnataka is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west, Goa to the northwest, Maharashtra to the north, Andhra Pradesh to the east, Tamil Nadu to the southeast, and Kerala to the southwest. The state covers an area of 74,122 sq mi (191,976 km²), or 5.83% of the total geographical area of India. It is the eighth largest Indian state by area, the ninth largest by population and comprises 29 districts. Kannada is the official and most widely spoken language.

Though several etymologies have been suggested for the name Karnataka, the generally accepted one is that Karnataka is derived from the Kannada words karu and nādu, meaning elevated land. Karu nadu may also be read as Karu (black) and nadu (region), as a reference to the black cotton soil found in the Bayaluseeme region of Karnataka. The British used the word Carnatic (sometimes Karnatak) to describe both sides of peninsular India, south of the Krishna River.[3]

With an antiquity that dates to the paleolithic, Karnataka has also been home to some of the most powerful empires of ancient and medieval India. The philosophers and musical bards patronised by these empires launched socio-religious and literary movements which have endured to the present day. Karnataka has contributed significantly to both forms of Indian classical music, the Carnatic (Karnataka Music) and Hindustani traditions. Writers in the Kannada language have received the most number of Jnanpith awards in India. Bangalore is the capital city of the state and is at the forefront of the rapid economic and technological development that India is experiencing.

Contents

History

Main articles: History of Karnataka, Political history of medieval Karnataka, and Origin of Karnataka's name
Hoysala Empire sculptural articulation in Belur

The history of Karnataka can be traced back to a paleolithic hand-axe culture evidenced by discoveries of, among other things, hand axes and cleavers in the region. Evidence of neolithic and megalithic cultures have also been found in the state. Gold discovered in Harappa was found to be imported from mines in Karnataka, prompting scholars to hypothesize about contacts between ancient Karnataka and the Indus Valley Civilization in 3000 BCE.[4][5] Prior to the third century BCE, most of Karnataka was part of the Nanda Empire before coming under the Mauryan empire of Emperor Ashoka. Four centuries of Satavahana rule followed, allowing them to control large areas of Karnataka. The decline of Satavahana power led to the rise of the earliest native kingdoms, the Kadambas and the Western Gangas, marking the region's emergence as an independent political entity. The Kadamba Dynasty, founded by Mayurasharma, had its capital at Banavasi;[6][7] the Western Ganga Dynasty was formed with Talakad as its capital.[8][9]

Statue of Ugranarasimha at Hampi, a UNESCO World Heritage Site

These were also the first kingdoms to use Kannada in administration, as evidenced by the Halmidi inscription and a fifth-century copper coin discovered at Banavasi.[10][11] These dynasties were followed by imperial Kannada empires such as the Badami Chalukyas,[12][13] the Rashtrakuta Empire of Manyakheta[14][15] and the Western Chalukya Empire,[16][17] which ruled over large parts of the Deccan and had their capitals in what is now Karnataka. The Western Chalukyas patronised a unique style of architecture and Kannada literature which became a precursor to the Hoysala art of 12th century.[18][19]

At the turn of the first millennium, the Hoysalas gained power in the region. Literature flourished during this time, which led to the distinctive Kannada literary metres and the construction of temples and sculptures adhering to the Vesara style of architecture.[20][21][22][23] The expansion of the Hoysala Empire brought parts of modern Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu under its rule. In the early 14th century, Harihara and Bukka Raya established the Vijayanagara empire with its capital, Hosapattana (later named Vijayanagara), on the banks of the Tungabhadra River in the modern Bellary district. The empire rose as a bulwark against Muslim advances into South India, which it completely controlled for over two centuries.[24][25]

In 1565, Karnataka and the rest of South India experienced a major geopolitical shift when the Vijayanagara Empire fell to a confederation of Islamic sultanates in the Battle of Talikota.[26] The Bijapur Sultanate, which had risen after the demise of the Bahmani Sultanate of Bidar, soon took control of the Deccan; it was defeated by the Moghuls in the late 17th century.[27][28] The Bahamani and Bijapur rulers encouraged Urdu and Persian literature and Indo-Saracenic architecture, the Gol Gumbaz being one of the high points of this style.[29]

An inveterate enemy of the British, Tippu Sultan was one of the most powerful rulers in India before the advent of the British Raj

In the period that followed, parts of northern Karnataka were ruled by the Nizam of Hyderabad, the British, and other powers. In the south, the Mysore Kingdom, former vassals of the Vijayanagara Empire, was briefly independent.[30] With the death of Krishnaraja Wodeyar II, Haidar Ali, the commander-in-chief of the Mysore army, gained control of the region. After his death, the kingdom was inherited by his son Tippu Sultan.[31] To contain European expansion in South India, Haidar Ali and later Tippu Sultan fought four significant Anglo-Mysore Wars, the last of which resulted in Tippu Sultan's death and the incorporation of Mysore into the British Raj in 1799.[32] The Kingdom of Mysore was restored to the Wodeyars and Mysore remained a princely state under the British Raj.

As the "doctrine of lapse" gave way to dissent and resistance from princely states across the country, Kittur Chennamma, Sangolli Rayanna and others spearheaded rebellions in Karnataka in 1830, nearly three decades before the Indian Rebellion of 1857. Other uprisings followed, such as the ones at Supa, Bagalkot, Shorapur, Nargund and Dandeli. These rebellions which coincided with the 1857 war of independence were led by Mundargi Bhimarao, Bhaskar Rao Bhave, the Halagali Bedas, Venkatappa Nayaka and others. By the late 19th century, the freedom movement had gained momentum; Karnad Sadashiva Rao, Aluru Venkata Raya, S. Nijalingappa, Kengal Hanumanthaiah, Nittoor Srinivasa Rau and others carried on the struggle into the early 20th century.[33]

After India's independence, the Maharaja, Jayachamarajendra Wodeyar, allowed his kingdom's accession to India. In 1950, Mysore became an Indian state of the same name; the former Maharaja served as its Rajpramukh (head of state) until 1975. Following the long-standing demand of the Ekikarana Movement, Kodagu and Kannada speaking regions from the adjoining states of Madras, Hyderabad and Bombay were incorporated into the Mysore state, under the States Reorganization Act of 1956. The thus expanded state was renamed Karnataka, seventeen years later, in 1973.[34]

Geography

Main articles: Geography of Karnataka and Rainfall in Karnataka
Jog Falls are the highest plunge waterfalls in India, formed by Sharavathi River

The state has three principal geographical zones: the coastal region of Karavali, the hilly Malnad region comprising the Western Ghats and the Bayaluseeme region comprising the plains of the Deccan plateau. The bulk of the state is in the Bayaluseeme region, the northern part of which is the second largest arid region in India.[35] The highest point in Karnataka is the Mullayanagiri hills in Chikkamagaluru district which has an altitude of 1,929 metres (6,329 ft). Some of the important rivers in Karnataka are the Kaveri, the Tungabhadra, the Krishna and the Sharavathi.

