High school

High school is the name used in some parts of the world (in particular Scotland, North America and Australia) to describe an institution which provides all or part of secondary education. The term originated in Scotland and spread to the New World countries as the high prestige that the Scottish educational system had at the time led several countries to employ Scottish educators to develop their state education systems. The precise stage of schooling provided by a high school differs from country to country, and may vary within the same jurisdiction. In all of New Zealand and parts of Australia and Canada, high school is synonymous with secondary school, and encompasses the entire secondary stage of education. High school can also be the point in life for many students where they mature and develop a deeper sense of understanding about themselves and the people around them. Alternatively, some students will undergo this transitional stage later on in life when they enter college or university, although this is usually a continued progression that originates in high school.

In the 1950s, most "high schools" in Canada changed their official names to more closely reflect their scope. While "high school" is still the colloquial term, they became "Collegiate" or "Collegiate and Vocational Institute" as well as "Comprehensive" ("Polyvalente" in French.)

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Australia

Main articles: Education in Australia, List of schools in Australia, and Queensland State High Schools

In Victoria the name was officially changed to secondary college in the early 1990s, however some of the adult population refer to the period as "high school". In the Australian Capital Territory and Tasmania, high school is years 7-10, and students go to senior school for years 11-12.

In some states TAFE institutes/colleges offer high school equivalent courses, usually undertaken by adult students who left school without completing/undertaking Year 12 leaving certificate requirements. There are also private commercial education facilities offering Year 12 leaving certificate courses, often to students wishing to improve on their high school results in order to obtain entry to, or better placement opportunities at, university.

In South Australia, Children attend Primary School (as in First) for Reception to Year 7, Then in year 8 they normally change to Secondary/High school from year 8 to year 12 and sometimes year 13. Some schools offer Reception to year 12. Children must attend school to 16, and continue with their education till 17, example TAFE collage. After High School University is always avalible.

The exact length of secondary schooling varies from state to state, with high schools in New South Wales and Victoria serving years 7-12, and Western Australia, Queensland, Northern Territory and South Australia serving years 8-12. In 2007 Northern Territory introduced a Middle School system for years 7-9 and high school will be years 10-12. In 2010 Western Australia will implement year 7 into the high school, reflecting that of New South Wales and Victoria.

The age until which it is compulsory to attend school varies by state:

In some states students can leave school at a younger age usually 14 if they are involved in other full-time activities such as work, apprenticeship or TAFE.

The matter of compulsory attendance has been complicated by various initiatives at Commonwealth and State level to ensure that young people are in school, training or employment. There are calls to replace compulsory attendance age with compulsory achievement requirements, meaning that students must complete their final year level rather than being able to leave at reaching "leaving age". There are also calls to make attendance to the end of year 12 mandatory. The education is at high standards.

Belgium

In Belgium, the equivalent to high school is called "middelbare school of middelbaar onderwijs"

Belgium School system:

Dutch name Translation Years Age
Kleuteronderwijs Kindergarten 3-6
Lagere school Elementary school 6 6-12
Middelbare school High School 6 12-18
Hoge school/ Universiteit College/ University unlimited 18-...

Brazil

Main article: Education in Brazil

In Brazil, high school is officially called "Ensino Médio" and is also informally known as "Colegial" or "Segundo Grau". It is the last phase to basic education. Brazilian high school lasts 3 years, attempting to deepen what students learn in elementary school and junior high. A Brazilian high school student is referenced by their year - 1st, 2nd and 3rd years.

Unlike some countries, Brazilian students don't have a final test to conclude studies. Their approval depends only on their final grade on each subject. Each university elaborates its own test to select new students - this test, the "vestibular", generally happens once a year. Enem, a non-mandatory national exam, evaluates high school students in Brazil and is used to rank both private and public schools.

The best scores in vestibular and in Enem [1] and the best universities are concentrated on the Southern region of the country, mainly in the states of São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina and Paraná, and in the Federal District. The lack of funds and historical and social problems contribute to poor attendance from the students, especially those in public schools. Nevertheless, some are national models, such as the Colégio Pedro II, named after the 19th century infant emperor.

