Greenland

Greenland Kalaallit Nunaat Grønland
Anthem: Nunarput utoqqarsuanngoravit (Greenlandic) "You Our Ancient Land!"
Capital (and largest city)		Nuuk (Godthåb)
Official languages		Greenlandic (Kalaallisut) (from June 2009)
Ethnic groups		88% (Inuit and Inuit-Danish mixed ), 12% Europeans, mostly Danish
Demonym		Greenlander, Greenlandic
Government		Parliamentary democracy within a constitutional monarchy
-	Monarch	Margrethe II
-	Prime Minister	Anders Fogh Rasmussen
-	First Minister	Hans Enoksen
Autonomous country of the Kingdom of Denmark (from June 2009)
-	Home rule	1979
Area
-	Total	2,166,086 km2 (13th) 836,109 sq mi
-	Water (%)	81.11
Population
-	July 2007 estimate	57,564[1]
-	Density	0.027/km2 (241st) 0.069/sq mi
GDP (PPP)		2001 estimate
-	Total	$1.1 billion (not ranked)
-	Per capita	$20,0002 (not ranked)
HDI (1998)		0.927[2] (high) (n/a)
Currency		Danish krone (DKK)
Time zone		(UTC0 to -4)
Drives on the		right
Internet TLD		.gl
Calling code		299
1	As of 2000: 410,449 km² (158,433 sq. miles) ice-free; 1,755,637 km² (677,676 sq. miles) ice-covered.
2	2001 estimate.

Greenland (Kalaallisut: Kalaallit Nunaat, meaning "Land of the Greenlanders"; Danish: Grønland) is a member country of the Kingdom of Denmark located between the Arctic and Atlantic Oceans, east of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Though physiographically and ethnically an Arctic island country and geographically a part of the continent of North America, politically and historically Greenland is associated with Europe, specifically Iceland, Norway, and Denmark. In 1979, Denmark granted home rule to Greenland, with a relationship described by the Rigsfællesskabet, and in 2008 Greenland voted to become a separate country within the Kingdom of Denmark, effective June 2009. Greenland is, by area, the world's largest island that is not a continent in its own right.^[3]

History

Main article: History of Greenland

In prehistoric times, Greenland was home to a number of Paleo-Eskimo cultures. From AD 984, it was colonized by Icelanders in two settlements on fjords near the southwesternmost tip of the island. The settlements, such as Brattahlid, thrived for centuries but disappeared sometime in the 1400s, at the time of one given date for the outbreak of the Little Ice Age.^[4]

Data from ice cores indicate that between AD 800 and 1300 the regions around the fjords of southern Greenland experienced a mild climate, with trees and herbaceous plants growing and livestock being farmed.

These Icelandic settlements vanished during the 14th and 15th centuries, likely due to famine and increasing conflicts with the Inuit.^[5] The condition of human bones from this period indicates that the Norse population was malnourished, probably because of soil erosion resulting from the Norsemen's destruction of natural vegetation to allow for farming, turf-cutting, and wood-cutting, because of a decline in temperatures during the Little Ice Age, and because of armed conflicts with the Inuit.^[4] Jared Diamond suggests that cultural practices, such as rejecting fish as a source of food and relying solely on livestock ill-adapted to Greenland's climate, changed by the so-called "little ice age", resulted in recurring famine which, with environmental degradation, led to abandonment of the colony.^[4] However, isotope analysis of the bones of inhabitants shows that marine food sources supplied more and more of the diet of the Norse Greenlanders, making up between 50% and 80% of their diet by the 1300s.^[6]

The last written records of the Norse Greenlanders are of a marriage in 1408 in the church of Hvalsey — today the best-preserved Norse ruins in Greenland.

Norway occupied and claimed parts of the then-uninhabited East Greenland (also called Erik the Red's Land) in July 1931, claiming that it constituted Terra nullius. Norway and Denmark agreed to submit the matter in 1933 to the Permanent Court of International Justice, which decided against Norway.