Karnataka consists of four main types of geological formations[36] — the Archean complex made up of Dharwad schists and granitic gneisses, the Proterozoic non-fossiliferous sedimentary formations of the Kaladgi and Bhima series, the Deccan trappean and intertrappean deposits and the tertiary and recent laterites and alluvial deposits. Significantly, about 60% of the state is composed of the Archean complex which consist of gneisses, granites and charnockite rocks. Laterite cappings that are found in many districts over the Deccan Traps were formed after the cessation of volcanic activity in the early tertiary period. Eleven groups of soil orders are found in Karnataka, viz. Entisols, Inceptisols, Mollisols, Spodosols, Alfisols, Ultisols, Oxisols, Aridisols, Vertisols, Andisols and Histosols.[36] Depending on the agricultural capability of the soil, the soil types are divided into six types, viz. Red, lateritic, black, alluvio-colluvial, forest and coastal soils.

Karnataka experiences four seasons. The winter in January and February is followed by summer between March and May, the monsoon season between June and September and the post-monsoon season from October till December. Meteorologically, Karnataka is divided into three zones — coastal, north interior and south interior. Of these, the coastal zone receives the heaviest rainfall with an average rainfall of about 3,638.5 mm (143 in) per annum, far in excess of the state average of 1,139 mm (45 in). Agumbe in the Shivamogga district receives the second highest annual rainfall in India.[37] The highest recorded temperature was 45.6 °C (114 °F) at Raichur and the lowest recorded temperature was 2.8 °C (37 °F) at Bidar.

About 38,724 km2 (14,951 sq mi) of Karnataka (i.e. 20% of the state's geographic area) is covered by forests. The forests are classified as reserved, protected, unclosed, village and private forests. The percentage of forested area is slightly less than the all-India average of about 23%, and significantly less than the 33% prescribed in the National Forest Policy.[38]

Sub-divisions

Main article: Districts of Karnataka
Districts of Karnataka

There are 29 districts in Karnataka—Bagalkote, Bengaluru Rural, Bengaluru Urban, Belgaum, Bellary, Bidar, Bijapur, Chamarajanagar, Chikkaballapur,[39] Chikkamagaluru, Chitradurga, Dakshina Kannada, Davanagere, Dharwad, Gadag, Gulbarga, Hassan, Haveri, Kodagu, Kolar, Koppal, Mandya, Mysore, Raichur, Ramanagara,[39] Shimoga, Tumkur, Udupi and Uttara Kannada. Each district is governed by a district commissioner or district magistrate. The districts are further divided into sub-divisions, which are governed by sub-divisional magistrates; sub-divisions comprise blocks containing panchayats (village councils) and town municipalities.

As per the 2001 census, Karnataka's six largest cities sorted in order of decreasing population were, Bangalore, Hubli-Dharwad, Mysore, Gulbarga, Belgaum and Mangalore. Bangalore is the only city with a population of more than one million. Bangalore Urban, Belgaum and Gulbarga are the most populous districts, each of them having a population of more than three million. Gadag, Chamarajanagar and Kodagu districts have a population of less than one million.[40]

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Karnataka

According to the 2001 census of India, the total population of Karnataka is 52,850,562, of which 26,898,918 (50.89%) are male and 25,951,644 (49.11%) are female, or 1000 males for every 964 females. This represents a 17.25% increase over the population in 1991. The population density is 275.6 per km² and 33.98% of the people live in urban areas. The literacy rate is 66.6% with 76.1% of males and 56.9% of females being literate.[2] 83% of the population are Hindu, 11% are Muslim, 4% are Christian, 0.78% are Jains, 0.73% are Buddhist, and with the remainder belonging to other religions.[41]

Kannada is the official language of Karnataka and spoken as a native language by about 64.75% of the people. Other linguistic minorities in the state as of 1991 are Urdu (9.72%), Telugu (8.34%), Marathi (3.95%), Tamil (3.82%), Tulu (3.38%), Hindi (1.87%), Konkani (1.78%), Malayalam (1.69%) and Kodava Takk (0.25%).[42] The state has a birth rate of 2.2%, a death rate of 0.72%, an infant mortality rate of 5.5% and a maternal mortality rate of 0.195%. The total fertility rate is 2.2.[43]

In the field of super-specialty health care, Karnataka's private sector competes with the best in the world.[44] Karnataka has also established a modicum of public health services having a better record of health care and child care than most other states of India. In spite of these advances, some parts of the state still leave much to be desired when it comes to primary health care.[45]

Government and administration

Main articles: Government of Karnataka, Unification of Karnataka, and Taluks of Karnataka
Vidhana Soudha in Bangalore (seat of the Legislative Assembly)

Karnataka, like other Indian states, has a parliamentary system of government with two democratically elected houses, the Legislative Assembly and the Legislative Council. The Legislative Assembly consists of 224 members who are elected for five-year terms.[46] The Legislative Council is a permanent body of 75 members with one-third (25 members) retiring every two years.[46]

The government of Karnataka is headed by the Chief Minister who is chosen by the ruling party members of the Legislative Assembly. The Chief Minister, along with the council of ministers, drives the legislative agenda and exercises most of the executive powers.[47] However, the constitutional and formal head of the state is the Governor who is appointed for a five-year term by the President of India on the advice of the Union government.[48] The citizens of Karnataka also elect 28 members to the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Indian Parliament.[49] The members of the state Legislative Assembly elect 12 members to the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of the Indian Parliament.

The emblem of Karnataka state
The Flag of Karnataka state

For administrative purposes, Karnataka has been divided into four revenue divisions, 49 sub-divisions, 29 districts, 175 taluks and 745 hoblies/revenue circles.[50] The administration in each district is headed by a Deputy Commissioner who belongs to the Indian Administrative Service and is assisted by a number of officers belonging to Karnataka state services. The Deputy Commissioner of Police, an officer belonging to the Indian Police Service and assisted by the officers of the Karnataka Police Service, is entrusted with the responsibility of maintaining law and order and related issues in each district. The Deputy Conservator of Forests, an officer belonging to the Indian Forest Service, also serves the government. Sectoral development in the districts is looked after by the district head of each development department such as Public Works Department, Health, Education, Agriculture, Animal Husbandry, etc. The judiciary in the state consists of the Karnataka High Court (Attara Kacheri) in Bangalore, district and session courts in each district and lower courts and judges at the taluk level.