Private establishments, on the other hand, may be recognized as academically excellent or merely as investments in social networking. Schedules vary from school to school. The subjects taught, however, are conceived by the Ministério da Educação (Ministry of Education) which emphasises the hard sciences.

The educational year begins in February and finishes in December; institutions are permitted to define their own actual start and end dates. They must, however, provide 200 days of classes.

Universites are also divided into public and private. At this level, public ones are considered excellent and their vestibular exam is very competitive (the exam for med school in UNICAMP may hit 300 candidates per place). For better preparation, therefore, many students take a "curso pré-vestibular" (university prep. course). The larger private high schools offer this course.

Canada

Main article: Education in Canada

Secondary education in Canada is governed by the provinces and territories. In Ontario, high school is usually from grades Senior 1 to Senior 4,(first year-Freshman, second year-Junior, third year-Sophomore, last year-Senior) but can be from 7 to S4 depending on the school's location (urban/rural). In most urban areas in Ontario, schools with grades 7 and 8 are referred to as Middle School or Senior Public. When grades 7 - S1 are together, it is referred to as Junior High School. In Alberta high school starts in grade S2 and finshes in grade S4. However in Quebec, high school is from Secondary 1 to Secondary 5 (grades 7 to S3[1]). In Quebec most students follow high school by attending a CÉGEP, which is comparable to a two-year junior college and is obligatory for Quebec students wishing to go on to university. Alternatively, successful completion of vocational CÉGEP, a three year program, leads to an Associate's degree.

Ontario had an optional Grade 13 which came to be known as Ontario Academic Credit (OAC) year in the 1980s. This was abolished by the Conservative government of Premier Mike Harris as part of his "Common Sense Revolution", which slashed government programs ostensibly to reduce the province's deficit. OAC was last offered in the 2002-2003 academic year.

Quebec replaced its religion-based system with an English and French school board system in 1998. Students in Quebec may only attend a publicly funded English-language high school if at least one of their parents attended an English-language high school somewhere in Canada. Otherwise, the only publicly funded option is a French-language school. This requirement was implemented to encourage the children of immigrants in Quebec to attend French-language schools. Of course, anyone can pay to attend a private school in the language of their choice.

Education is compulsory up to the age of 16 in every province in Canada except New Brunswick and Ontario, where it is 18. Students may continue to attend high school until the ages of 19 to 21 (the cut-off age for high school varies among provinces). Those over the cut-off age may attend adult school. High school students suspended or expelled for a period of time over 2 months may also attend adult/"night school".

Originally provinces divided schools on the basis of religion, although this has largely been abandoned. Provinces such as Ontario, Alberta, and certain cities in Saskatchewan are exceptions, publicly funding what is called a "separate" (i.e., religious) school board.

There are a variety of private schools across Canada. The oldest, King's-Edgehill School, was founded in 1788.

School Years' usually begin in early September, and end late June.

Czech Republic

Main article: Education in the Czech Republic

The Czech school system is, due to historic reasons, almost same as The German school system. The school system is free and mandatory to age 16. After the Základní škola (Elementary School) in age of 16 , students are directed to three different optional secondary education schools:

The Abitur is required for study in University. The Abitur from Gymnasium is better for Humanistic pointed University and SOŠ Abitur is better for Technical pointed university.

England and Wales

Main article: Education in England
Wetherby High School, a former secondary modern school in Wetherby, West Yorkshire to adopt the term 'High School'.
Medina High School, one of the five state-maintained high schools on the Isle of Wight.

The term "high school" is not used generically in England, although some secondary schools call themselves high schools.

Secondary schools in the state sector in the UK generally cater for children between the ages of 11 and 16 or 18.[2] Education is compulsory only up until the age of 16 but most students continue to stay on at school until the age of 18. Most secondary schools have their own sixth forms for years 12 and 13 (ages 16 to 18), but in some areas students continue their education at a dedicated sixth form college. In the private sector pupils often transfer to the final stage of education at age 13. In the UK school years run from September 1st to August 31st. The term high school is used specifically in some counties as follows:

Finland

Main article: Education in Finland

The Finnish education system is a comparatively egalitarian Nordic system. This means for example no tuition fees for full-time students and free meals are served to pupils. There are private schools but they are made unattractive by legislation.