Greenland's connection to Denmark was severed on April 9, 1940, when, early in World War II, Denmark was occupied by Germany. Greenland was able to buy goods from the United States and Canada by selling cryolite from the mine in Ivittuut. During this war, the system of government changed: Governor Eske Brun ruled the island under a law of 1925 that allowed governors to take control under extreme circumstances; Governor Aksel Svane was transferred to the US to lead the commission to supply Greenland. A sledge patrol (in 1942, named the Sirius Patrol), guarding the northeastern shores of Greenland using dog sleds, detected and alerted American troops who then destroyed several German weather stations, giving Denmark a better position in the postwar turmoil.

Greenland had been a protected and very isolated society until 1940. The Danish government, which governed Greenland as its colony, had been convinced that the society would face exploitation from the outside world or even extinction if the country was opened up. But wartime Greenland developed a sense of self-reliance through self-government and independent communication with the outside world.

However, a commission in 1946 (with the highest Greenlandic council, the Landsrådene, as a participant) recommended patience and no radical reformation of the system. Two years later, the first step towards changing the government was initiated when a grand commission was established. A final report (G-50) was presented in 1950: Greenland was to be a modern welfare state with Denmark as sponsor and example. In 1953, Greenland was made an equal part of the Danish Kingdom. Home rule was granted in 1979.

Sovereignty

Norse Greenlanders submitted to Norwegian rule in the 13th century, and Norway entered into a personal union with Denmark in 1380 and from 1397 as a part of the Kalmar Union . From 1536, after Sweden had broken out of the union, Norway entered into a closer dependency with Denmark in the kingdom of Denmark-Norway which existed until 1814. At that time, Denmark-Norway found itself on the losing side of the Napoleonic Wars. In gratitude to Sweden for its assistance in defeating Napoleon (and as a consolation for the recent loss of Finland to Russia), mainland Norway and certain Norwegian territories were transferred to Sweden – thus, the personal union of Norway and Denmark ended. The dependencies of Greenland, Iceland and the Faroe Islands, however, remained part of the reorganised "Kingdom of Denmark".

In the early 20th century, the United States was believed to have claims made good by discovery and exploration of the Peary expeditions. In 1933, Norway attempted to claim eastern Greenland, but the Permanent Court of Arbitration decided that the entire island belonged to Denmark. During the Cold War, the United States developed a geopolitical interest in Greenland, and therefore in 1946, the United States offered to buy Greenland from Denmark for $100,000,000, but Denmark did not agree to sell.^[7][8]

Greenland became an integral part of the Kingdom of Denmark in 1953. It was granted home rule by the Folketing (Danish parliament) in 1979. The law went into effect on May 1, 1979. The Queen of Denmark, Margrethe II, remains Greenland's Head of State. Greenlandic voters subsequently chose to leave the European Economic Community upon achieving self-rule, because they did not want to allow European fishing fleets in Greenlandic waters. A referendum on greater autonomy^[9] was approved on 25 November 2008.^[10]

Politics

Main article: Politics of Greenland

Greenland's Head of State is currently Margrethe II. The Queen's government in Denmark appoints a Rigsombudsmand (High commissioner) representing the Danish government and monarchy.

Greenland has an elected parliament of thirty-one members. The head of government is the Prime Minister, who is usually the leader of the majority party in Parliament. The current Prime Minister is Hans Enoksen.

As part of the realm of the Kingdom of Denmark, Greenlanders elect two representatives who sit in the Danish parliament.

In 1985, Greenland left the European Community (EC), unlike Denmark which remains a member. The EC later became the EU (European Union) when it was renamed and expanded in scope in 1992. Greenland retains some ties with the EU via Denmark. However EU law largely does not apply to Greenland except in the area of trade.

Geography and climate

Main article: Geography of Greenland

See also: Administrative divisions of Greenland, Territorial claims in the Arctic, Arctic shrinkage, and Climate of the Arctic#Greenland

Map of Greenland

The Atlantic Ocean borders Greenland's southeast; the Greenland Sea is to the east; the Arctic Ocean is to the north; and Baffin Bay is to the west. The nearest countries are Iceland, east of Greenland in the Atlantic Ocean, and Canada, to the west and across Baffin Bay. Greenland is the world's largest island, and is the largest dependent territory by area in the world. It also contains the world's largest national park.

