Hatamoto
Enomoto Takeaki, a famous hatamoto of the late Edo period
A hatamoto (旗本, hatamoto?) was a samurai in the direct service of the Tokugawa shogunate of feudal Japan. While all three of the shogunates in Japanese history had official retainers, in the two preceding ones, they were referred to as gokenin. However, in the Edo period, hatamoto were the upper vassals of the Tokugawa house,[1] and the gokenin were the lower vassals. There was no precise difference between the two in terms of income level, but hatamoto had the right to an audience with the shogun, where gokenin did not.[2] The word hatamoto literally means "at the base of the flag" and is often translated as "bannerman". Another term for the Edo-era hatamoto was jikisan hatamoto (直参旗本, jikisan hatamoto?), sometimes rendered as "direct Shogunal hatamoto", which serves to illustrate the difference between them and the preceding generation of hatamoto who served various lords.
History
The term hatamoto originated in the Sengoku period. The term was used for the direct retainers of a lord; as the name suggests, the men who were grouped "at the base of the flag". Many lords had hatamoto; however, when the Tokugawa clan achieved ascendancy in 1600, its hatamoto system was institutionalized, and it is to that system which we mainly refer today when using the term.
In the eyes of the Tokugawa Shogunate, hatamoto were retainers who had served the family from its days in Mikawa onward.[3] However, the ranks of the hatamoto also included people from outside the hereditary ranks of the Tokugawa house. Retainer families of formerly defeated provincial strongmen like Takeda, Hōjō, or Imagawa were included, as were branch families of feudal lords.[4] Also included were heirs to lords whose domains were confiscated (for example, Asano Daigaku, the brother of Asano Naganori),[5] local power figures in remote parts of the country who never became daimyo; and the families of Kamakura Period and Muromachi Period Shugo (Governors) : some of these include the Akamatsu, Besshō (branch of the Akamatsu), Hōjō, Hatakeyama, Kanamori, Imagawa, Mogami, Nagai, Oda, Ōtomo, Takeda, Toki, Takenaka (branch of the Toki), Takigawa, Tsutsui, and Yamana families.[6] The act of becoming a hatamoto was known as bakushin toritate (幕臣取立て, bakushin toritate?).
Many hatamoto fought in the Boshin War of 1868, on both sides of the conflict.
The hatamoto remained retainers of the main Tokugawa clan after the fall of the Shogunate in 1868, and followed the Tokugawa to their new domain of Shizuoka. The hatamoto lost their status along with all other samurai in Japan following the abolition of the domains in 1871.
Ranks and roles
Hijikata Toshizo of the Shinsengumi became a hatamoto shortly before the end of the Edo period
The line between hatamoto and gokenin, especially amongst hatamoto of lower rank, was not rigid, and the title of hatamoto had more to do with rank rather than income rating. In the context of an army, it could be compared to the position of an officer. Throughout the Edo period, hatamoto held the distinction that if they possessed high enough rank, they had the right to personal audience with the shogun (these hatamoto were known as ome-mie ijō). All hatamoto can be divided into two categories, the kuramaitori, who took their incomes straight from Tokugawa granaries, and the jikatatori, who held land scattered throughout Japan.[7] Another level of status distinction amongst the hatamoto was the class of kōtai-yoriai, men who were heads of hatamoto families and held provincial fiefs, and had alternate attendance (sankin kotai) duties like the daimyo. However, as kōtai-yoriai were men of very high income in terms of the spectrum of hatamoto stipends, not all jikatatori hatamoto had the duty of alternate attendance. The dividing line between the upper hatamoto and the fudai daimyo—the domain lords who were also vassals of the Tokugawa house—was 10,000 koku.[8]
Some hatamoto could be granted an increase in income and thus promoted to the rank of fudai daimyo. However, this did not happen frequently. One example of such a promotion is the case of the Hayashi family of Kaibuchi (later known as Jozai han), who began as jikatatori hatamoto but who became fudai daimyo and went on to play a prominent role in the Boshin War, despite their domain's relatively small size of 10,000 koku.
The term for a hatamoto with income in the neighborhood of 8,000 koku or greater was taishin hatamoto ("greater hatamoto").
The hatamoto who lived in Edo resided in their own private districts and oversaw their own police work and security. Men from hatamoto ranks could serve in a variety of roles in the Tokugawa administration, including service in the police force as yoriki inspectors,[9] city magistrates, magistrates or tax collectors of direct Tokugawa house land, members of the wakadoshiyori council, and many other positions.[10]
The expression "eighty thousand hatamoto" (旗本八万旗, hatamoto hachimanhata?) was in popular use to denote their numbers, but a 1722 study put their numbers at about 5,000. Adding the gokenin brought the number up to about 17,000.
