G8

Group of Eight

Canada Prime Minister Stephen Harper  France President Nicolas Sarkozy  Germany Chancellor Angela Merkel  Italy Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi  Japan Prime Minister Taro Aso President of the G8 for 2008  Russia President Dmitry Medvedev  United Kingdom Prime Minister Gordon Brown  United States President George W Bush Also represented  European Union[1] President José Manuel Barroso President Nicolas Sarkozy

The Group of Eight (G8, and formerly the (G6) or Group of Six) is a forum for governments of eight nations of the northern hemisphere: Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States; in addition, the EU is represented within the G8, but cannot host or chair.^[1] The G8 can refer to the member states or to the annual summit meeting of the G8 heads of government. The former term G6 is now frequently applied to the six most populous countries within the European Union (see G6 (EU)). G8 ministers also meet throughout the year, such as the G7/8 finance ministers (who meet four times a year), G8 foreign ministers or G8 environment ministers.

Each calendar year, the responsibility of hosting the G8 rotates through the member states in the following order: France, United States, United Kingdom, Russia, Germany, Japan, Italy and Canada. The holder of the presidency sets the agenda, hosts the summit for that year and determines which ministerial meetings will take place. Lately, both France and the United Kingdom have expressed a desire to expand the group and include five developing countries, referred to as the Outreach Five (O5) or the Plus Five: Brazil, China, India, Mexico and South Africa. These countries have participated as guests in previous meetings, which are sometimes called G8+5. Recently, France, Germany and Italy are lobbying to include Egypt to the Outreach Five (O5) and expand the G8 to G14. [1]

History

The first G6 meeting in Rambouillet

The concept of a forum for the world's major industrialized democracies emerged following the 1973 oil crisis and subsequent global recession. In 1974 the United States created the Library Group, an informal gathering of senior financial officials from the United States, the United Kingdom, West Germany, Japan and France. In 1975, French President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing invited the heads of government from West Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States to a summit in Rambouillet. The six leaders agreed to an annual meeting organized under a rotating presidency, forming the Group of Six (G6). The following year, Canada joined the group at the behest of Germany's Chancellor Helmut Schmidt and U.S. President Gerald Ford^[2] and the group became the 'Group of Seven' -or G7. The European Union is represented by the President of the European Commission and the leader of the country that holds the Presidency of the Council of the European Union. The President of the European Commission has attended all meetings since it was first invited by the United Kingdom in 1977^[3] and the Council President now also regularly attends.

From the 1994's G7 summit in Naples, Russian officials held separate meetings with leaders of the G7 after the group's summits. This informal arrangement was dubbed the Political 8 (P8) - or, colloquially, the 'G7+1'. At the invitation of United Kingdom Prime Minister Tony Blair and US President Bill Clinton^[4], Russia formally joined the group in 1997, resulting in the 'Group of Eight' - the G8.

Structure and activities

Leaders of the G8 on 7 June 2007, in Heiligendamm, Germany

The G8 is intended to be an informal forum, and it therefore lacks an administrative structure like those for international organizations, such as the United Nations or the World Bank. The group does not have a permanent secretariat, or offices for its members. In 2008, the G8 summit might have been called the G9 because the President of the European Union Commission participated as an equal in all summit events.

The presidency of the group rotates annually among the member countries, with each new term beginning on 1 January of the year. The country holding the presidency is responsible for planning and hosting a series of ministerial-level meetings, leading up to a mid-year summit attended by the heads of government. Japan held the G8 presidency in 2008, and Italy will be president in 2009.

The ministerial meetings bring together ministers responsible for various portfolios to discuss issues of mutual or global concern. The range of topics include health, law enforcement, labour, economic and social development, energy, environment, foreign affairs, justice and interior, terrorism and trade. There are also a separate set of meetings known as the "G8+5", created during the 2005 Gleneagles, Scotland summit, that is attended by finance and energy ministers from all eight member countries in addition to the five "Outreach Countries": Brazil, China, India, Mexico and South Africa.