Southeast coast of Greenland

The total area of Greenland measures 2,166,086 km² (836,109 sq mi), of which the Greenland ice sheet covers 1,755,637 km² (677,676 sq mi) (81%) and has a volume of approximately 2.85 million km³.^[11] The coastline of Greenland is 39,330 km (24,430 miles) long, about the same length as the Earth's circumference at the Equator. The highest point on Greenland is Gunnbjørn at 3,694 metres (12,119 ft). However, the majority of Greenland is under 1,500 metres (5,000 ft) elevation.

The weight of the massive Greenlandic ice cap has depressed the central land area to form a basin lying more than 300 m (1,000 ft) below sea level.^[12] The ice flows generally to the coast from the center of the island.

All towns and settlements of Greenland are situated along the ice-free coast, with the population being concentrated along the Western coast. The northeastern part of Greenland, which includes sections of North Greenland and East Greenland, is not part of any municipality, but is the site of the world's largest national park, Northeast Greenland National Park.

At least four scientific expedition stations and camps had been established in the ice-covered central part of Greenland (indicated as pale blue in the map to the right), on the ice sheet: Eismitte, North Ice, North GRIP Camp and The Raven Skiway. Currently, there is a year-round station, Summit Camp, on the ice sheet, established in 1989. The radio station Jørgen Brøndlund Fjord was, until 1950, the northernmost permanent outpost in the world.

A scene from South Greenland, near Nanortalik, where fjords and mountains dominate the landscape.

The extreme north of Greenland, Peary Land, is not covered by an ice sheet, because the air there is too dry to produce snow, which is essential in the production and maintenance of an ice sheet. If the Greenland ice sheet were to completely melt away, sea level would rise by more than 7 m (23 ft)^[13] and Greenland would most likely become an archipelago.

The town Qaqortoq in southwestern Greenland.

Between 1989 and 1993, U.S. and European climate researchers drilled into the summit of Greenland's ice sheet, obtaining a pair of 3 km (2 mi) long ice cores. Analysis of the layering and chemical composition of the cores has provided a revolutionary new record of climate change in the Northern Hemisphere going back about 100,000 years and illustrated that the world's weather and temperature have often shifted rapidly from one seemingly stable state to another, with worldwide consequences.^[14] The glaciers of Greenland are also contributing to global sea level rise at a faster rate than was previously believed.^[15] Between 1991 and 2004, monitoring of the weather at one location (Swiss Camp) found that the average winter temperature had risen almost 6 °C (11 °F).^[16] Other research has shown that higher snowfalls from the North Atlantic oscillation caused the interior of the ice cap to thicken by an average of 6 cm/yr between 1994 and 2005.^[17]

However, a recent study suggests a much warmer planet in relatively recent geological times:

Scientists who probed two kilometers (1.2 miles) through a Greenland glacier to recover the oldest plant DNA on record said the planet was far warmer hundreds of thousands of years ago than is generally believed. DNA of trees, plants and insects including butterflies and spiders from beneath the southern Greenland glacier was estimated to date to 450,000 to 900,000 years ago, according to the remnants retrieved from this long-vanished boreal forest. That view contrasts sharply with the prevailing one that a lush forest of this kind could only have existed in Greenland as recently as 2.4 million years ago. The existence of those DNA samples suggest the temperature probably reached 10 degrees C (50 degrees Fahrenheit) in the summer and -17 °C (1 °F) in the winter. They also indicated that during the last interglacial period, 116,000–130,000 years ago, when temperatures were on average 5 °C (9 °F) higher than now, the glaciers on Greenland did not completely melt away.^[18]

Colorful houses dot the town of Ittoqqortoormiit.

Scoresby Sund in East Greenland, the longest fjord in the world.

In 1996, the American "Top of the World" expedition found the world's northernmost island off Greenland: ATOW1996. An even more northerly candidate was spotted during the return from the expedition, but its status is yet to be confirmed.

In 2007, the existence of a "new" island was announced. Named "Uunartoq Qeqertoq" (English: Warming Island), this island has always been present off the coast of Greenland, but was covered by an ice sheet. This ice sheet was discovered to be shrinking rapidly in 2002, and by 2007 had completely melted away, leaving the exposed island.^[19] The island was named "Place of the Year" by the Oxford Atlas of the World in 2007. Ben Keene, the atlas's editor, commented: "In the last two or three decades, global warming has reduced the size of glaciers throughout the Arctic and earlier this year, news sources confirmed what climate scientists already knew: water, not rock, lay beneath this ice bridge on the east coast of Greenland. More islets are likely to appear as the sheet of frozen water covering the world’s largest island continues to melt."