Politics in Karnataka has been dominated by three political parties, the Indian National Congress, the Janata Dal (Secular) and the Bharatiya Janata Party.[51] Politicians from Karnataka have played prominent roles in federal government of India with some of them having held the high positions of Prime Minister and Vice President. Border disputes involving Karnataka's claim on the Kasaragod[52] and Sholapur[53] districts and Maharashtra's claim on Belgaum are ongoing since the states reorganisation.[54] The official emblem of Karnataka has a Ganda Berunda in the centre. Surmounting this are four lions facing the four directions, taken from the Lion Capital of Asoka at Sarnath. The emblem also carries two Sharabhas with the head of an elephant and the body of a lion.

Economy

Main articles: Economy of Karnataka, Software industry in Karnataka, and Banking in Karnataka
GSDP Growth of the Karnatakan Economy over the previous years

Karnataka, which had an estimated GSDP (Gross State Domestic Product) of about Rs. 2152.82 billion ($ 51.25 billion) in the 2007-2008 fiscal year, is one of the more economically progressive states in India.[55]

The state registered a GSDP growth rate of 7% for the year 2007-2008.[56] Karnataka's contribution to India's GDP in the year 2004-05 was 5.2%.[57] Karnataka was the fastest growing state over the past decade in terms of GDP and per capita GDP. With GDP growth of 56.2% and per capita GDP growth of 43.9%, Karnataka now has the sixth highest per-capita GDP of all states.[58] Till September 2006 Karnataka received a Foreign Direct Investment of Rs. 78.097 billion ($ 1.7255 billion) for the fiscal year 2006-07, placing it third among the states of India.[59] At the end of 2004, the unemployment rate in Karnataka was 4.94% compared to the national rate of 5.99%.[60] For the fiscal year 2006-07, the inflation rate in Karnataka was 4.4%, compared to the national average of 4.7%.[61] As of 2004-05, Karnataka had an estimated poverty ratio of 17%, less than the national ratio of 27.5%.[62]

Nearly 56% of the workforce in Karnataka is engaged in agriculture and related activities.[63] A total of 12.31 million hectares of land, or 64.6% of the state's total area, is cultivated.[64] Much of the agricultural output is dependent on the southwest monsoon as only 26.5% of the sown area is irrigated.[64]

Karnataka is the manufacturing hub for some of the largest public sector industries in India, including Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, National Aerospace Laboratories, Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited, Indian Telephone Industries, Bharat Earth Movers Limited and Hindustan Machine Tools, which are based in Bangalore. Many of India's premier science and technology research centers, such as Indian Space Research Organization, Central Power Research Institute ,Bharat Electronics Limited and the Central Food Technological Research Institute, are also headquartered in Karnataka. Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Limited is an oil refinery located in Mangalore.

Since the 1980s, Karnataka has emerged as the pan-Indian leader in the field of IT (information technology). As of 2007, there were nearly 2,000 firms operating out of Karnataka. Many of them, including two of India's biggest software firms, Infosys and Wipro are also headquartered in the state.[65] Exports from these firms exceeded Rs. 50,000 crores ($12.5 billion) in 2006-07, accounting for nearly 38% of all IT exports from India.[65] All this has earned the state capital, Bangalore, the sobriquet Silicon Valley of India.[66]

Contribution to economy by sector

Karnataka also leads the nation in biotechnology. It is home to India's largest biocluster, with 158 of the country's 320 biotechnology firms being based here.[67] The state also accounts for 75% of India's floriculture, an upcoming industry which supplies flowers and ornamental plants worldwide.[68]

Seven of India's leading banks, Canara Bank, Syndicate Bank, Corporation Bank, Vijaya Bank, Karnataka Bank, Vysya Bank and the State Bank of Mysore originated in this state.[69] The coastal districts of Udupi and Dakshina Kannada have a branch for every 500 persons -- the best distribution of banks in India.[70] As of March 2002, Karnataka had 4767 branches of different banks with each branch serving 11,000 persons, which is lower than the national average of 16,000.[71]

Transport

Main articles: Transportation in Karnataka and List of National Highways in Karnataka
Kingfisher Airlines which is based in Bangalore.

Air transport in Karnataka, as in the rest of the country, is still a fledgling but fast expanding sector. Karnataka has airports at Bangalore, Mangalore, Hubli, Belgaum, Hampi and Bellary with international operations from Bangalore and Mangalore airports. Airports at Mysore, Gulbarga, Bijapur, Hassan and Shimoga are expected to be operational by the end of 2007.[72] Major airlines such as Kingfisher Airlines and Air Deccan are based in Bangalore.

Karnataka has a railway network with a total length of approximately 3,089 kilometres (1,919 mi). Until the creation of the South Western Zone headquartered at Hubli in 2003, the railway network in the state was in the Southern and Western railway zones. Several parts of the state now come under the South Western Zone, with the remainder under the Southern Railways. Coastal Karnataka is covered under the Konkan railway network which was considered India's biggest railway project of the century.[73] Bangalore is extensively connected with inter-state destinations while other important cities and towns in the state are not so well-connected.[74][75]

Karnataka has 11 ports, including the New Mangalore Port, a major port and ten other minor ports.[76] The New Mangalore port was incorporated as the ninth major port in India on May 4, 1974. This port handled 32.04 million tonnes of traffic in the fiscal year 2006-07 with 17.92 million tonnes of imports and 14.12 million tonnes of exports. The port also handled 1015 vessels including 18 cruise vessels during the year 2006-07. The inland water transport within the state is not well developed.

The total lengths of National Highways and state highways in Karnataka are 3,973 kilometres (2,469 mi) and 9,829 kilometres (6,107 mi), respectively. The KSRTC, the state public transport corporation, transports an average of 2.2 million passengers daily and employs about 25,000 people.[77] In the late nineties, KSRTC was split into three corporations, viz., The Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation, The North-West Karnataka Road Transport Corporation and The North-East Karnataka Road Transport Corporation with their headquarters in Bangalore, Hubli and Gulbarga respectively.[77]

Culture

Main articles: Art and culture of Karnataka, Carnatic Music, Cuisine of Karnataka, and Kannadigas
A Yakshagana artist

The diverse linguistic and religious ethnicities that are native to Karnataka combined with their long histories have contributed immensely to the varied cultural heritage of the state. Apart from Kannadigas, Karnataka is home to Tuluvas, Kodavas and Konkanis. Minor populations of Tibetan Buddhists and tribes like the Soligas, Yeravas, Todas and Siddhis also live in Karnataka. The traditional folk arts cover the entire gamut of music, dance, drama, storytelling by itinerant troupes, etc. Yakshagana of coastal Karnataka, a classical folk play, is one of the major theatrical forms of Karnataka. Contemporary theatre culture in Karnataka remains vibrant with organizations like Ninasam, Ranga Shankara, Rangayana and Prabhat Kalavidaru continuing to build on the foundations laid by Gubbi Veeranna, T. P. Kailasam, B. V. Karanth, K V Subbanna, Prasanna and others.[78] Veeragase, Kamsale and Dollu Kunitha are popular dance forms. The Mysore style of Bharatanatya nurtured and popularised by the likes of the legendary Jatti Tayamma continues to hold sway in Karnataka and Bangalore also enjoys an eminent place as one of the foremost centers of Bharatanatya.[79]

