Invercargill

Invercargill
Waihōpai (Māori)
Looking over central Invercargill
Looking over central Invercargill
Invercargill City's location within the South Island
Invercargill City's location within the South Island
Country Flag of New Zealand.svg New Zealand
Island South Island
Region Southland
Territorial authority Invercargill City
Government
 - Mayor Tim Shadbolt
 - Deputy Mayor Neil Boniface
Area
 - Territorial 491 km² (189.6 sq mi)
Population (June 2008 estimate)[1]
 - Territorial 51,600
 - Density 105.1/km² (272.2/sq mi)
 - Urban 48,000
Time zone NZST (UTC+12)
 - Summer (DST) NZDT (UTC+13)
Postcode(s) 9810, 9812
Area code(s) 03
Website: http://www.icc.govt.nz/
Esk Street, one of the main shopping streets of Invercargill.

Invercargill (Waihōpai in Māori) is the southernmost and westernmost city in New Zealand, and one of the southernmost cities in the world. It is the commercial centre of the Southland region. It lies in the heart of the wide expanse of the Southland Plains on the Oreti or New River some 18 km north of Bluff, which is the southernmost town in the South Island. It sits amid rich farmland that is bordered by large areas of conservation land and marine reserves, including Fiordland National Park covering the south-west corner of the South Island.

Invercargill is home to some of New Zealand's best sporting facilities including the only indoor cycling velodrome in the country. The indoor 250m wooden velodrome is home to Track Cycling in Southland and is currently the fastest track in the country. The Invercargill Licensing Trust supports the Velodrome which is situated at Stadium Southland an enormous indoor sports stadium located at Surrey Park. Invercargill also has one of the fastest Olympic sized swimming pools in Australasia , a regular feature on the world swimming circuit.

Many streets in the city, especially in the centre and main shopping district, are named after rivers in the United Kingdom, mainly Scotland. These include the main streets Dee and Tay, plus those named after the Tyne, Esk, Don, Thames, Mersey, Ness, Yarrow, Spey, Tay, and Eye rivers.

Contents

Transport

Road

Invercargill is the southernmost city on New Zealand's state highway network and is linked to Fiordland and the Catlins by the Southern Scenic Route.

See also: Public transport in Invercargill

Rail links

Invercargill is at the southern end of the Main South Line railway, which extends up the east coast to Christchurch and Lyttelton via Dunedin. Until the cancellation of The Southerner in 2002, Invercargill had the southernmost passenger railway station in the world. Passenger trains no longer call at Invercargill, except for occasional excursions. The Bluff Branch extends south from Invercargill and has been freight-only since 1967. The Wairio Branch extends northwest from Invercargill to the Solid Energy coalfields near Ohai and continues to carry freight. Invercargill was once the centre of a much larger rail network, but over the years, since retrenched.

Airport

During the mid 1950s, Invercargill Airport was used for fuel top-up and final take off by Operation Deep Freeze. Twin-engine propeller-driven planes destined for McMurdo Sound in the Antarctic used the airport, assisted in takeoff by JATO rockets under their wings. Bigger aircraft flew from Christchurch where Deep Freeze had a base.

Invercargill Airport's primary commercial traffic currently comprises Mount Cook Airline, and Air Nelson which are wholly owned subsidiaries of Air New Zealand, with ATR 72 aircraft flying to Christchurch, and Bombardier Q300 aircraft flying to Wellington respectively and regular flights to and from Stewart Island/Rakiura.

Invercargill airport's runway is 2200 meters long and the heaviest aircraft to land there is the Boeing Globemaster III of the USAF. The most modern type now used on Operation Deep Freeze service.

History

Southland was a scene of early extended contact between Europeans and Maori, in this case sealers and whalers and missionaries - Wohlers at Ruapuke. From 1848, Otago, of which Southland was itself part, was the subject of planned settlement by the Free Church, an offshoot of the Presbyterian Church of Scotland. Settlement broadened with the discovery of gold in Central Otago in the 1860s.

Even today, traces of Scottish speech persist in Southland voices, with R often pronounced with a rolling burr. This is more noticeable in country people.

In 1856, a petition was put forward to Thomas Gore Browne, the Governor of New Zealand, for a port at Bluff. Browne agreed to the petition and gave the name Invercargill to the settlement north of the port. Inver comes from the Scots Gaelic word inbhir meaning a river's mouth and Cargill is in honour of Captain William Cargill, who was at the time the Superintendent of Otago, of which Southland was then a part.

From 1861 to 1870, Invercargill was the centre of Southland Province, which separated from Otago Province, but later rejoined it.

In December 1905, Invercargill voted in local prohibition of alcohol sales. This lasted for 40 years until voted out by returning servicemen in World War II. Drinking continued meanwhile, thanks to huge volumes of beer, often in kegs, brought to private homes, or sold by the glass by keggers at hiding spots round the City. When prohibition ended, a committee of citizens persuaded the Government to give the monopoly on liquor sales in Invercargill to the specially formed Invercargill Licensing Trust. Based on a scheme in Carlisle, England, it returns profits to city amenities. Even today, alcohol is not sold in supermarkets.

In recent years, publicity has been brought to the southern city by the election of Tim Shadbolt, a colourful and outspoken former student activist, as mayor. He once appeared on a cheese ad stating "I don't mind where, as long as I'm Mayor". His supporters like the colour he brings to the city. His opponents refer to his controversial mayoral career in the Auckland suburbs and to his attitude to veterans during his opposition to the Vietnam War.