Some controversy surrounds the history of the island, specifically over whether the island might have been revealed during a brief warm period in Greenland during the mid-20th century.^[20]

Etymology

The name Greenland comes from Scandinavian settlers. In the Icelandic sagas, it is said that Norwegian-born Erik the Red was exiled from Iceland for murder. He, along with his extended family and thralls, set out in ships to find the land that was rumoured to be to the northwest. After settling there, he named the land Grænland ("Greenland").^[21] Greenland was also called Gruntland ("Ground-land") and Engronelant (or Engroneland) on early maps. Whether green is an erroneous transcription of grunt ("ground"), which refers to shallow bays, or vice versa, is not known. It should also be noted, however, that the southern portion of Greenland (not covered by glacier) is indeed very green in the summer and was likely to have been even greener in Erik's time because of the Medieval Warm Period.

Topography

About 81 percent of Greenland's surface is covered by the Greenland ice sheet. The weight of the ice has depressed the central land area into a basin shape, whose base lies more than 300 metres (984 ft) below the surrounding ocean. Elevations rise suddenly and steeply near the coast.^[22]

Economy

Main article: Economy of Greenland

Greenland today is critically dependent on fishing and fish exports; the shrimp fishing industry is by far the largest income earner. Despite resumption of several interesting hydrocarbon and mineral exploration activities, it will take several years before hydrocarbon production can materialize. The state oil company NUNAOIL was created in order to help develop the hydrocarbon industry in Greenland. The state company Nunamineral has been launched on the Copenhagen Stock Exchange to raise more capital to increase the newly started gold production. Exploitation of ruby deposits have also begun, even though production is still in its early stages. Numerous other mineral prospects are growing increasingly interesting as prices are increasing; these include uranium, aluminium, nickel, platinum, tungsten, titanium, and copper. Tourism is the only sector offering any near-term potential and even this is limited due to a short season and high costs. The public sector, including publicly owned enterprises and the municipalities, plays the dominant role in Greenland's economy. About half the government revenues come from grants from the Danish Government, an important supplement to the gross domestic product (GDP). Gross domestic product per capita is equivalent to that of the weaker economies of Europe.

Greenland suffered an economic contraction in the early 1990s, but since 1993 the economy has improved. The Greenland Home Rule Government (GHRG) has pursued a tight fiscal policy since the late 1980s which has helped create surpluses in the public budget and low inflation. Since 1990, Greenland has registered a foreign trade deficit following the closure of the last remaining lead and zinc mine that year. More recently, new sources of ruby in Greenland have been discovered promising to bring new industry and a new export to the country. (See Greenland Ruby).

The country holds contests to attract tourists such as dog racing, ice fishing, hiking, and cross country racing.

Transport

The major airport is Kangerlussuaq Airport on the West coast at Kangerlussuaq. Intercontinental flights connect mainly to Copenhagen. As of May 2007, Air Greenland initiated a seasonal route to and from Baltimore in the United States.^[23] However, on March 10, 2008, the route was cancelled due to financial losses.^[24] Air Iceland is opening a new route, Keflavík-Ilulissat, operated twice weekly from July 2009.^[25] In addition to these routes there are scheduled international flights between Narsarsuaq and Copenhagen, between Kulusuk on the East coast and Reykjavík, and between Keflavík and Nuuk. Kangerlussuaq is the hub for domestic flights within Greenland.

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Greenland

Greenland has a population of 56,344 (2007),^[1] of whom 88% are Inuit or mixed Danish and Inuit. The remaining 12% are of European descent, mainly Danish. The majority of the population is Evangelical Lutheran. Nearly all Greenlanders live along the fjords in the south-west of the main island, which have a relatively mild climate.^[26]

Languages

Main article: Greenlandic language

Both Greenlandic (Kalaallisut) and Danish have been used in public affairs since the establishment of home rule in 1979, and most of the population speak both of the languages. Greenlandic, spoken by about 50,000 people, some monolingual, will be the sole official language from June 2009. A minority of Danish migrants with no Inuit ancestry speak Danish as their first, or only, language, and Danish will remain a language of higher education. English is widely spoken as a third language. The country has a 100% literacy rate.^[27]

The Greenlandic language is the most populous of the languages of the Eskimo-Aleut language family and it has as many speakers as all the other languages of the family combined. Within Greenland, three main dialects are recognized: the northern dialect Inuktun or Avanersuarmiutut spoken by around 1000 people in the region of Qaanaaq, Western Greenlandic or Kalaallisut which serves as the official standard language, and the Eastern dialect Tunumiit oraasiat or Tunumiutut spoken in eastern Greenland.