Karnataka also has a special place in the world of Indian classical music with both Karnataka[80](Carnatic) and Hindustani styles finding place in the state and Karnataka has produced a number of stalwarts in both styles. While referring to music the word 'Karnataka', the original name given to the South Indian classical music[1] does not mean the state of Karnataka. The Haridasa movement of the sixteenth century contributed seminally to the development of Karnataka (Carnatic) music as a performing art form. Purandara Dasa, one of the most revered Haridasas, is known as the Karnataka Sangeeta Pitamaha ('Father of Karnataka a.k.a.Carnatic music').[81] Celebrated Hindustani musicians like Gangubai Hangal, Mallikarjun Mansur, Bhimsen Joshi, Basavaraja Rajaguru, Sawai Gandharva and several others hail from Karnataka and some of them have been recipients of the Kalidas Samman, Padma Bhushan and Padma Vibhushan awards.

Dharwad pedha

Gamaka is another classical music genre based on Carnatic music that is practiced in Karnataka. Kannada Bhavageete is a genre of popular music that draws inspiration from the expressionist poetry of modern poets. The Mysore school of painting has produced painters like Sundarayya, Tanjavur Kondayya, B. Venkatappa and Keshavayya.[82] Chitrakala Parishat is an organisation in Karnataka dedicated to promoting painting, mainly in the Mysore painting style.

Saree is the traditional dress of women in Karnataka. Women in Kodagu have a distinct style of wearing the saree, different from the rest of Karnataka.[83] Dhoti, known as Panche in Karnataka is the traditional attire of men. Shirt, Trousers and Salwar kameez are widely worn in Urban areas. Mysore peta is the traditional headgear of southern Karnataka, while the pagadi (similar to the Rajasthani turban) is preferred in the northern areas of the state.

Rice and Ragi form the staple food in South Karnataka, whereas Sorghum is staple to North Karnataka. Apart from this, coastal Karnataka and Kodagu have a distinctive cuisine of their own. Bisi bele bath, Jolada rotti, Ragi mudde, Uppittu, Masala Dose and Maddur Vade are some of the popular food items in Karnataka. Among sweets, Mysore Pak, Belgaavi Kunda, Gokak karadantu and Dharwad pedha are popular.

Religion

Main articles: Religion in Karnataka, Haridasa, and Virashaiva
The Gomateswara (982-983) monolith at Shravanabelagola, one of the foremost centers of Jain pilgrimage today

The three most important schools of Hindu philosophy, Advaita, Vishistadvaita and Dvaita blossomed in Karnataka.[84] While Madhvacharya was born in Karnataka, Adi Shankaracharya chose Sringeri in Karnataka to establish the first of his four mathas. Ramanujacharya, who fled persecution by the Cholas in modern Tamil Nadu, spent many years in Melkote.[85] In the twelfth century, Veerashaivism emerged in northern Karnataka as a protest against the rigidity of the prevailing social and caste system. Leading figures of this movement were Basava, Akka Mahadevi and Allama Prabhu, who established the Anubhava Mantapa where the philosophy of Shakti Vishishtadvaita was expounded. This was the basis of the Lingayat faith which today counts millions among its followers.[86] The Jain philosophy and literature have contributed immensely to the religious and cultural landscape of Karnataka.

Islam, which had an early presence on the west coast of India as early as the tenth century, gained a foothold in Karnataka with the rise of the Bahamani and Bijapur sultanates that ruled parts of Karnataka.[87] Christianity reached Karnataka in the sixteenth century with the arrival of the Portuguese and St. Francis Xavier in 1545.[88] Buddhism was popular in Karnataka during the first millennium in places such as Gulbarga and Banavasi. A chance discovery of edicts and several Mauryan relics at Sannati in Gulbarga district in 1986 has proven that the Krishna River basin was once home to both Mahayana and Hinayana Buddhism.

Mysore Dasara is celebrated as the Nada habba (state festival) and this is marked by major festivities at Mysore.[89] Ugadi (Kannada New Year), Makara Sankranti (the harvest festival), Ganesh Chaturthi, Nagapanchami, Basava Jayanthi, Deepavali, and Ramzan are the other major festivals of Karnataka.

Language

Main articles: Kannada language, Tulu, Kodava Takk, Konkani language, and Kannada literature
Halmidi inscription (450 CE) is the earliest attested inscription in Kannada language

The Kannada language is the official language of the state, the native language of approximately 65% of its population and one of the classical languages of India.[90][91] Kannada played a crucial role in the creation of Karnataka since linguistic demographics was a major criterion chosen to create the state in 1956. Tulu, Kodava Takk and Konkani are other major native languages that share a long history in the state. Urdu is spoken widely by the Muslim population. Less widely spoken languages include Beary bashe and certain dialects such as Sankethi. Kannada features a rich and ancient body of literature covering topics as diverse as Jainism, Vachanas, Haridasa Sahitya and modern literature. Evidence from edicts during the time of Ashoka the Great suggest that the Kannada script and its literature were influenced by Buddhist literature. The Halmidi inscription, the earliest attested full-length inscription in the Kannada language and script, is dated to 450 CE while the earliest available literary work, the Kavirajamarga, has been dated to 850 CE. References made in the Kavirajamarga, however, prove that Kannada literature flourished in the Chattana, Beddande and Melvadu metres during earlier centuries.[92]

Kuvempu, the renowned Kannada poet and writer who wrote Jaya Bharata Jananiya Tanujate, the state anthem of Karnataka[93] was the first recipient of the "Karnataka Ratna" award, the highest civilian award bestowed by the Government of Karnataka. Contemporary Kannada literature is well recognized in the arena of Indian literature, with seven Kannada writers winning India's highest literary honour, the Jnanpith award, which is the highest for any language in India.[94] Tulu is spoken mainly in the coastal districts of Udupi and Dakshina Kannada. Tulu Mahabharato, written by Arunabja in Tulu script, is the oldest surviving Tulu text.[95] The Tulu language now uses the Kannada script due to the gradual decline of the Tulu script, which was in use until a few centuries ago. The Kodavas who mainly reside in the Kodagu district, speak Kodava Takk. Two regional variations of the language exist, the northern Mendale Takka and the southern Kiggaati Takka.[96] Konkani is mostly spoken in the Uttara Kannada district and in some parts of the Udupi and Dakshina Kannada districts. Both Kodava Takk and Konkani use the Kannada script for writing. English is the medium of education in many schools and widely used for business communication in technology-related companies and BPOs.