Economy

Invercargill is home to the Southern Institute of Technology, which has introduced a free-fees scheme. The scheme was partly responsible for rejuvenating the city when it was in a steady state of population decline. However the major factor in Invercargill's regrowth is the Dairy and Milk Solids industrial boom of the first decade of the 21st century. New dairy factories have opened around the province of Southland, as well as more efficient meat processing works and research and development facilities.

Climate

Invercargill has a temperate oceanic climate similar to that of the British Isles. The mean daily temperature ranges from 5.2°C in July to 14°C in January. The yearly mean temperature is 9.9°C. Rainfall averages 1112 mm annually, and measurable snowfall is occasionally seen during the winter months of June to September. It is the cloudiest centre of New Zealand with 1580 hours of sunshine per annum.

The average temperature high ranges from 18.8°C in February to 11°C in August. Owing to its relatively high latitude (46° 42'), the city enjoys nearly 16 hours of daylight at the summer solstice in late December.

Invercargill is "The City of Water and Light". This refers to the long summer twilights and the aurora australis (southern lights). The water reference, humorists suggest, comes from notorious horizontal, driving rain in high wind at the corner of the two main streets, Dee and Tay. A recent sign also states "Invercargill, where dreams can come true" with an image from the 2005 film The World's Fastest Indian.

Nuvola apps kweather.svg Weather averages for Invercargill Weather-rain-thunderstorm.svg
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 18.6
(65)		 18.8
(66)		 17.2
(63)		 15
(59)		 12.2
(54)		 9.7
(49)		 9.5
(49)		 11
(52)		 12.9
(55)		 14.4
(58)		 15.8
(60)		 17.5
(64)		 14.4
(58)
Average low °C (°F) 9.4
(49)		 9.1
(48)		 7.7
(46)		 5.8
(42)		 3.7
(39)		 1.5
(35)		 0.9
(34)		 1.9
(35)		 3.7
(39)		 5.5
(42)		 6.8
(44)		 8.4
(47)		 5.4
(42)
Precipitation mm (inches) 114
(4.49)		 79
(3.11)		 94
(3.7)		 100
(3.94)		 114
(4.49)		 99
(3.9)		 88
(3.46)		 71
(2.8)		 80
(3.15)		 95
(3.74)		 81
(3.19)		 100
(3.94)		 1,112
(43.78)
Source: NIWA Climate Data[2] 1971 – 2000
Panorama of Invercargill from the city's historic watertower. Queen's Park can be seen toward the right of the image.

The Invercargill March

Main article: Invercargill March

This internationally famous tune was written by Alex Lithgow who attended Invercargill Grammar School (now Middle School).

In his book 'Invercargill - 150 Years' Lloyd Esler's opening sentence reads ... "Invercargill was done a fine favour by Alex Lithgow who named his famous march after his boyhood home. The Invercargill March is possibly the best advertisement the town has ever had as the work is a brass-band favourite and the word ‘Invercargill’ is whispered amongst audiences worldwide. There is only one Invercargill in the world - this one".

When Invercargill hosted the national Brass band contest in 1909, Alex’s brother Tom asked for a test piece for the contest and Alex offered this piece to the city. On the music he wrote ...

To Invercargill, the Southernmost City in New Zealand (End of the World), and its Citizens, I dedicate this March as a momento of the many pleasant years spent there in my boyhood.

—Alex Lithgow

Education

Main article: List of schools in Southland, New Zealand#Invercargill City
Tuatara at Southland museum and art gallery

High schools

All High Schools in Invercargill are Year 7-13, following a Ministry of Education review in 2004 that made most of Invercargill's primary schools Year 1-6 and closed the Year 7-8 schools Rosedale Intermediate and Collingwood Intermediate and Tweedsmuir Junior High

Primary Schools

Most primary schools are Year 1-6.

Famous Invercargill Notables

Invercargill Water Tower

Sister Cities

Notes

  1. ↑ "Subnational Population Estimates: At 30 June 2008". Statistics New Zealand (23 October 2008). Retrieved on 2008-10-28.
  2. ↑ "Climate Data". NIWA. Retrieved on November 2, 2007.
  3. ↑ "Sister City". Invercargill City Council.

References

External links

Territorial Authorities of New Zealand
Cities:
North Shore • Waitakere • Auckland • Manukau • Hamilton • Tauranga • Tokoroa • Napier • Palmerston North • Porirua • Upper Hutt • Lower Hutt • Wellington • Nelson* • Christchurch • Dunedin • Invercargill
Districts:
North Island
Far North • Whangarei • Kaipara • Rodney • Papakura • Franklin • Thames-Coromandel • Hauraki • Waikato • Matamata-Piako • Waipa • South Waikato • Otorohanga • Rotorua • Waitomo • Taupo • Western Bay of Plenty • Whakatane • Kawerau • Opotiki • Gisborne* • Wairoa • Hastings • Central Hawke's Bay • New Plymouth • Stratford • South Taranaki • Ruapehu • Wanganui • Rangitikei • Manawatu • Tararua • Horowhenua • Kapiti Coast • Masterton • Carterton • South Wairarapa
Districts:
South Island
Tasman* • Marlborough* • Buller • Grey • Westland • Kaikoura • Hurunui • Waimakariri • Selwyn • Ashburton • Timaru • Mackenzie • Waimate • Waitaki • Queenstown-Lakes • Central Otago • Clutha • Gore • Southland
Territories / Other:
Chatham Islands • Tokelau • Cook Islands** • Niue** • Ross Dependency***
*unitary authority **self-governing, in free association with New Zealand ***Antarctic claim, administered by New Zealand