Culture

An Inuit family in Greenland, 1917.

Main articles: Culture of Greenland and Music of Greenland

The culture of Greenland has much in common with Inuit tradition, as the majority of people are descended from Inuit. People still go ice-fishing and there are annual dog-sled races in which everyone with a team participates. Nevertheless, for some time now, fishing by traditional methods has been increasingly replaced by the use of firearms and modern technology.

Sport

See also: Football in Greenland

Association football is the national sport of Greenland, but Greenland is not a member of FIFA. In January 2007, Greenland took part in the World Men's Handball Championship in Germany, finishing 22nd in a field of 24 national teams.

Greenland competes in the biennial Island Games.

See also

Main article: List of Greenland-related topics

Footnotes

References

• Alley, Richard B. The Two-Mile Time Machine: Ice Cores, Abrupt Climate Change, and Our Future. Princeton University Press, 2000, ISBN 0-691-00493-5.
• CIA World Factbook, 2000.
• Lund, S. 1959. The Marine Algae of East Greenland. 1. Taxonomical Part. Meddr Gronland. 156(1), pp.1-245.
• Lund, S. 1959. The Marine Algae of East Greenland. 11. Geographic Distribution. Meddr Gronland. 156, pp.1-70.
• Steffen, Konrad, N. Cullen, and R. Huff (2005). "Climate variability and trends along the western slope of the Greenland Ice Sheet during 1991-2004," Proceedings of the 85th American Meteorological Society Annual Meeting (San Diego).
• Bardarson, I. (ed. Jónsson, F.) "Det gamle Grønlands beskrivelse af Ívar Bárðarson (Ivar Bårdssön)", (Copenhagen, 1930).

Overseas Territories dependent on European Union states Denmark Greenland • Faroe Islands France Île Clipperton • Mayotte • Nouvelle-Calédonie • Polynésie française • Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon • Terres australes et antarctiques françaises • Wallis-et-Futuna Netherlands Aruba • Netherlands Antilles (Bonaire, Curaçao, Saba, Sint Eustatius, Sint Maarten) Great Britain Overseas Territories: Anguilla • Bermuda • Cayman Islands • South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands • Falkland Islands • Montserrat • Pitcairn Islands • Saint Helena • British Antarctic Territory • British Indian Ocean Territory • Turks and Caicos Islands • British Virgin Islands • Gibraltar • Crown Dependencies: Jersey • Guernsey • Isle of Man •

External links

Government

• Greenland Home Rule official government website (in English)
• Greenland.com from the Greenland Tourism & Business Council
• Statistics Greenland

General information

• Country Profile and Timeline from BBC News
• Greenland entry at The World Factbook
• Greenland from UCB Libraries GovPubs
• Greenland at the Open Directory Project
• Greenland Map
• Wikimedia Atlas of Greenland
• Greenland travel guide from Wikitravel

Other

• Dallas Morning News article by Dave Levinthal, Staff Writer
• Greenland Braces for Independence and Wealth by Manfred Ertel, Der Spiegel, November 11 2008
• Massive support for Greenland self-rule referendum, 75 percent vote yes November 26 2008

Administrative divisions of Greenland Counties Avannaa (North Greenland) · Kitaa (West Greenland) · Tunu (East Greenland) Municipalities Aasiaat · Ammassalik · Ilulissat · Ittoqqortoormiit · Ivittuut · Kangaatsiaq · Maniitsoq · Nanortalik · Narsaq · Nuuk · Paamiut · Qaanaaq · Qaqortoq · Qasigiannguit · Qeqertarsuaq · Sisimiut · Upernavik · Uummannaq New municipalities (per 01/01/2009) Kujalleq · Qaasuitsup · Qeqqata · Sermersooq Unincorporated Areas Kangerlussuaq · Pituffik · Northeast Greenland National Park