All of the state's languages are patronised and promoted by governmental and quasi-governmental bodies. The Kannada Sahitya Parishat and the Kannada Sahitya Akademi are responsible for the promotion of Kannada while the Karnataka Konkani Sahitya Akademi,[97] The Tulu Sahitya Akademi and the Kodava Sahitya Akademi promote their respective languages.

Education

Main article: Education in Karnataka
Indian Institute of Science, one of the premier institutes of India located in Bangalore

As per the 2001 census, Karnataka had a literacy rate of 67.04%, with 76.29% of males and 57.45% of females in the state being literate.[98] The state is home to some of the premier educational and research institutions of India such as the Indian Institute of Science, the Indian Institute of Management, the National Institute of Technology Karnataka and the National Law School of India University.

As of March 2006, Karnataka had 54,529 primary schools with 252,875 teachers and 8.495 million students,[99] and 9498 secondary schools with 92,287 teachers and 1.384 million students.[99] There are three kinds of schools in the state, viz., government-run, private aided (financial aid is provided by the government) and private unaided (no financial aid is provided). The primary languages of instruction in most schools are Kannada and English. The syllabus taught in the schools is either of the CBSE, the ICSE or the state syllabus (SSLC) defined by the Department of Public Instruction of the Government of Karnataka. In order to maximize attendance in schools, the Karnataka Government has launched a mid-day meal scheme in government and aided schools in which free lunch is provided to the students.[100] Statewide board examinations are conducted at the end of the period of secondary education and students who qualify are allowed to pursue a two-year pre-university course; after which students become eligible to pursue under-graduate degrees.

There are 481 degree colleges affiliated with one of the universities in the state, viz. Bangalore University, Gulbarga University, Karnatak University, Kuvempu University, Mangalore University and Mysore University.[101] In 1998, the engineering colleges in the state were brought under the newly-formed Visvesvaraya Technological University headquartered at Belgaum, whereas the medical colleges are run under the jurisdiction of the Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences. Some of these baccalaureate colleges are accredited with the status of a deemed university. There are 123 engineering, 35 medical and 40 dental colleges in the state.[102] Udupi, Sringeri, Gokarna and Melkote are well-known places of Sanskrit and Vedic learning.

Media

Main article: Media in Karnataka

The era of Kannada newspapers started in the year 1843 when Hermann Mögling, a missionary from Basel Mission, published the first Kannada newspaper called Mangalooru Samachara in Mangalore. The first Kannada periodical, Mysuru Vrittanta Bodhini was started by Bhashyam Bhashyacharya in Mysore. Shortly after Indian independence in 1948, K. N. Guruswamy founded The Printers (Mysore) Private Limited and began publishing two newspapers, the Deccan Herald and Prajavani. Presently the Times of India and Vijaya Karnataka are the largest-selling English and Kannada newspapers respectively.[103][104] A vast number of weekly, biweekly and monthly magazines are under publication in both Kannada and English. Udayavani, Kannadaprabha, Samyukta Karnataka, Vaartha Bharathi, Sanjevani, Eesanje, Karavali Ale are also some popular dailies published from Karnataka.

Doordarshan is the broadcaster of the Government of India and its channel DD Chandana is dedicated to Kannada. Prominent Kannada channels include ETV Kannada, Zee Kannada, Udaya TV, U2, TV 9, Asianet Suvarna and Kasturi TV.[105]

Karnataka occupies a special place in the history of Indian radio. In 1935, Aakashvani, the first private radio station in India, was started by Prof. M.V. Gopalaswamy at Mysore.[106] The popular radio station was taken over by the local municipality and later by All India Radio (AIR) and moved to Bangalore in 1955. Later in 1957, AIR adopted the original name of the radio station, Aakashavani as its own. Some of the popular programs aired by AIR Bangalore included Nisarga Sampada and Sasya Sanjeevini which were programs that taught science through songs, plays and stories. These two programs became so popular that they were translated and broadcasted in 18 different languages and the entire series was recorded on cassettes by the Government of Karnataka and distributed to thousands of schools across the state.[106] Karnataka has witnessed a growth in FM radio channels mainly in the city of Bangalore which has around 10 such channels and these have become hugely popular.[107][108]

Sports

Main article: Sports in Karnataka
Anil Kumble, the captain of current Indian Test team, is the highest wicket-taker for India in international cricket

Karnataka's smallest district, Kodagu, is a major contributor to Indian field hockey, producing numerous players who have represented India at the international level.[109] The annual Kodava Hockey Festival is the largest hockey tournament in the world.[110] Bangalore has hosted a WTA tennis event and, in 1997, it hosted the fourth National Games of India.[111] The Sports Authority of India, the premier sports institute in the country, and the Nike Tennis Academy are also situated in Bangalore. Karnataka has been referred to as the cradle of Indian swimming because of its high standards in comparison to other states.[112]

One of the most popular sports in Karnataka is cricket. The state cricket team has won the Ranji Trophy six times, second only to Mumbai in terms of success.[113] Chinnaswamy Stadium in Bangalore regularly hosts international matches and is also the home of the National Cricket Academy, which was opened in 2000 to nurture potential international players. Many cricketers have represented India and in one international match held in the 1990s; players from Karnataka composed the majority of the national team.[114][115] Sports like kho kho, kabaddi, chinni daandu and goli (marbles) are played mostly in Karnataka's rural areas.

Notable sportsmen from Karnataka include Prakash Padukone who won the All England Badminton Championships in 1980 and Pankaj Advani who has won three world titles in cue sports by the age of 20 including the amateur World Snooker Championship in 2003 and the World Billiards Championship in 2005.[116][117]

Flora and fauna

Main article: Wildlife of Karnataka
The state bird, Indian Roller

Karnataka has a rich diversity of flora and fauna. It has a recorded forest area of 38,720 km2 (14,950 sq mi) which constitutes 20.19% of the total geographical area of the state. These forests support 25% of the elephant and 10% of the tiger population of India. Many regions of Karnataka are as yet unexplored, so new species of flora and fauna are found periodically. The Western Ghats, a biodiversity hotspot, includes the western region of Karnataka. Two sub-clusters in the Western Ghats, viz. Talacauvery and Kudremukh, both in Karnataka, are on the tentative list of World Heritage Sites of UNESCO.[118] The Bandipur and Nagarahole National Parks, which fall outside these subclusters, were included in the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve in 1986, a UNESCO designation.[119] The Indian roller and the Indian elephant are recognized as the state bird and animal while sandalwood and the lotus are recognized as the state tree and flower respectively. Karnataka has five national parks: Anshi, Bandipur, Bannerghatta, Kudremukh and Nagarhole.[120] It also has 25 wildlife sanctuaries of which seven are bird sanctuaries[120].

