Anise
| Anise | ||||||||||||||
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| Scientific classification | ||||||||||||||
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| Binomial name | ||||||||||||||
| Pimpinella anisum L. |
Anise or Aniseed, less commonly anís (stressed on the second syllable) (Pimpinella anisum), is a flowering plant in the family Apiaceae, native to the eastern Mediterranean region and southwest Asia. It is an herbaceous annual plant growing to 3 ft (1 m) tall. The leaves at the base of the plant are simple, 0.5 in - 2 in (2 - 5 cm) long and shallowly lobed, while leaves higher on the stems are feathery pinnate, divided into numerous leafs. The flowers are white, approximately 3 mm diameter, produced in dense umbels. The fruit is an oblong dry schizocarp, 3 - 5 mm long. It is these seedpods that are referred to as aniseed rather than what the name suggests. [1]
Pimpinella species are used as food by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species (butterflies and moths), including the lime-speck mug and wormwood mug.
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Cultivation
Best growth is in light, fertile, well drained soil. Start plants from seeds as soon as the ground warms up in spring. Because plants have a tap root they do not transplant well after established, so start them where they are to grow, or transplant while seedlings are still small.[2]
Production
Syrian Arab Republic is leader in production of anise, badian, fennel & corian followed by India.
| Top Ten Anise, Badian, Fennel & Corian Producers — 11 June 2008 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Country | Production (Tonnes) | Footnote | ||
 Syria |
115000 | F | ||
 India |
110000 | F | ||
 Mexico |
52000 | F | ||
 People's Republic of China |
38000 | F | ||
 Iran |
30000 | F | ||
 Bulgaria |
28100 | F | ||
 Morocco |
23000 | F | ||
 Egypt |
22000 | F | ||
 Turkey |
19641 | |||
 Tunisia |
9800 | F | ||
 World |
496438 | A | ||
| No symbol = official figure, P = official figure, F = FAO estimate, * = Unofficial/Semi-official/mirror data, C = Calculated figure A = Aggregate(may include official, semi-official or estimates); |
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Uses
Culinary
Containing liquorice-like components[3] anise is sweet and very aromatic. It is used to make the following confectioneries: Aniseed balls (Britain), Humbugs (Australia), Aniseed wheels (New Zealand), pizzelle (Italy), pfeffernusse (Germany), springerle (Baveria), and knotts (Norway). Aniseed is also used to make the Mexican drink "atole de anís" or champurrado which is similar to hot chocolate, the Turkish drink Raki (alcoholic beverage),the Greek Ouzo, the Italian Sambuca, the spirit absinthe, the favourite for Arabic Arak, some root beer such as Virgil's Root Beer in the United States and as a digestive after meals in India. It also is used to make the dough, when preparing the famous Peruvian dessert "Picarones." In Colombia, it is also used to add to the national drink aguardiente, in which, depending on the region, more or less anise gives the typical drink its distinctive flavor.
Liquor
Used to flavor Absinthe, Anisette, Anis, Jägermeister, Ouzo, and Sambuca.
Medicinal
- Anise, like fennel, contains anethole, and is known to be a phytoestrogen.[4]
- Anise is a mild antiparasitic and its leaves can be used to treat digestive problems, relieve toothache, and its essential oil to treat lice and scabies.
- Anise can be used to relieve menstrual cramps.[5]
Miscellaneous
- In aromatherapy, aniseed essential oil is used to treat colds and flu.
- According to Pliny the Elder, anise was used as a cure for sleeplessness, chewed with alexanders and a little honey in the morning to freshen the breath, and when mixed with wine as a remedy for scorpion stings (N.H. 20.72).
- In the Mediterranean, aniseed is used in producing alcoholic beverages, such as arak (Lebanon), ouzo (Greece) and Raki in Turkey.
- In Indian cuisine, no distinction is made between anise and fennel. Therefore, the same name (saunf) is usually given to both of them. Some use the term patli (thin) saunf or velayati (foreign) saunf to distinguish anise from fennel.
- In Thailand it is used to flavor tea.
- In Pakistan boiling water is poured over about a tablespoon of aniseed in a teacup to make a hot tea.
- Builders of steam locomotives in Britain incorporated capsules of aniseed oil into white metal bearings, so that the distinctive smell would give warning in case of overheating.
- Aniseed is the flavour of the sweetened gum Blackjack and Nigeria's "Tom Tom" candy.
- Anise can be made into a liquid scent and is used for both hunting and fishing. Anise smells similar to liquorice and is put on fishing lures to attract fish.
- Anethole, the principal component of anise oil, is a precursor that can eventually produce 2,5-dimethoxybenzaldehyde which is used in the clandestine synthesis of psychedelic drugs such as 2C-B, 2C-I and DOB.[6]
International naming
Ѓумбир; Исиот (Gjumbir; Isiot) in Macedonian; Anis or Erva-doce in Portuguese
References
- ↑ http://www.uni-graz.at/~katzer/engl/Pimp_ani.html
- ↑ How to Grow Anise
- ↑ ,Spice Pages: Anise Seeds (Pimpinella anisum)
- ↑ Fennel and anise as estrogenic agents PMID 6999244
- ↑ Muller-Schwarze, Dietland (2006). Chemical Ecology of Vertebrates. Cambridge University Press. pp. 287. ISBN 978-0521363778.
- ↑ "Anise Oil as a Precursor for 2-Alkoxy-5-methoxybenzaldehydes". DEA Microgram Journal 2 (1). http://www.dea.gov/programs/forensicsci/microgram/journal2004/page4.html. Retrieved on 2006-12-09.
External links
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