Himalayas | |
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The north face of Mount Everest as seen from the path to the base camp in Tibet
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Countries | Bhutan, Tibet (PRC), India, Nepal, Pakistan, Burma, Afghanistan |
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Highest point | Mount Everest |
- elevation | 8,848 m (29,029 ft) |
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The Himalaya Range (Sanskrit: हिमालय, IPA pronunciation: [hɪ'mɑlijə]), or Himalayas for short, is a mountain range in Asia, separating the Indian subcontinent from the Tibetan Plateau. By extension, it is also the name of a massive mountain system which includes the Karakoram, the Hindu Kush, and a host of minor ranges extending from the Pamir Knot. The name comes from the Sanskrit word, himālaya, a tatpurusa compound meaning "the abode of snow" (from hima "snow", and ālaya "abode"; see also Himavat).[1]As words, the expression "Himalaya Range" is similar to the expression Sierra Nevada.
Together, the Himalayan mountain system is the planet's highest and home to the world's highest peaks: the Eight-thousanders, including Mount Everest (Nepal/Tibet) and K2 (Pakistan's Northern Areas). To comprehend the enormous scale of this mountain range consider that Aconcagua, in the Andes, at 6,962 m, is the highest peak outside Asia, while the Himalayan system includes over 100 mountains exceeding 7,200 meters.[2]
The Himalayan system, which includes outlying subranges, stretches across six countries: Bhutan, China, India, Nepal, Pakistan and Afghanistan. They are the source of three of the world's major river systems, the Indus, the Ganga-Brahmaputra, and the Yangtze. Approximately 1.3 billion people live in the drainage basin of the Himalayan rivers.
The range proper runs west to east, from the Indus river valley to the Brahmaputra river valley, thereby forming an arc 2,400 km long, which varies in width from 400 km in the western Kashmir-Xinjiang region to 150 km in the eastern Tibet-Arunachal Pradesh region. The Himalaya chain consists of three parallel ranges, with the northern-most range known as the Great or Inner Himalayas.
The Himalayas separate the Indo-Gangetic plain from the Tibetan plateau. The bulk of the mountain range lies in Nepal, Bhutan and the states of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh in India[3]. The outlying parts of the range lie in Tibet, Pakistan (some in disputed territories) and Burma[3].
The flora and fauna of the Himalayas varies with climate, rainfall, altitude, and soils. The climate ranges from tropical at the base of the mountains to permanent ice and snow at the highest elevations. The amount of yearly rainfall increases from west to east along the front of the range. This diversity of climate, altitude, rainfall and soil conditions generates a variety of distinct plant and animal communities.
On the Indo-Gangetic plain at the base of the mountains, an alluvial plain drained by the Indus and Ganga-Brahmaputra river systems, vegetation varies from west to east with rainfall. The xeric Northwestern thorn scrub forests occupy the plains of Pakistan and the Indian Punjab. Further east lie the Upper Gangetic plains moist deciduous forests of Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh and Lower Gangetic plains moist deciduous forests of Bihar and West Bengal. These are monsoon forests, with drought-deciduous trees that lose their leaves during the dry season. The moister Brahmaputra Valley semi-evergreen forests occupy the plains of Assam.
Above the alluvial plain lies the Terai strip, a seasonally marshy zone of sand and clay soils. The Terai has higher rainfall than the plains, and the downward-rushing rivers of the Himalaya slow down and spread out in the flatter Terai zone, depositing fertile silt during the monsoon season and receding in the dry season. The Terai has a high water table due to groundwater percolating down from the adjacent zone. The central part of the Terai belt is occupied by the Terai-Duar savanna and grasslands, a mosaic of grasslands, savannas, deciduous and evergreen forests that includes some of the world's tallest grasslands. The grasslands of the Terai belt are home to the Indian Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis).
Above the Terai belt is an upland zone known as the Bhabhar, a zone of porous and rocky soils, made up of debris washed down from the higher ranges. The Bhabhar and the lower Shiwalik ranges have a subtropical climate. The Himalayan subtropical pine forests occupy the western end of the subtropical belt, with forests dominated by Chir Pine (Pinus roxburghii). The central part of the range is home to the Himalayan subtropical broadleaf forests, dominated by sal (Shorea robusta).
Also called Churia or Margalla Hills. Intermittent outermost range of foothills extending across Himalayan region through Pakistan, India, Nepal and Bhutan. Consists of many sub-ranges. Summits generally 600 to 1,200 meters. Steeper southern slopes form along a fault zone called Main Frontal Thrust; northern slopes are gentler. Permeable conglomerates and other rocks allow rainwater to percolate downslope into the Bhabhar and Terai, supporting only scrubby forests upslope.
The Inner Terai valleys are open valleys north of Shiwalik Hills or nestled between Shiwalik subranges. Examples include Dehra Dun in India and Chitwan in Nepal.
Prominent range 2,000 to 3,000 meters high forming along the Main Boundary Thrust fault zone with a steep southern face and gentler northern slopes. Nearly continuous except for river gorges. Rivers gather in candelabra form to the north to break through this range in relatively few places.