Wild animals that are found in Karnataka include the elephant, the tiger, the leopard, the gaur, the sambar deer, the chital or spotted deer, the muntjac, the bonnet macaque, the slender loris, the common palm civet, the small Indian civet, the sloth bear, the dhole, the striped hyena and the golden jackal. Some of the birds found here are the Great Hornbill, the Malabar Pied Hornbill, the Ceylon frogmouth, herons, ducks, kites, eagles, falcons, quails, partridges, lapwings, sandpipers, pigeons, doves, parakeets, cuckoos, owls, nightjars, swifts, kingfishers, bee-eaters and munias.[120] Some species of trees found in Karnataka are Callophyllum tomentosa, Callophyllum wightianum, Garcina cambogia, Garcina morealla, Alstonia scholaris, Flacourtia montana, Artocarpus hirsutus, Artocarpus lacoocha, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Grewia tilaefolia, Santalum album, Shorea talura, Emblica officinalis, Vitex altissima and Wrightia tinctoria. Wildlife in Karnataka is threatened by poaching, habitat destruction, human-wildlife conflict and pollution.[120]

Tourism

Main article: Karnataka tourism
Gol Gumbaz at Bijapur, has the second largest pre-modern dome in the world after the Byzantine Hagia Sophia
Mysore Palace at Mysore is one of the most visited monuments in India
Jog Falls One of the Highest Falls in the world located in Shimoga dist of Karnataka State
Shiva Statue on Murudeshwara hill; One of the tallest statues of Hindu deity Shiva
Gokak Falls (Ghataprabha river): Asia's first hydro-electricity power generation unit setup in 1880s

. [121] Karnataka has the second highest number of nationally protected monuments in India, second only to Uttar Pradesh,[122] in addition to 752 monuments protected by the State Directorate of Archaeology and Museums. Another 25,000 monuments are yet to receive protection.[123][124]

The districts of the Western ghats and the southern districts of the state have popular eco-tourism locations including Kudremukh, Madikeri and Agumbe. Karnataka has 25 wildlife sanctuaries and five national parks. Popular among them are Bandipur National Park, Bannerghatta National Park and Nagarhole National Park. The ruins of the Vijayanagara Empire at Hampi and the monuments of Pattadakal are on the list of UNESCO's World Heritage Sites. The cave temples at Badami and the rock-cut temples at Aihole representing the Badami Chalukyan style of architecture are also popular tourist destinations. The Hoysala temples at Belur and Halebidu, which were built with Chloritic schist (soap stone) are proposed UNESCO World Heritage sites.[125] The Gol Gumbaz and Ibrahim Rauza are famous examples of the Deccan Sultanate style of architecture. The monolith of Gomateshwara at Shravanabelagola is the tallest sculpted monolith in the world, attracting tens of thousands of pilgrims during the Mahamastakabhisheka festival.[126]

The waterfalls of Karnataka and Kudremukh National Park are listed as must-see places and among the "1001 Natural Wonders of the World".[127] Jog Falls is India's tallest single-tiered waterfall with Gokak Falls, Unchalli Falls, Magod Falls, Abbey Falls and Shivanasamudra Falls among other popular waterfalls.

Several popular beaches dot the coastline including Murudeshwara, Gokarna and Karwar. In addition, Karnataka is home to several places of religious importance. Several Hindu temples including the famous Udupi Krishna Temple, the Marikamba Temple at Sirsi , the Sri Manjunatha Temple at Dharmasthala, Sri Subramanya Temple at Kukke and Sharadamba Temple at Sringeri attract pilgrims from all over India. Most of the holy sites of Lingayats, like Kudalasangama and Basavana Bagewadi, are found in northern parts of the state. Shravanabelagola, Mudabidri and Karkala are famous for Jain history and monuments. The Jaina faith had a stronghold in Karnataka in the early medieval period with Shravanabelagola as its most important center.

Recently Karnataka has emerged as a hot spot for health care tourism. Karnataka has the highest number of approved health systems and alternative therapies in India. Along with some ISO certified government-owned hospitals, private institutions which provide international-quality services have caused the health care industry to grow by 30% during 2004-05. Hospitals in Karnataka treat around 8,000 health tourists every year.[44]