In June 2005, justice ministers and interior ministers from the G8 countries agreed to launch an international database on pedophiles.^[5] The G8 officials also agreed to pool data on terrorism, subject to restrictions by privacy and security laws in individual countries.^[6]

Global warming and energy

Main articles: International Partnership for Energy Efficiency Cooperation and Climate Investment Funds

At the Heiligendamm Summit in 2007, the G8 acknowledged a proposal from the EU for a worldwide initiative on energy efficiency. They agreed to explore, along with the International Energy Agency, the most effective means to promote energy efficiency internationally. A year later, on 8 June 2008, the G8 along with China, India, South Korea and the European Community established the International Partnership for Energy Efficiency Cooperation, at the Energy Ministerial meeting hosted by Japan holding 2008 G8 Presidency, in Aomori. ^[7]

G8 Finance Ministers, whilst in preparation for the 34th Summit of the G8 Heads of State and Government in Toyako, Hokkaido, met on the 13th and 14th June 2008, in Osaka, Japan. They agreed to the “G8 Action Plan for Climate Change to Enhance the Engagement of Private and Public Financial Institutions.” In closing, Ministers supported the launch of new Climate Investment Funds (CIFs) by the World Bank, which will help existing efforts until a new framework under the UNFCCC is implemented after 2012. ^[8]

Annual summit

At the 34th G8 Summit at Toyako, Hokkaido, formal photo during Tanabata matsuri event for world leaders -- Silvio Berlusconi (Italy), Dimitry Medvedev (Russia), Angela Merkel (Germany), Gordon Brown (UK), Yasuo Fukuda (Japan), George Bush (US), Stephen Harper (Canada), Nicolas Sarkozy (France), José Barosso (EU) -- July 7, 2008.

The annual G8 leaders summit is attended by eight of the world's most powerful heads of government. However, as noted by commentators the G-8 summit is not the place to flesh out the details of any difficult or controversial policy issue in the context of a three-day event. Rather, the meeting is to bring a range of complex and sometimes inter-related issues. The G8 summit brings leaders together not so they can dream up quick fixes, but to talk and think about them together.^[9]

The G8 summit is an international event which is observed and reported by news media, but the G8's relevance is unclear.^[10] The member country holding the G8 presidency is responsible for organising and hosting the year's summit, held for three days in mid-year; and for this reason, Tony Blair and the United Kingdom accumulated the lion's share of the credit for what went right (and wrong) at Gleneagles in 2005. Similarly, Yasuo Fukuda and Japan hope to garner the greater part of the credit for what went well (and what did not) at the Hokkaido Summit in 2008.

Each of the 34 G8 summit meetings could have been called a success if only the events had been re-framed as venues to generate additional momentum for solving problems at the other multilateral conferences that meet throughout the year. The G8 summit sets the stage for what needs to be done and establishes an idea of how to do it, even if that idea is, at best, rough and patchy.^[9]

The summits have also been the site of numerous, large-scale anti-globalization protests.