Famous Hatamoto
Famous hatamoto include Ōoka Tadasuke, Tōyama Kagemoto, Katsu Kaishu, Enomoto Takeaki, and Hijikata Toshizō.
Hatamoto and the Martial Arts
Hatamoto patronized the development of the martial arts in the Edo period; many of them were involved in the running of dojo in the Edo area and elsewhere. Two hatamoto who were directly involved in the development of the martial arts were Yagyū Munenori and Yamaoka Tesshū. Munenori's family became hereditary sword instructors to the shogun.
Hatamoto in popular culture
Hatamoto appeared as figures in popular culture even before the Edo era ended. Recent depictions of hatamoto include the TV series Hatchōbori no Shichinin, the manga Fūunjitachi Bakumatsu-hen, and Osamu Tezuka's manga Hidamari no ki.
Notes
- ↑ Ooms, p. 190.
- ↑ Ogawa, p. 43.
- ↑ Ogawa, p. 35.
- ↑ Ogawa, pp. 35-36.
- ↑ Ogawa, p. 35.
- ↑ Ogawa, p. 35
- ↑ Ooms, p. 92.
- ↑ Ogawa, p. 43.
- ↑ Sasama, p. 45.
- ↑ Bolitho, p. 118.
References
- Bolitho, Harold (1974). Treasures Among Men: The Fudai Daimyo in Tokugawa Japan. New Haven: Yale University Press. (ISBN 0-300-01655-7)
- Ogawa, Kyōichi (2003). Edo no hatamoto jiten. Tokyo: Kōdansha. (ISBN 4-06-273616-0)
- Ooms, Herman (1975). Charismatic Bureaucrat: a Political Biography of Matsudaira Sadanobu, 1758-1829. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. (ISBN 0-226-63031-5)
- Sasama, Yoshihiko (1995). Edo machi bugyō jiten. Tokyo: Kashiwa-shobō.
Tokugawa Bureaucracy Organization Chart |
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Ōmetsuke |
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Metsuke |
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Rōjū |
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Jisha-bugyō |
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Tairō |
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Rōjū-kaku |
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Edo machi-bugyō |
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Kita-machi-bugyō |
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Shogun |
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Sobayōnin |
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Gaikoku-bugyō |
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Minami-machi-bugyō |
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Wakadoshiyori |
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Gunkan-bugyō |
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Honjo machi-bugyō |
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Daimyo |
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Gusoku-bugyō |
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Hakodate bugyō |
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Haneda bugyō |
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Gundai |
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Hyōgo bugyō |
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Daikan |
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Kanagawa bugyō |
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Kinza (gold monopoly) |
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Kane-bugyō |
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Kanjō bugyō |
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Ginza (silver monopoly) |
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Kura-bugyō |
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Kinzan-bugyō |
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Dōza (copper monopoly) |
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Kyoto shoshidai |
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Kyoto machi-bugyō |
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Shuza (cinnabar monopoly) |
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Nagasaki bugyō |
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Fushimi bugyō |
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Niigata bugyō |
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Nara bugyō |
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Nikkō bugyō |
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Osaka machi-bugyō |