'Hilly' region averaging about 1,000 meters immediately north of the Mahabharat Range, rising over about 100 km to about 4,000 meters at the Main Frontal Thrust fault zone where the Greater Himalaya begin.
Above the tree line are the Northwestern, Western, and Eastern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows, which yield to tundra in the higher Himalayan range. The alpine meadows are the summer habitat of the endangered Snow Leopard (Uncia uncia).
The Himalayas are among the youngest mountain ranges on the planet. According to the modern theory of plate tectonics, their formation is a result of a continental collision or orogeny along the convergent boundary between the Indo-Australian Plate and the Eurasian Plate. This is called a fold mountain. The collision began in the Upper Cretaceous period about 70 million years ago, when the north-moving Indo-Australian Plate, moving at about 15 cm per year, collided with the Eurasian Plate. About 50 million years ago this fast moving Indo-Australian plate had completely closed the Tethys Ocean, the existence of which has been determined by sedimentary rocks settled on the ocean floor and the volcanoes that fringed its edges. Since these sediments were light, they crumpled into mountain ranges rather than sinking to the floor. The Indo-Australian plate continues to be driven horizontally below the Tibetan plateau, which forces the plateau to move upwards. The Arakan Yoma highlands in Myanmar and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal were also formed as a result of this collision.
The Indo-Australian plate is still moving at 67 mm per year, and over the next 10 million years it will travel about 1,500 km into Asia. About 20 mm per year of the India-Asia convergence is absorbed by thrusting along the Himalaya southern front. This leads to the Himalayas rising by about 5 mm per year, making them geologically active. The movement of the Indian plate into the Asian plate also makes this region seismically active, leading to earthquakes from time to time.
The Himalayan range encompasses about 15,000 glaciers, which store about 12,000 km3 of freshwater. The 70 km long Siachen Glacier at the India-Pakistan border is the second longest glacier in the world outside the polar region. Some of the other more famous glaciers include the Gangotri and Yamunotri (Uttarakhand), Nubra, Biafo and Baltoro (Karakoram region), Zemu (Sikkim) and Khumbu glaciers (Mount Everest region).
The higher regions of the Himalayas are snowbound throughout the year in spite of their proximity to the tropics, and they form the sources for several large perennial rivers, most of which combine into two large river systems:
The eastern-most Himalayan rivers feed the Ayeyarwady River, which originates in eastern Tibet and flows south through Myanmar to drain into the Andaman Sea.
The Salween, Mekong, the Yangtze and the Huang He (Yellow River) all originate from parts of the Tibetan plateau that are geologically distinct from the Himalaya mountains, and are therefore not considered true Himalayan rivers. Some geologists refer to all the rivers collectively as the circum-Himalayan rivers.[4] In recent years scientists have monitored a notable increase in the rate of glacier retreat across the region as a result of global climate change.[5] Although the effect of this won't be known for many years it potentially could mean disaster for the hundreds of millions of people who rely on the glaciers to feed the rivers of northern India during the dry seasons.[6]
According to a UN climate report, the Himalayan glaciers that are the sources of Asia's biggest rivers could disappear by 2035 as temperatures rise[7] and India, Tibet, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal and Myanmar could experience floods followed by droughts in coming decades.
The Himalaya region is dotted with hundreds of lakes. Most lakes are found at altitudes of less than 5,000 m, with the size of the lakes diminishing with altitude. The largest lake is the Pangong Tso, which is spread across the border between India and Tibet. It is situated at an altitude of 4,600 m, and is 8 km wide and nearly 134 km long. A notable high (but not the highest) lake is the Gurudogmar in North Sikkim at an altitude of 5,148 m (16,890 ft) (altitude source: SRTM). Other major lakes include the Tsongmo lake, near the Indo-Tibet border in Sikkim, and Tilicho lake in Nepal in the Annapurna massif, a large lake in an area that was closed to tourists until recently.
The mountain lakes are known to geographers as tarns if they are caused by glacial activity. Tarns are found mostly in the upper reaches of the Himalaya, above 5,500 metres. For more information about these, see here.
The Himalayas have a profound effect on the climate of the Indian subcontinent and the Tibetan plateau. They prevent frigid, dry Arctic winds blowing south into the subcontinent, which keeps South Asia much warmer than corresponding temperate regions in the other continents. It also forms a barrier for the monsoon winds, keeping them from traveling northwards, and causing heavy rainfall in the Terai region. The Himalayas are also believed to play an important part in the formation of Central Asian deserts such as the Taklamakan and Gobi deserts.
The mountain ranges also prevent western winter disturbances from Iran from traveling further, resulting in snow in Kashmir and rainfall for parts of Punjab and northern India. Despite being a barrier to the cold northernly winter winds, the Brahmaputra valley receives part of the frigid winds, thus lowering the temperature in the northeast Indian states and Bangladesh. These winds also cause the North East monsoon during this season for these parts.