The second level education is not compulsory, but an overwhelming majority attends. There is a choice between upper secondary school (lukio, gymnasium in Swedish) and vocational school (ammatillinen oppilaitos, yrkesinstitut).

Upper secondary school, unlike vocational school, concludes with a nationally graded matriculation examination (ylioppilaskoe, studentexamen). Passing the test is a de facto prerequisite for further education. The system is designed so that approximately the lowest scoring 5% fails in each exam and also 5% get the best grade. The exam allows for a limited degree of specialization in either natural sciences or social sciences. The graduation is an important and formal family event, like christening, wedding, and funeral.

In the OECD's international assessment of student performance, PISA, Finland has consistently been among the highest scorers worldwide; in 2003, Finnish 15-year-olds came first in reading literacy, science, and mathematics; and second in problem solving, worldwide. The World Economic Forum ranks Finland's tertiary education #1 in the world.[3]

France

Main article: Education in France

Germany

Main article: Education in Germany

The German school system is free and mandatory to age 16. After the Grundschule (Elementary School), students are directed to three different secondary education schools:

India

Main article: Education in India

In India, high school is a grade of education which includes Standards IX to XII. Standards XI and XII are also called Senior Secondary School or Junior College. Some states refer to Standards IX and X as High School, while XI and XII are termed as Intermediate. Other states refer to VI, VII, VIII, IX and X (grades 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10) as Secondary School and XI and XII (grades 11 and 12) as Senior Secondary School. Usually, students from ages 14 to 18 study in this section. These schools may be affiliated to national boards like CBSE or ICSE or various state boards. Education is compulsory until age 14. The education system in India is considered to be one of the toughest in the world.

Ireland

Main article: Education in Ireland

In Ireland, students attend secondary school from first year through sixth (usually aged 12 to 18), with an optional 4th year known as Transition Year. Once a student turns 16, they have the option to legally leave school. Secondary school is divided into three parts; the Junior Cycle, encompassing first year through third, at the end of which students sit the Junior Certificate; Transition Year, an optional fourth year; and the Senior Cycle, from fifth year through sixth, at the end of which students sit the Leaving Certificate.

Israel

Bagrut certificate from an Israeli high school
Main article: Education in Israel

In Israel, high school or Tichon (intermediary school, in Hebrew) is a three-year school period, from the 10th to the 12th grade. yet most pupils in Israel attend high school. High school prepares the pupil to the Bagrut examination, which is obligatory in order to continue to higher education institution and in order to be accepted for most jobs.

Japan

Japanese high school students wearing the seifuku
Main article: Secondary education in Japan

The Japanese word for a high school is kōtōgakkō (高等学校; literally high school), or kōkō (高校) in short. High school in Japan covers grades 10 through 12, and it is not mandatory. Most Japanese people attend high school. The third year of high school in Japan is allotted for students to prepare for college exams known as "juken" （受験）. Others may wish to settle for a job instead. High schools in Japan are referred to by MEXT as "upper secondary schools." However most English-language newspapers and sources use the term "high school". Many school boards also use "high school"; for instance the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Board of Education uses "senior high school".

F.Y.R.O.M.

Main article: Education in F.Y.R.O.M.

High school in F.Y.R.O.M. is called "средно училиште" or "middle school", and the structure is left from the socialists period. Reforms are conducting at the moment, so the education would be appropriate with the most of the leading world countries.That means that there are still many forms. In general there is high school for preparing for every faculty on the university. There are: electro technical high school, mechanical high school, economics high school, pharmaceutical, medical,...and natural sciences and linguistics gymnasium. The high school is attended between the years of 14 and 18.

Netherlands

Main article: Education in the Netherlands

In The Netherlands, high school is called "middelbare school" (literally: "middle school)" and starts right after the 8th grade of primary school (group 8). The pupils who attend high school are around the age of 12. And because the education in the Netherlands is compulsory between the ages of 5 and 16 (and partial compulsory between the ages of 16 and 18), all pupils must attend high school.