International membership
Danish overseas colonies and territories Former colonies Danish Gold Coast (Danish Guinea) Danish India Tranquebar (Tharangambadi) · Balasore · Frederiksnagore (Serampore) · Dannemarksnagore (Gondalpara) · Calicut (Kozhikode) · Oddeway Torre (Malabar Coast) · Frederiksøerne (Nicobar Islands) Danish West Indies (U.S. Virgin Islands) Current overseas territories Faroe Islands · Greenland See also Danish East India Company · Danish West India Company Outlying territories of European countries Territories under European sovereignty but closer to or on continents other than Europe (see inclusion criteria for further information) Denmark Greenland France Clipperton Island · French Guiana · French Polynesia · Guadeloupe · Martinique · Mayotte · New Caledonia · Réunion · Saint Barthélemy · Saint Martin · Saint Pierre and Miquelon · Wallis and Futuna French Southern and Antarctic Lands Scattered islands in the Indian Ocean (Bassas da India • Europa Island • Glorioso Islands • Juan de Nova Island • Tromelin Island) · Île Amsterdam · Île Saint-Paul · Crozet Islands · Kerguelen Islands · Adélie Land Italy Pantelleria · Pelagie Islands (Lampedusa • Lampione • Linosa) Netherlands Aruba · Netherlands Antilles (Bonaire • Curaçao • Saba • Sint Maarten • Sint Eustatius) Norway Bouvet Island · Peter I Island · Queen Maud Land Portugal Azores · Madeira Russia Khabomai Rocks · Kunashir · Ratmanov Island · Shikotan Spain Canary Islands · Ceuta · Melilla · Plazas de soberanía (Isla Perejil • Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera • Peñón de Alhucemas • Islas Chafarinas) United Kingdom Anguilla · Ascension Island · Bermuda · British Virgin Islands · Cayman Islands · Falkland Islands · Montserrat · St. Helena · Tristan da Cunha · Turks and Caicos Islands · British Antarctic Territory · British Indian Ocean Territory · Pitcairn Islands · South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Non-sovereign territories of Europe   Autonomous regions Russia Adygeya · Bashkortostan · Chechnya · Chuvashia · Dagestan · Ingushetia · Kabardino-Balkariya · Kalmykiya · Karachay-Cherkessia · Karelia · Komi · Mordovia · Mari El · Nenetsia · North Ossetia · Tatarstan · Udmurtia Elsewhere Adjara, Georgia · Åland, Finland · Azores, Portugal · Crimea, Ukraine · Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Italy · Gagauzia, Moldova · Madeira,1 Portugal · Mount Athos, Greece · Nakhchivan,1 Azerbaijan · Sardinia, Italy · Sicily, Italy · Trentino-Alto Adige, Italy · Valle d'Aosta, Italy · Vojvodina, Serbia   Dependencies Akrotiri and Dhekelia,1 UK · Faroe Islands, Denmark · Gibraltar, UK · Guernsey, UK · Isle of Man, UK · Jersey, UK   Unrecognized or partially recognized republics, territories or regions Abkhazia, Georgia1, 2 · Kosovo, Serbia3 · Nagorno-Karabakh, Azerbaijan1 · South Ossetia, Georgia1, 2 · Transnistria, Moldova · Northern Cyprus, Cyprus1, 4 1 Entirely on another continent but having sociopolitical connections with Europe.  2 Recognized by Russia and Nicaragua.  3 Recognized by 53 UN member states.  4 Recognized only by Turkey. West Nordic Council  Faroe Islands •  Greenland •  Iceland Nordic Council Members Denmark · Finland · Iceland · Norway · Sweden Associates Åland · Faroe Islands · Greenland

History
Former possessions of Norway Medieval empire Faroe Islands · Greenland (Eastern- and Western Settlement) · Iceland · Mann and the Isles · Orkney1 · Shetland1 Mainland provinces Bohuslän · Härjedalen · Parishes of Idre and Särna · Jämtland Modern era Erik the Red's Land · Sverdrup Islands2 1 Pawned as dowry security.  2 Not internationally recognised.