Notes

  1. ↑ "State-wise break up of National Parks". Wildlife Institute of India. Government of India. Retrieved on 2007-06-12.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Statistical Hand Book - Economic Indicators for All States". Government of Tamil Nadu: Department of Economics and Statistics. Government of Tamil Nadu. Archived from the original on 2007-02-22. Retrieved on 2007-11-01.
  3. ↑ See Lord Macaulay's life of Clive and James Tallboys Wheeler: Early History of British India, London (1878) p.98. The principal meaning is the western half of this area, but the rulers there controlled the Coromandel Coast as well.
  4. ↑ S. Ranganathan. "THE Golden Heritage of Karnataka". Department of Metallurgy. Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore. Retrieved on 2007-06-07.
  5. ↑ "Trade". The British Museum. Retrieved on 2007-05-06.
  6. ↑ From the Talagunda inscription (Dr. B. L. Rice in Kamath (2001), p. 30.)
  7. ↑ Moares (1931), p. 10.
  8. ↑ Adiga and Sheik Ali in Adiga (2006), p. 89.
  9. ↑ Ramesh (1984), pp. 1–2.
  10. ↑ From the Halmidi inscription (Ramesh 1984, pp. 10–11.)
  11. ↑ Kamath (2001), p. 10.
  12. ↑ The Chalukyas hailed from present-day Karnataka (Keay (2000), p. 168.)
  13. ↑ The Chalukyas were native Kannadigas (N. Laxminarayana Rao and Dr. S. C. Nandinath in Kamath (2001), p. 57.)
  14. ↑ Altekar (1934), pp. 21–24.
  15. ↑ Masica (1991), pp. 45–46.
  16. ↑ Balagamve in Mysore territory was an early power centre (Cousens (1926), pp. 10, 105.)
  17. ↑ Tailapa II, the founder king was the governor of Tardavadi in modern Bijapur district, under the Rashtrakutas (Kamath (2001), p. 101.)
  18. ↑ Kamath (2001), p. 115.
  19. ↑ Foekema (2003), p. 9.
  20. ↑ Kamath (2001), pp. 132–134.
  21. ↑ Sastri (1955), pp. 358–359, 361.
  22. ↑ Foekema (1996), p. 14.
  23. ↑ Kamath (2001), pp. 122–124.
  24. ↑ Kamath (2001), pp. 157–160.
  25. ↑ Kulke and Rothermund (2004), p. 188.
  26. ↑ Kamath (2001), pp. 190–191.
  27. ↑ Kamath (2001), p. 201.
  28. ↑ Kamath (2001), p. 202.
  29. ↑ Kamath (2001), p. 207.
  30. ↑ Kamath (2001), p. 171.
  31. ↑ Kamath (2001), pp. 171, 173, 174, 204.
  32. ↑ Kamath (2001), pp. 231–234.
  33. ↑ Kamath, Suryanath (2007-05-20). "The rising in the south". The Printers (Mysore) Private Limited. Retrieved on 2007-07-20.
  34. ↑ Ninan, Prem Paul (2005-11-01). "History in the making". Deccan Herald. Retrieved on 2007-07-24.
  35. ↑ Menon, Parvathi. "Karnataka's agony". The Frontline, Volume 18 - Issue 17, Aug. 18 - 31, 2001. Frontline. Retrieved on 2007-05-04.
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 Ramachandra T.V. and Kamakshi G.. "Bioresource Potential of Karnataka" (PDF). Technical Report No. 109, November 2005. Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore. Retrieved on 2007-05-05.
  37. ↑ Agumbe's receiving the second highest rainfall in India is mentioned by Ghose, Arabinda. "Link Godavari, Krishna & Cauvery". The Central Chronicle, dated 2007-03-28. 2007, Central Chronicle. Retrieved on 2007-05-16.
  38. ↑ "Karnataka - An Introduction". Official website of the Karnataka legislature. Retrieved on 2007-10-04.
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 "2 new districts notified in Bangalore". The Times of India, dated 2007-08-06. Retrieved on 2007-08-09.
  40. ↑ "Karnataka, Population: Persons (Total)". Census of India, 2001. Retrieved on 2007-10-04.
  41. ↑ "India (Religion), Census of 2001". Census of India. Registrar General, Government of India. Retrieved on 2007-06-15.
  42. ↑ A. R. Fatihi. "Urdu in Karnataka". 'Language in India, Volume 2 : 2002-12-09. M. S. Thirumalai, Managing Editor, Language in India. Retrieved on 2007-06-29.
  43. ↑ "Envisaging a healthy growth". The Frontline. The Hindu. Retrieved on 2007-06-21.
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 "Karnataka bets big on healthcare tourism". The Hindu Business Line, dated 2004-11-23. 2004, The Hindu. Retrieved on 2007-06-21.
  45. ↑ "Ticking child healthcare time bomb". 'The Education World'. Education World. Retrieved on 2007-06-21.
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 "Origin and Growth of Karnataka Legislature". The Government of Karnataka. Government of Karnataka. Retrieved on 2007-05-05.
  47. ↑ Pylee, M. V. 2003. Constitutional government in India. New Delhi: S. Chand & Co, p. 365.
  48. ↑ "The Head of the State is called the Governor who is the constitutional head of the state as the President is for the whole of India", Pylee, M. V. 2003. Constitutional government in India. New Delhi: S. Chand & Co, p. 357.
  49. ↑ "Lok Sabha-Introduction". The Indian Parliament. Govt. of India. Retrieved on 2007-06-04.
  50. ↑ "Statistics - Karnataka state". The Forest Department. Government of Karnataka. Retrieved on 2007-06-04.
  51. ↑ "Karnataka Politics - Suspense till January 27". OurKarnataka.com. OurKarnataka.Com,Inc.. Retrieved on 2007-06-04.
  52. ↑ "'Government not keen on solving Kasaragod dispute'", The Hindu (2005-10-24). Retrieved on 2007-10-25. 
  53. ↑ "Border row: Government told to find permanent solution", The Hindu (2006-09-29). Retrieved on 2007-10-25. 
  54. ↑ "Border dispute saves NCP the blushes", The Times of India (September 26, 2006). Retrieved on 2007-11-01. 
  55. ↑ "Highlight's of Karnataka Budget 2008-09" (PDF). The Finance Department. Government of Karnataka. Retrieved on 2008-08-19.
  56. ↑ A. Srinivas. "Karnataka budget based on 5% inflation rate". The Hindu, dated 2008-07-21. 2008, The Hindu Business Line. Retrieved on 2008-08-19.
  57. ↑ "Statement: Gross State Domestic Product at Current Prices". The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation. Government of India. Retrieved on 2007-06-11.
  58. ↑ "In terms of per capita GDP — Karnataka, Bengal fastest growing States". The Hindu, dated 2005-06-09. 2005, The Hindu. Retrieved on 2007-06-11.
  59. ↑ Government of India. "Foreign Direct Investment" (PDF). Indian budget - 2007. Retrieved on 2007-06-11.
  60. ↑ Government of India. "Employment and Unemployment" (PDF). Indian budget - 2007. Retrieved on 2007-06-19.
  61. ↑ "Budget 2006-2007". The Finance Department. Government of Karnataka. Retrieved on 2007-06-19.
  62. ↑ "Poverty estimates for 2004-2005" (PDF). The Planning Commission. Government of India. Retrieved on 2007-07-18.
  63. ↑ "Karnataka Human Development Report 2005" (PDF). The Planning Commission. Government of India. Retrieved on 2007-06-04.
  64. ↑ 64.0 64.1 "Karnataka Agricultural Policy 2006" (PDF). Department of Agriculture. Government of Karnataka. Retrieved on 2007-06-04.
  65. ↑ 65.0 65.1 "IT exports from Karnataka cross Rs 50k cr". The Financial Express, dated 2007-05-22. 2007: Indian Express Newspapers (Mumbai) Ltd.. Retrieved on 2007-06-05.