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Osaka jōdai |
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Sakai bugyō |
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Rōya-bugyō |
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Sado bugyō |
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Sakuji-bugyō |
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Shimada bugyō |
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Sunpu jōdai |
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Uraga bugyō |
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Yamada bugyō |
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This bureaucracy evolved in an ad hoc manner, responding to perceived needs. |
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Tokugawa Officials |
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Shogun |
Tokugawa Ieyasu (1603–1605) · Tokugawa Hidetada (1605–1623) · Tokugawa Iemitsu (1623–1651) · Tokugawa Ietsuna (1651–1680) · Tokugawa Tsunayoshi (1680–1709) · Tokugawa Ienobu (1709–1712) · Tokugawa Ietsugu (1713–1716) · Tokugawa Yoshimune (1716–1745) · Tokugawa Ieshige (1745–1760) · Tokugawa Ieharu (1760–1786) · Tokugawa Ienari (1787–1837) · Tokugawa Ieyoshi (1837–1853) · Tokugawa Iesada (1853–1858) · Tokugawa Iemochi (1858–1866) · Tokugawa Yoshinobu (1867–1868)
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Tairō |
Sakai Tadayo (1636) · Doi Toshikatsu (1638-1644) · Sakai Tadakatsu (1638-1656) · Sakai Tadakiyo (1666-1680) · Ii Naozumi (1668-1676) · Hotta Masatoshi (1681-1684) · Ii Naooki (1696-1700, 1711-1714) · Yanagisawa Yoshiyasu (1706-1709) · Ii Naoyuki (1784-1787) · Ii Naoaki (1835-1841) · Ii Naosuke (1858-1860) · Sakai Tadashige (1865)
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Rōjū |
Ōkubo Tadachika (1593-1614) · Ōkubo Nagayasu (1600-1613) · Honda Masanobu (1600-1615) · Naruse Masanari (1600-1616) · Andō Naotsugu (1600-1616) · Honda Masazumi (1600-1622) · Naitō Kiyonari (1601-1606) · Aoyama Tadanari (1601-1606) · Aoyama Narishige (1608-1613) · Sakai Tadatoshi (1609-1627) · Sakai Tadayo (1610-1634) · Doi Toshikatsu (1610-1638) · Andō Shigenobu (1611-1621) · Naitō Kiyotsugu (1616-1617) · Aoyama Tadatoshi (1616-1623) · Inoue Masanari (1617-1628) · Nagai Naomasa (1622-1633) · Abe Masatsugu (1623-1626) · Inaba Masakatsu (1623-1634) · Naitō Tadashige (1623-1633) · Sakai Tadakatsu (1624-1638) · Morikawa Shigetoshi (1628-1632) · Aoyama Yukinari (1628-1633) · Matsudaira Nobutsuna (1632-1662) · Abe Tadaaki (1633-1666) · Hotta Masamori (1635-1651) · Abe Shigetsugu (1638-1651) · Matsudaira Norinaga (1642-1654) · Sakai Tadakiyo (1653-1666) · Inaba Masanori (1657-1681) · Kuze Hiroyuki (1663-1679) · Itakura Shigenori (1665-1668, 1670-1673) · Tsuchiya Kazunao (1665-1679) · Abe Masayoshi (1673-1676) · Ōkubo Tadatomo (1677-1698) · Hotta Masatoshi (1679-1681) · Doi Toshifusa (1679-1681) · Itakura Shigetane (1680-1681) · Toda Tadamasa (1681-1699) · Abe Masatake (1681-1704) · Matsudaira Nobuyuki (1685-1686) · Tsuchiya Masanao (1687-1718) · Ogasawara Nagashige (1697-1705, 1709-1710) · Akimoto Takatomo (1699-1707) · Inaba Masamichi (1701-1707) · Honda Masanaga (1704-1711) · Ōkubo Tadamasu (1705-1713) · Inoue Masamine (1705-1722) · Abe Masataka (1711-1717) · Kuze Shigeyuki (1713-1720) · Matsudaira Nobutsune (1714-1716) · Toda Tadazane (1714-1729) · Mizuno Tadayuki (1717-1730) · Andō Nobutomo (1722-1732) · Matsudaira Norisato (1723-1745) · Matsudaira Tadachika (1724-1728) · Ōkubo Tsuneharu (1728) · Sakai Tadaoto (1728-1735) · Matsudaira Nobutoki (1730-1744) · Matsudaira Terusada (1730-1745) · Kuroda Naokuni (1732-1735) · Honda Tadanaga (1734-1746) · Toki Yoritoshi (1742-1744) · Sakai Tadazumi (1744-1749) · Matsudaira Norikata (1745-1746) · Hotta Masasuke (1745-1761) · Nishio Tadanao (1746-1760) · Honda Masayoshi (1746-1758) · Matsudaira Takechika (1746-1779) · Sakai Tadayori (1749-1764) · Matsudaira Terutaka (1758-1781) · Inoue Masatsune (1760-1763) · Akimoto Sumitomo (1747-1764, 1765-1767) · Doi Toshitsura (1838-1844) · Inoue Masaharu (1840-1843) · Andō Nobumasa (1860-1862) · Itakura Katsukiyo (1862-1864, 1865-1868) · Inoue Masanao (1862-1864) · Mizuno Tadakiyo (1862-1866) · Sakai Tadashige (1863-1864) · Arima Michizumi (1863-1864) · Makino Tadayuki (1863-1865) · Matsumae Takahiro (1864-1865) · Abe Masato (1864-1865) · Suwa Tadamasa (1864-1865) · Inaba Masakuni (1864-1865, 1866-1868) · Matsudaira Munehide (1864-1866) · Inoue Masanao (1865-1867) · Matsudaira Yasuhide (1865-1868) · Mizuno Tadanobu (1866) · Matsudaira Norikata (1866-1868) · Inaba Masami (1866-1868) · Matsudaira Sadaaki (1867) · Ōkōchi Masatada (1867-1868) · Sakai Tadatō (1867-1868) · Tachibana Taneyuki (1868)