The high schools are part of the "voortgezet onderwijs" (literally: "continued education"). The "voortgezet onderwijs" consist of 3 main streams; vmbo (has 4 grades), havo (has 5 grades) and vwo (has 6 grades). The pupils usually can't choose the type of secondary education they want to follow, it depends on the opinion of the group 8 teacher and a test they take in group 8 called the CITO.

New Zealand

The term 'High School' is commonly used as a term for secondary school in New Zealand. 'College' is another term often used and, unlike the United States, does not refer to University.

'High School' in New Zealand usually begins at Year 9, or, 3rd form, which is for ages 13-14, up to Year 13, or, 7th form, which is 17-18 years, though students can leave at the age of 16 (15 with an exemption). Pupils usually stay at 'High School' for 5 years before going into University education or the workforce.

The current and most common qualification system implemented throughout New Zealand secondary schools is currently NCEA (National Certificate of Educational Achievement). NCEA 'standards' or tests/assignments begin usually in 5th form (NCEA Level 1) and continue through to NCEA Level 2 at 6th form and NCEA Level 3 at 7th form. Some assignments/tests are completed as early as 4th form depending on the school and individual students.

At 'High School' students in New Zealand are taught a range of subjects relevant to both education in general and NCEA specific also. In year 9 the compulsory subjects are Mathematics, English, P.E. (Physical Education) and Science, as well as optional classes such as Wood Work, Music and a choice of languages being mostly Maori, Spanish, French or Japanese depending on the geographic location of the school and availability of teachers able to teach the respective subjects.

It is common for students in New Zealand to wear uniforms. Uniform styles vary widely between schools and are generally more casual compared to the more 'formal' uniforms worn in Australian equivalent schools. It is common for Year 13 students of public schools to be allowed to wear 'Mufti' or everyday clothing of their choice. Although many schools require students of all year levels to wear uniform with upper years often having a different one to the rest of the school.

Portugal

Main article: Education in Portugal

In Portuguese, the word for high school is liceu or now commonly called Escola Secundária (secondary school which also includes 7 to 9 grade) and covers grades 10 through 12 (ages 14 or 15 to 17 or 18). After this period, students will ingress into an Universidade (University) or Politécnico (Polytechnic). Students may choose to pursue an artistic career instead of continuing their studies. Nowadays, the Portuguese government is pondering about extending compulsory education to grade 12 or 18 years of age, instead of grade 9. In the Portuguese high schools, one cannot pass onto the next year until he or she got the correct grades to pass, to fail in Portuguese is (chumbar) or (passar) to pass.

Scotland

Main article: Education in Scotland

Secondary institutions are normally called high schools in Scotland. However, there is no specific education level called "high school". School names are often officially abbreviated to H.S. (e.g. St. Modan's H.S.). Unofficially, school names are abbreviated in one of two ways: generally the school is dropped from the full name (Stirling High School->Stirling High, Wallace High School->Wallace High) but where the school name consists of two words, high school may be dropped in its entirety (St. Modan's High School->St. Modan's).

South Africa

Main article: Education in South Africa

In South Africa, high school begins at 8th Grade. Students study for five years, at the end of which they write what is known as "matric" The system used to be based on Higher or Standard grade. As of 2008; students must attain a pass in their Home Language, Additional Language,Mathematics or Mathematical Literacy and Life Orientation to progress on to university. Officially the Senior Certificate to be changed to the National Senior Certificate in 2008 and the system of higher and standard grade has been dropped. An alternative examination is possible in the Independent Examinations Board (IEB) exams. They are set up by a board, representing many private schools.

South Korea

Main article: Education in South Korea

In South Korea, students from grades 10 through 12 attend high schools. A student may choose, however, the class he or she wishes to take for liberal arts. High schools in South Korea may also have subject specialty tracks. For example, students who have a talent for science, foreign language, physical activity, art, etc.. may choose to go to an academic science or foreign language and other specialty high school (Hangul:특수목적고등학교, Revised:Teuksu-Mokjeok Godeung Hakgyo)

Unlike most developed countries, high schools in South Korea are neither free nor compulsory. However, 97 per cent of Korean students do complete high school, according to a 2005 OECD study.