In turn, the jet stream affects the image of Himalayan peaks. The strong stream of winds from the west pass through Everest, creating a familiar plume of snows blowing from the summit, and visible from a great distance.
The rugged terrain of the Himalaya makes few routes through the mountains possible. Some of these routes include:
It should be noted that almost half of the humans and livestock of India live on one-third of the landscape within 500km of the Himalayan range.(pdf,3mb)
The Himalayas, due to their large size and expanse, have been a natural barrier to the movement of people for tens of thousands of years. In particular, this has prevented intermingling of people from the Indian subcontinent with people from China and Mongolia, causing significantly different languages and customs between these regions. The Himalayas have also hindered trade routes and prevented military expeditions across its expanse. For instance, Genghis Khan could not expand his empire south of the Himalayas into the subcontinent.
Himalaya is made up of two Sanskrit words - "Him" which means snow and "alaya" means house, together meaning the abode of snow.
Him also means Nepalese "snow-covered mountain" and is used to name the various mountains of the Himalayas. In Nepal, these are as follows:
Peak Name | Other names and meaning | Elevation (m) | Elevation (ft) | First ascent | Notes |
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Everest | Sagarmatha, "Forehead of the Sky", Chomolangma, "Mother of the Universe" |
8,848 | 29,035 | 1953 | World's highest mountain, situated in Tibet and Nepal. |
K2 | Chogo Gangri | 8,611 | 28,251 | 1954 | World's 2nd highest. Located in the Karakoram of Pakistan administered Kashmir and the Trans-Karakoram tract. |
Kangchenjunga | Kangchen Dzö-nga, "Five Treasures of the Great Snow" | 8,586 | 28,169 | 1955 | World's 3rd highest . Located in Sikkim (India) and Nepal. |
Lhotse | "South Peak" | 8,516 | 27,940 | 1956 | World's 4th highest. Situated between Nepal & Tibet, in the shadow of Everest. |
Makalu | "The Great Black" | 8,462 | 27,765 | 1955 | World's 5th highest. Situated in Nepal. |
Cho Oyu | Qowowuyag, "Turquoise Goddess" | 8,201 | 26,905 | 1954 | World's 6th highest. Situated in Nepal. |
Dhaulagiri | "White Mountain" | 8,167 | 26,764 | 1960 | World's 7th highest. Situated in Nepal. |
Manaslu | Kutang, "Mountain of the Spirit" | 8,156 | 26,758 | 1956 | World's 8th highest. Located in the Gurkha Himal, Nepal. |
Nanga Parbat | Diamir, "Naked Mountain" | 8,126 | 26,660 | 1953 | World's 9th highest . Located in Pakistan. |
Annapurna | "Goddess of the Harvests" | 8,091 | 26,545 | 1950 | World's 10th highest. Deadliest mountain on Earth. Situated in Nepal. |
Gasherbrum I | "Beautiful Mountain" | 8,080 | 26,509 | 1958 | 11th highest mountain on Earth. Located in the Karakoram Pakistan |
Broad Peak | Faichan Kangri | 8,047 | 26,401 | 1957 | 12th highest mountain on Earth. Located in the Karakoram Pakistan. |
Gasherbrum II | - | 8,035 | 26,362 | 1956 | 13th highest mountain on Earth. Located in the Karakoram Pakistan. |
Shishapangma | Xixiabangma, "Crest Above The Grassy Plains" | 8,013 | 26,289 | 1964 | 14th highest mountain on Earth. Located in Tibet. |
Gyachung Kang | unknown | 7,952 | 26,089 | 1964 | 15th highest mountain on Earth. Located in Nepal/Tibet. |
Gasherbrum IV | - | 7,925 | 26,001 | 1958 | 17th highest on Earth and an extremely technical climb. Located in the Karakoram Pakistan. |
Masherbrum | unknown | 7,821 | 25,660 | 1960 | 22nd highest on Earth. Located in the Karakoram Pakistan. |
Nanda Devi | "Bliss-Giving Goddess" | 7,817 | 25,645 | 1936 | 23rd highest on Earth. Located in Uttarakhand, India. |
Rakaposhi | "Shining Wall" | 7,788 | 25,551 | 1958 | A massive peak that towers above local terrain. Located in the Pakistans Karakoram. |
Gangkhar Puensum | Gankar Punzum, "Three Mountain Siblings" | 7,570 | 24,836 | Unclimbed | World's highest unclimbed peak remains off-limits to mountaineers. Located in the Kingdom of Bhutan. |
Ama Dablam | "Mother And Her Necklace" | 6,848 | 22,467 | 1961 | Considered by some to be the most beautiful peak in the world. Located in the Khumbu, Nepal. |
Several places in the Himalaya are of religious significance in Hinduism and Buddhism. In Hinduism, the Himalaya have also been personified as the god Himavat, the father of Shiva's consort, Parvati.
Some of the important religious places in the Himalayas are:-
In addition, to the above, a number of Tibetan Buddhist sites are situated in the Himalaya, including the residence of the Dalai Lama.
The following mystic entities are associated with the Himalayas:
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