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Wakadoshiyori |
Nagai Naoyuki (1867-1868) ·
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Kyoto shoshidai |
Okudaira Nobumasa (1600-1601) · Itakura Katsushige (1601-1619) · Makino Chikashige (1654-1668) · Itakura Shigenori (1668-1670) · Nagai Naotsune (1670-1678) · Toda Tadamasa (1678-1681) · Inaba Masamichi (1681-1685) · Tsuchiya Masanao (1685-1687) · Naitō Shigeyori (1687-1690) · Matsudaira Nobuoki (1690-1691) · Ogasawara Nagashige (1691-1697) · Matsudaira Nobutsune (1697-1714) · Mizuno Tadayuki (1714-1717) · Matsudaira Tadachika(1717-1724) · Makino Hideshige (1724-1734) · Toki Yoritoshi {1734-1742) · Makino Sadamichi (1742-1749) · Matsudaira Sukekuni (1749-1752) · Sakai Tadamochi (1752-1756) · Matsudaira Terutaka(1756-1758) · Inoue Masatsune (1758-1760) · Abe Masasuke (1760-1764) · Abe Masachika (1764-1768) · Doi Toshisato (1769-1777) · Kuze Hiroakira (1777-1781) · Makino Sadanaga (1781-1784) · Toda Tadatō (1784-1789) · Ōta Sukeyoshi (1789-1782) · Hotta Masanari (1792-1798) · Makino Tadakiyo (1798-1801) · Doi Toshiatsu (1801-1802) · Aoyama Tadayasu (1802-1804) · Inaba Masanobu (1804-1806) · Abe Masayoshi (1806-1808) · Sakai Tadayuki (1808-1815) · Ōkubo Tadazane (1815-1818) · Matsudaira Norihiro (1818-1823) · Naitō Nobuatsu (1823-1825) · Matsudaira Yasutō (1825-1826) · Mizuno Tadakuni (1826-1828) · Matsudaira Muneakira (1828-1832) · Ōta Sukemoto (1832-1834) · Matsudaira Nobuyori (1834-1837) · Doi Toshitsura (1837-1838) · Manabe Akikatsu (1838-1840) · Makino Tadamasa (1840-1843) · Sakai Tadaaki (1843-1850) · Naitō Nobuchika (1850-1851) · Wakisaka Yasuori (1851-1857) · Honda Tadamoto (1857-1858) · Sakai Tadaaki (1858-1862) · Matsudaira Munehide (1862) · Makino Tadayuki (1862-1863) · Inaba Masakuni (1863-1864) · Matsudaira Sadaaki (1864-1867)
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Bugyō |
Bugu-bugyō (post-1863) · Edo machi-bugyō · Fushimi bugyō · Gaikoku-bugyō (post-1858) · Gunkan-bugyō (post-1859) · Gusoku-bugyō · Hakodate bugyō · Haneda bugyō (post-1853) · Hyōgo bugyō (post-1864) · Jisha-bugyō · Kanagawa bugyō (post-1859) · Kanjō-bugyō (post-1787) · Kinzan-bugyō · Kyoto machi-bugyō · Nara bugyō · Machi-bugyō · Nagasaki bugyō · Niigata bugyō · Nikkō bugyō · Osaka jōdai · Osaka machi-bugyō · Rōya-bugyō · Sado bugyō · Sakai bugyō · Sakuji-bugyō (post-1632) · Shimoda bugyō · Sunpu jōdai · Uraga bugyō · Yamada bugyō
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Daimyo |
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Hatamoto |
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Ōmetsuke |
Yagyū Munenori (1632-1636) · Mizuno Morinobu (1632-1636) · Akiyama Masashige 1632-1640) · Inoue Masashige (1632-1658) · Kagazume Tadazumi (1640-1650) · Nakane Masamori (1650) · Hōjō Ujinaga (1655-1670) · Ōoka Tadatane (1670) · Nakayama Naomori (1684) · Sengoku Hisanao (1695-1719) · Shōda Yasutoshi (1699-1701) · Sakakibara Tadayuki (1836-1837) · Atobe Yoshisuke (1839-1841, 1855-1856) · Tōyama Kagemoto (1844) · Ido Hiromichi 1853-1855) · Tsutsui Masanori (1854-1857) · Ōkubo Tadahiro (1862) · Matsudaira Yasuhide (1864) · Nagai Naoyuki (1864-1865, 1865-1867) · Yamaoka Takayuki (1868) · Oda Nobushige (1868)
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Metsuke |
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Kyoto Shugoshoku |
Matsudaira Katamori (1862-1864) · Matsudaira Yoshinaga (1864) · Matsudaira Katamori (1864-1867)
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The several configurations of the Tokugawa shogunate's bureaucracy were changed according to perceived needs and conditions. |
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