Most Korean students may choose to go to common high school (Hangul:인문계 고등학교; Revised:Inmungye godeung hakgyo) ; and other students may choose a vocational track high school which emphasizes agriculture, commerce, or technical trade curricula (hangul:전문계 고등학교; Revised:'Jeonmungye godeung hakgyo)

High schools are called 고등학교 (Revised: Godeung Hakgyo, McCune-Reischauer: Kodŭng Hakkyo).

Sweden, Denmark and Norway

In Scandinavia there is no direct equivalent to American "high school". It is mandatory to be in school until 10th year of school education, but a majority of pupils between ages 16 to 18 or 19 usually go through the "Gymnasium" (called "videregående skole" in Norwegian[4]), which is University-preparatory. Starting age for compulsory school education is now set at 6 years old.

Taiwan

Main article: Education in Taiwan

The secondary education in Taiwan includes junior high school, senior high school, vocational high school, military school and complete high school. The traditional secondary education institutions were established during the Japanese colonial era (1895-1945)." Today, they include many features from the United States.

After six years in elementary school, the rules typically state that children must enter junior high school, or their parents may be fined. There are three grades in junior high. Children who achieve the third grade can choose to enter senior high school, vocational high school or complete high school. If children want to continue their formal education, they must sit for an exam. Generally speaking, the grade to enter high school and complete high school is highest, while it is lower to go on to vocational high school and military school.

Senior high school has three grades. Graduates from senior high school often continue on to university. Vocational high school has three grades as well. Children who complete vocational high school can then enter a technological university. Complete high school is like that of American high schools, in that it has grades seven to grade twelve.

There are also international schools such as Taipei American School (TAS), National Experimental High School (NEHS) and Taipei European School (TES). These schools offer grades from Kindergarten to grade 12. English is instructed for all courses. Since the curriculum concurs with the corresponding country's curriculum, graduates from these international schools generally do not stay in Taiwan for their undergraduate degree.

Thailand

The present Government of Thailand has adopted a policy of bureaucratic reform so as to have in place an efficient administrative system with a lean structure. The new system is suitable to the prevailing situation and responsive to the needs for national economic and social development. Urgent measures have therefore been taken for enactment of the legislations for streamlining the different ministries and agencies to attune to global trends as well as the national economic and social changes. The recent bureaucratic reform focuses on obtaining a leaner organization and attaining higher efficiency. It allows greater participation of the people as well as the society. New budgeting techniques are availed of, serving as tools for moving forward the bureaucratic reform. The remuneration system which also includes salaries has been improved so as to attract professional civil servants of integrity who are entirely devoted to the common interest.

Regarding the Ministry of Education, the 1999 National Education Act and its 2002 Amendment as well as the 2003 Act for Streamlining of Ministries and Governmental Agencies mandate the amalgamation of the 3 ministries and agency responsible for education, namely, Ministry of Education, Ministry of University Affairs, and Office of the National Education Commission into a single Ministry of Education with a new administrative structure.

United States

Main article: Secondary education in the United States

In the United States a high school is an upper secondary school which educates children from grade nine through grade twelve[5], in other words, from the age of 14 or 15 to 17 or 18. Prior to attending high school, many children in the United States attend a middle school or a junior high school (usually grades 5-8, 6-8, 7-8, 7-9 or 8-9).[6][7]

Individual states, counties, and school districts have considerable leeway in how they choose to divide their school levels. Students will generally graduate from high school in the year of their 18th birthday if they were born between January 1 and August 31, but this varies by state depending on the kindergarten cut-off date, which ranges from August 1 in Missouri to January 1 in Connecticut.[8] A few American schools still incorporate grades 7 through 12, but it is usually either grades 9-12 or grades 10-12 although some states split grades 9-10 and 11-12 into a high school and senior high school. For purposes of the Grade Point Average (GPA) and subject requirements used for college admission, grade 9 is usually considered the first year of high school regardless of whether the student is in the last year of a 7-9 junior high program, or the first year of a 9-12 high school program. While high school is generally defined as being grades 9-12, there are some senior high schools that cover only grades 10-12, and typically accept students from a junior high school that includes grades 7-9. Some states consider grades 7-12 to be secondary education, while others consider grades 6-12 to be secondary education.