	Date	Host country	Host leader	Location held	Website	Notes
1st	November 15–17, 1975	France	Valéry Giscard d'Estaing	Rambouillet		G6 Summit
2nd	June 27–28, 1976	United States	Gerald R. Ford	San Juan, Puerto Rico		Canada joins the group, forming the G7
3rd	May 7–8, 1977	United Kingdom	James Callaghan	London		President of the European Commission gains permission to join G-7 Summit annually
4th	July 16–17, 1978	West Germany	Helmut Schmidt	Bonn, North Rhine-Westphalia
5th	June 28–29, 1979	Japan	Masayoshi Ōhira	Tokyo
6th	June 22–3, 1980	Italy	Francesco Cossiga	Venice
7th	July 20–21, 1981	Canada	Pierre E. Trudeau	Montebello, Quebec
8th	June 4–6, 1982	France	François Mitterrand	Versailles
9th	May 28–30, 1983	United States	Ronald Reagan	Williamsburg, Virginia
10th	June 7–9, 1984	United Kingdom	Margaret Thatcher	London
11th	May 2–4, 1985	West Germany	Helmut Kohl	Bonn, North Rhine-Westphalia
12th	May 4–6, 1986	Japan	Yasuhiro Nakasone	Tokyo
13th	June 8–10, 1987	Italy	Amintore Fanfani	Venice
14th	June 19–21, 1988	Canada	Brian Mulroney	Toronto, Ontario
15th	July 14–16, 1989	France	François Mitterrand	Grande Arche, Paris
16th	July 9–11, 1990	United States	George H. W. Bush	Houston, Texas
17th	July 15–17, 1991	United Kingdom	John Major	London
18th	July 6–8, 1992	Germany	Helmut Kohl	Munich, Bavaria
19th	July 7–9, 1993	Japan	Kiichi Miyazawa	Tokyo
20th	July 8–10, 1994	Italy	Silvio Berlusconi	Naples
21st	June 15–17, 1995	Canada	Jean Chrétien	Halifax, Nova Scotia
22nd	June 27–29, 1996	France	Jacques Chirac	Lyon		International organizations' debut to G8 Summits periodically. The invited ones here were: United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund and the World Trade Organization.[11]
23rd	June 20–22, 1997	United States	Bill Clinton	Denver, Colorado	[2]	Russia joins the group, forming G8
24th	May 15–17, 1998	United Kingdom	Tony Blair	Birmingham, England	[3]
25th	June 18–20, 1999	Germany	Gerhard Schröder	Cologne, North Rhine-Westphalia		First Summit of the G20 industrial nations at Berlin
26th	July 21–23, 2000	Japan	Yoshiro Mori	Nago, Okinawa	[4]	Formation of the G8+5 starts, when South Africa was invited. Since then, it has been invited to the Summit annually without interruption. Also, with permission from a G8 leader, other nations were invited to the Summit on a periodical basis for the first time. Nigeria, Algeria and Senegal accepted their invitations here. The World Health Organization was also invited for the first time, too.[11]
27th	July 20–22, 2001	Italy	Silvio Berlusconi	Genoa	[5]	Leaders from Bangladesh, Mali and El Salvador accepted their invitations here.[11] Demonstrator Carlo Giuliani is shot and killed by police.
28th	June 26–27, 2002	Canada	Jean Chrétien	Kananaskis, Alberta	[6]	Russia gains permission to officially host a G8 Summit.
29th	June 2–3, 2003	France	Jacques Chirac	Évian-les-Bains	[7]	The G8+5 was unofficially made, when China, India, Brazil and Mexico were invited to this Summit for the first time. Other first-time nations that were invited by the French president included: Egypt, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Malaysia and Switzerland.[11]
30th	June 8–10, 2004	United States	George W. Bush	Sea Island, Georgia	[8]	A record number of leaders from 12 different nations accepted their invitations here. Amongst a couple of veteran nations, the others were: Ghana, Afghanistan, Bahrain, Iraq, Jordan, Turkey, Yemen and Uganda.[11]
31st	July 6–8, 2005	United Kingdom	Tony Blair	Gleneagles, Scotland	[9]	The G8+5 was officially formed. Nations that were invited for the first time were Ethiopia and Tanzania. The African Union and the International Energy Agency made their debut here.[11]
32nd	July 15–17, 2006	Russia	Vladimir Putin	Strelna, St. Petersburg	[10]	First G8 Summit on Russian soil. Also, the International Atomic Energy Agency and UNESCO made their debut here.[11]
33rd	June 6–8, 2007	Germany	Angela Merkel	Heiligendamm, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern	[11]	A record seven different international organizations accepted their invitations to this Summit. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and the Commonwealth of Independent States made their debut here.[11]
34th	July 7–9, 2008	Japan	Yasuo Fukuda	Toyako (Lake Toya), Hokkaido	[12]	Nations that accepted their G8 Summit invitations for the first time are: Australia, Indonesia and South Korea.[11]
35th	July 8-10, 2009	Italy	Silvio Berlusconi	La Maddalena	[13]
36th	2010	Canada	Stephen Harper	Huntsville, Ontario	[14]
37th	2011	France	Nicolas Sarkozy	TBD
38th	2012	United States	Barack Obama	TBD		Potentially the first G8 Summit chaired by a head of state of African descent
39th	2013	United Kingdom
40th	2014	Russia
41st	2015	Germany
42nd	2016	Japan
43rd	2017	Italy
44th	2018	Canada