  66. ↑ "India in Business". Ministry of External affairs. Government of India. Retrieved on 2007-06-11.
  67. ↑ "Bangalore tops biocluster list with Rs 1,400-cr revenue". The Hindu Business Line, dated 2006-06-08. © 2006, The Hindu Business Line. Retrieved on 2007-06-05.
  68. ↑ "Floriculture". OneIndia News, June 12, 2007. www.Karnataka.com. Retrieved on 2007-06-12.
  69. ↑ Ravi Sharma. "Building on a strong base". The Frontline, Volume 22 - Issue 21, Oct. 08 - 21, 2005. Frontline. Retrieved on 2007-06-21.
  70. ↑ Ravi Sharma. "A pioneer's progress". The Frontline, Volume 20 - Issue 15, July 19 - August 1, 2003. Frontline. Retrieved on 2007-06-21.
  71. ↑ "State/Union Territory-Wise Number of Branches of Scheduled Commercial Banks and Average Population Per Bank Branch – March 2002" (PDF). Online webpage of the Reserve Bank of India. Retrieved on 2007-06-21.
  72. ↑ "5 airports to be functional soon". Online Webpage of The Deccan Herald, dated 2007-06-05. 2007, The Printers (Mysore) Private Ltd.. Retrieved on 2007-06-29.
  73. ↑ "Prime Minister to Dedicate Konkan Railway Line to Nation on May 1". Press Information Bereau. Government of India. Retrieved on 2007-07-18.
  74. ↑ "Pilot project: GPS system on B’lore-Hubli Jan Shatabdi". Online Edition of the Deccan Herald, dated 2006-12-25. 2005, The Printers (Mysore) Private Ltd.. Retrieved on 2007-05-06.
  75. ↑ GS Prasanna Kumar. "Karnataka and Indian Railways, Colossal wastage of available resources or is it sheer madness of the authorities concerned". Online webpage of OurKarnataka.com. OurKarnataka.Com,Inc. Retrieved on 2007-04-20.
  76. ↑ "Minor Ports of Karnataka". Online Webpage of Karnataka Ports Department. Government of Karnataka. Retrieved on 2007-05-06.
  77. ↑ 77.0 77.1 "About KSRTC". Online webpage of KSRTC. KSRTC. Retrieved on 2007-05-06.
  78. ↑ Chief Editor:H Chittaranjan. 2005. Handbook of Karnataka, Gazetteer Department of the Government of Karnataka, Chapter XIII, pp. 332–337.
  79. ↑ H Chittaranjan (chief editor). 2005. Handbook of Karnataka, Gazetteer Department of the Government of Karnataka, Chapter XIII, pp. 350–352.
  80. ↑ Karnataka Music as Aesthetic Form/R. Sathyanarayana. New Delhi, Centre for Studies in Civilizations, 2004, xiii, 185 p.,ISBN 81-87586-16-8.
  81. ↑ Dr. Jytosna Kamat. "Purandara Dasa". Kamats Potpourri. Retrieved on 2006-12-31.
  82. ↑ Kamath (2001), p. 283.
  83. ↑ K. Jeshi. "Revisiting textile traditions". Online Edition of The Hindu, dated 2006-09-12. The Hindu. Retrieved on 2007-07-24.
  84. ↑ Kamath (2001), p. 148.
  85. ↑ Fearing persecution by the Cholas who were staunch Shaivaites, Ramanujacharya came to Karnataka in 1098 and lived there until 1122. He first lived in Tondanur and then moved to Melkote where the Cheluvanarayana Temple and a well organised Matha were built. He was patronized by the Hoysala king, Vishnuvardhana. Kamath (2001), pp. 150–152
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  87. ↑ Sastri (1955), p. 396.
  88. ↑ Sastri (1955), p. 398.
  89. ↑ "Dasara fest panel meets Thursday". The Times of India, dated 2003-07-22. Times Internet Limited.. Retrieved on 2007-07-17.
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  94. ↑ H. S. Venkatesh Murthy. "Global thoughts in a local tongue". Online edition of the Hindu, dated 2002-10-31. Retrieved on 2007-11-01.
  95. ↑ Raviprasad Kamila. "Tulu Academy yet to realise its goal". Online webpage of The Hindu, dated 2004-011-13. 2004, The Hindu. Retrieved on 2007-05-05.
  96. ↑ K.S. Rajyashree. "Kodava Speech Community: An Ethnolinguistic Study". Online webpage of languageindia.com. M. S. Thirumalai. Retrieved on 2007-05-06.
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  109. ↑ "A field day in coorg". Retrieved on 2007-06-10. ""Since Coorg (Kodagu) was the cradle of Indian hockey, with over 50 players from the region going on to represent the nation so far, seven of whom were Olympians...""
  110. ↑ Krishnakumar (2004-06-13). "A field day in coorg". The Hindu. Retrieved on 2007-06-10. ""...the festival assumed such monstrous proportions (one year, 350 families took part in the festival) that it found place in the Limca Book of Records. It was recognized as the largest hockey tournament in the world. This has been referred to the Guinness Book of World Records too.""
  111. ↑ Rao, Roopa (1997-06-12). "Curtains down on Fourth National Games". Indian Express. Retrieved on 2007-06-05.
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  113. ↑ "Ranji Trophy winners". Cricinfo. Retrieved on 2007-06-05.
  114. ↑ Sujith Somasunder, Rahul Dravid, Javagal Srinath, Sunil Joshi, Anil Kumble and Venkatesh Prasad, all from Karnataka played in this match: "ODI no. 1127, Titan Cup - 1st Match India v South Africa 1996/97 season". Cricinfo. Retrieved on 2007-06-05.
  115. ↑ Vijay Bharadwaj, Rahul Dravid, Javagal Srinath, Sunil Joshi, Anil Kumble and Venkatesh Prasad, all from Karnataka played in this match: "Test no. 1462 New Zealand in India Test Series - 1st Test India v New Zealand 1999/00 season". Cricinfo. Retrieved on 2007-06-05.
  116. ↑ "Faculty". Online Webpage of the Tata Prakash Padukone Badminton Academy. © 2007 TATA Padukone Badminton Academy. Retrieved on 2007-06-05.
  117. ↑ "Pankaj Advani is a phenomenon: Savur". The Hindu (2005-07-12). Retrieved on 2007-06-05.
  118. ↑ "Western Ghats (sub cluster nomination)". Online webpage of UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 1992-2007 UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved on 2007-05-08.
  119. ↑ "Seville 5, Internal Meeting of Experts, Proceedings, Pamplona, Spain, October 23-27 2000" (PDF). UNESCO. Retrieved on 2007-11-01.
  120. ↑ 120.0 120.1 120.2 120.3 A Walk on the Wild Side, An Information Guide to National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries of Karnataka, Compiled and Edited by Dr. Nima Manjrekar, Karnataka Forest Department, Wildlife Wing, October 2000
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  122. ↑ "Alphabetical list of Monuments". Protected Monuments. Archaeological Survey of India. Retrieved on 2007-06-13.
  123. ↑ "Plan to conserve heritage monuments, museums". The Hindu. Online Edition of The Hindu, dated 2007-01-06. Retrieved on 2007-06-13.
  124. ↑ R. Krishna Kumar. "Mysore Palace beats Taj Mahal in popularity". Online Edition of The Hindu, dated 2007-08-17. Retrieved on 2007-10-31.
  125. ↑ "Belur for World Heritage Status". Online Edition of The Hindu, dated 2004-07-25. The Hindu. Retrieved on 2006-11-17.
  126. ↑ Keay (2000), p. 324.
  127. ↑ Michael Bright, 1001 Natural Wonders of the World by Barrons Educational Series Inc., published by Quinted Inc., 2005.

References

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