As a practical matter, while laws in most states mandate school attendance at least until graduation or age 16, many require attendance until age 17 or 18. (Enforcement of truancy laws is sometimes sporadic.) Conversely, students who have failed a grade may remain in high school past the age of 18. In general, students over 19 attend remedial classes to receive a high school diploma or General Educational Development (GED) certificate. State laws vary on the cut-off age for students to receive free public education services. Many states have adult high schools for people generally 19 and over. Students can stay in high school past the age of 18 if it is deemed appropriate. They cannot stay past a certain age depending on the state. On average 71% of American students graduate from high school.[9][10][11][12] A high school diploma or GED certificate is usually required for entrance into a two or four-year college or university and to other post-secondary education programs.

High schools can usually be sub-classed as general high schools, vocational high schools (VoTech schools), and college preparatory high schools (prep schools) and special high schools or alternative high schools. Most high schools are general high schools. These schools offer a wide range of educational opportunities intended for the widest range of students possible. These general population schools offer college preparatory classes for advanced students, general education classes for average students and remedial courses for those who are struggling. Students can "mix and match" course levels according to their own abilities or interests.

In some school districts exceptionally high-performing students are offered enrollment at a district college preparatory high school. Traditionally "prep schools" in North America were usually private institutions, though most medium or large public (state) school districts now offer prep schools for advanced students. Public prep schools draw the top students from their district and have strict entrance requirements. All academic classes offered in these schools are classified as honors, International Baccalaureate, or Advanced Placement.

Vocational high schools offer hands-on training to students that prepares them for careers in fields such as information technology, marketing, business, engineering and the medical professions. While some graduates of vocational or career and technical education high schools will go directly into a trade, others will pursue post-secondary education. The Association for Career and Technical Education is the largest national education association dedicated to career and technical education.

Special high schools are catered for students who have special educational needs, e.g. because of learning difficulties or physical disabilities. Some special high schools are offered for students who have major disciplinary or mental health difficulties that make it problematic to educate them in traditional high school settings. Some special high schools are assigned as security risks, where the school houses students who are not yet old enough to legally leave school and are considered a danger to other students or teachers, but have not been convicted of a crime. Some special high schools are dedicated to students with drug or mental health difficulties and have medical and psychological staff on site. A few of these schools include a nursery and a child care staff so that teen parents can finish their education without having to find child care during the school day. Special high schools have their own campus, but sometimes are located in a section or wing of a general high school.

Another recent form of high school that has emerged is the online high school. Stanford University's own Education Program for Gifted Youth recently received a generous donation and used it to create the first truly complete online high school, with an interactive and advanced program for advanced learners.

High School in the United States usually begins in late August or early September of each year, and ends in late May or early June. During the excess two and a half months, the students are given summer vacation to rest from the school year. In some cases schools use a year round schedule.

See also

Additional reading

References

  1. ↑ G1 > Vestibular e Educação - NOTÍCIAS - Veja as 20 melhores escolas do país no Enem 2007
  2. ↑ Dictionary definition of secondary school from the Longman Online Dictionary
  3. ↑ "The Global Competitiveness Report 2006–2007: Country Highlights". World Economic Forum. Retrieved on 2007-01-22.
  4. ↑ http://www.norway.no/temaside/tema.asp?id=1201
  5. ↑ MSN Encarta Dictionary definition of high school
  6. ↑ Definition of junior high school accessed August 17, 2007
  7. ↑ Definition of intermediate school accessed August 17, 2007
  8. ↑ Kindergarten cut-off dates
  9. ↑ Government Education Dept. article on High school dropout rates
  10. ↑ Manhattan Institute article on High school dropout rates
  11. ↑ Manhattan Institute article on High school dropout rates / Value of GED certificate
  12. ↑ United Health Foundation article on High school dropout rates
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