G8 member facts

7 of the 9 leading export countries are in the G8 ^[12](Germany, US, Japan, France, Italy, UK, Canada). The US, Canada, France, and Germany have nominal per capita gdp over 40,000 dollars.^[13] 5 of the 7 largest stock exchanges by market value are in G8 countries^[14] (US, Japan, UK, Canada). the G8 countries represent 7 of the 9 largest economies by nominal gdp ^[15](Russia isn't one of the 9 largest economies by nominal gdp but has the 7th largest real gdp, Canada was 8th in 2006 but in 2007 it lost 8th place to Spain like it did in 2003^[16] but is only 0.2 % smaller according to the IMF and 0.5 % smaller according to the cia factbook).

The 2nd and 3rd largest oil producers (USA and Russia) and the country with the 2nd largest reserves (Canada) are in the G8^[17]. 7 of the 9 largest nuclear energy producers are in the G8^[18] (USA, France, Japan, Russia, Germany, Canada, UK). the 7 largest donators to the un budget are in the g8^[19] (US, Japan, Germany, UK, France, Italy, Canada).

Cumulative influence of member nations

Together, the G8 countries represent about 65% of the Gross World Product^[20], the majority of global military power (seven are in the top 8 nations for military expenditure^[21]), and almost all of the world's active nuclear weapons.^[22]

The eight countries making up the G8 represent about 14% of the world population, but they account for 65% of the world's economic output measured by gross domestic product, all 8 within the top 11 countries according to the CIA World Factbook. (see the CIA World Factbook column in List of countries by GDP (nominal))

In 2007, the combined G8 military spending was US$850 billion. This was 72% of the world's total military expenditures. (see List of countries and federations by military expenditures) Four of the G8 members United Kingdom, United States of America, France and Russia together account for 96-99% of the world's nuclear weapons. (see List of states with nuclear weapons)

Criticism and demonstrations

Protesters try to stop members of the G8 from attending the summit during the 27th G8 summit in Genoa, Italy by burning vehicles on the main route to the summit

As the annual summits are extremely high profile, they are subject to extensive lobbying by advocacy groups and street demonstrations by activists.

The most well-known criticisms centre on the assertion that members of G8 are responsible for global issues such as poverty in Africa and developing countries due to debt and trading policy, global warming due to carbon dioxide emission, the AIDS problem due to strict medicine patent policy and other issues related to globalization. During the 31st G8 summit in Scotland, 225,000 people took to the streets of Edinburgh as part of the Make Poverty History campaign calling for Trade Justice, Debt Relief and Better Aid. Numerous other demonstrations also took place challenging the legitimacy of the G8. ^[23]

Of the anti-globalization movement protests, one of the largest and most violent occurred for the 27th G8 summit [15]. Since that G8 Summit and the subsequent September 11, 2001 attacks on the United States occurred months apart in the same year, the G8 have gathered at some forms of remote locations every year since then. The 7 July 2005 London bombings were timed to coincide with the 31st G8 summit in Scotland.

The group has also been criticized for its membership, which critics argue has now become unrepresentative of the world's most powerful economies since Canada was overtaken by China and Spain in terms of nominal GDP. Furthermore, Russia was allowed into the group despite only being in 11th place, behind countries such as Brazil.

See also

Notes, links, and references

External links

Further information: 34th G8 summit

• G8 Information Centre, G8 Research Group, University of Toronto
• G8: The World Can't Wait!, "Oxfam International G8 Blog", oxfam.org
• "Special Report: G8", Guardian Unlimited
• "Profile: G8", BBC News
• "We are deeply concerned. Again", New Statesman, 4 July 2005, —G8 development concerns since 1977
• "G8 Dossier" by the Internationalist Review, —On-line dossier with analysis, photo series and links on G8 protests
• FACTBOX - Climate Change High on G8 Agenda In Japan (Planet Ark).
• G8 Reaches Tentative Climate Change Deal.
• Anti G8, Anti globalization Forum at www.3monkeyz.net
• Financial rescue plans from G7 and EU countries, 12 October 2008

Official G8 sites of member states (not summit specific)

• Canada
• United Kingdom
  • History of the G8 —UK government site

References

Footnotes