Gilbert du Motier, marquis de Lafayette

After two months of rest, Lafayette was well enough to return to the field and assisted General Nathanael Greene in reconnaissance of British positions in New Jersey. With 300 soldiers he defeated a numerically superior Hessian force in Gloucester on 24 November 1777.[1] He returned to Valley Forge for the winter, where Horatio Gates's War Board asked him to prepare an invasion of Canada from Albany, New York. Gates, after success in the Battle of Saratoga, hoped to remove Washington from command, and part of his plan was to separate the two. Lafayette alerted Washington of his suspicions about the plot before leaving.[2] When Lafayette arrived in Albany, he found too few men to mount a Canadian invasion. He wrote to Washington of the situation, and made plans to return to Valley Forge. Before departing, he recruited the Oneida tribe, who referred to Lafayette as Kayewla (fearsome horseman), to the American side.[3] His return foiled Gates' plan to assume control of the army. Meanwhile in March 1778, treaties signed by America and France were made public, and France formally recognized American independence.[4]

Contents

Barren Hill, Monmouth and Rhode Island

Further information: Battle of Barren Hill and Battle of Monmouth
Map of the battle of Barren Hill

After France entered the war, the Americans tried to sense what the British forces' reaction would be. On 18 May, 1778 Washington dispatched Lafayette with a 2,200 man force to reconnoitre near Barren Hill, Pennsylvania. The next day, the British heard that Lafayette had made camp nearby and sent 5,000 men to capture him for his symbolic value representing the Franco-American alliance. On 20 May, General Howe led a further 6,000 soldiers and ordered an attack on Lafayette's left flank. The flank scattered, and Lafayette organized a retreat while the British remained indecisive. To feign numerical superiority, he ordered men to appear from the woods on an outcropping known as Barren Hill (now Lafayette Hill) and to fire upon the British periodically. Lafayette's troops simultaneously escaped via a sunken road.[5] Lafayette was then able to cross Matson's Ford with the remainder of his force.[6] Unable to trap Lafayette, the British resumed their march north from Philadelphia to New York; the Continental Army, including Lafayette, followed and finally attacked at the Monmouth Courthouse.[4]

The French fleet arrived in America on 8 July 1778 under Admiral d'Estaing, with whom General Washington planned to attack Newport, Rhode Island. Lafayette and General Greene were sent with a 3,000-man force to participate in the attack. Lafayette wanted to control a joint Franco-American force in the attack but was rebuffed. On 9 August, the American force attacked the British without consulting D'Estaing. When the Americans asked the admiral to leave his fleet in Narragansett Bay, d'Estaing refused and attacked the British under Lord Howe.[7] The attack dispersed the British fleet, but a storm damaged the French ships.[3]

D'Estaing moved his ships north to Boston for repairs. When the fleet arrived, Bostonians rioted because they considered the French departure from Newport a desertion. John Hancock and Lafayette were dispatched to calm the situation, and then Lafayette returned to Newport to prepare for the retreat made necessary by D'Estaing's departure. For these actions, Lafayette was cited by the Continental Congress for "gallantry, skill and prudence". However he realized that the Boston riot might undermine the Franco-American alliance in France, so he requested and was given permission to return to France.[3]

Return to France

In February 1779, Lafayette returned to Paris. For disobeying the king by going to America, he was placed under house arrest for two weeks. Nevertheless, his return was triumphant.[3] Benjamin Franklin's grandson presented him with a 4,800 livre gold-encrusted sword commissioned by the Continental Congress, and the king asked to see him.[8] Louis XVI, pleased with the soldier after Lafayette proposed schemes for attacking the British, restored his position in the dragoons. Lafayette used his position to lobby for more French aid to America. Working with Franklin, Lafayette secured another 6,000 soldiers to be commanded by General Jean Baptiste de Rochambeau.[3]

Lafayette received news that Adrienne had borne him a son, George-Washington Lafayette.[9] After his son's birth, he pushed for additional commitments of support from France for the American Revolutionary War. He ordered new uniforms and arranged for the fleet's departure. Before returning to America, Lafayette and the French force learned that they would be operating under American command, with Washington in control of military operations. In March 1780, Lafayette left Adrienne and France, departing for the Americas aboard the Hermione.[10]

Virginia and Yorktown

Further information: Battle of Green Spring and Battle of Yorktown
A map of key sites in the Battle of Yorktown

Returning to the war zone in May 1781, Lafayette was sent to Virginia to defend against Benedict Arnold and to replace Baron Von Steuben.[11][12] Lafayette evaded Cornwallis' attempts to capture him in Richmond.[12] In June, Cornwallis received orders from London to proceed to the Chesapeake Bay and to oversee construction of a port, in preparation of an attack on Philadelphia.[12] As the British column travelled, Lafayette followed in a bold show of force that encouraged new recruits. In June, Lafayette's men were joined by forces under General (Mad) Anthony Wayne. Soldiers deserted both leaders; Wayne executed six for desertion. Lafayette offered to release his men from service because of the great danger ahead, all of his men remained.[13] On 4 July, the British decamped at Williamsburg and prepared to cross the James River. Cornwallis sent only an advance guard across the river, with intentions to trap should Lafayette attack. Lafayette ordered Wayne to strike on 6 July with roughly 800 soldiers. Wayne found himself vastly outnumbered against the full British force, and instead of retreating led a bayonet charge. The charge bought time for the Americans, and Lafayette ordered the retreat. The British did not pursue. The result was a victory for Cornwallis, but the American army was bolstered from the display of courage by the men.[12][14]

By August, Cornwallis had established the British at Yorktown, and Lafayette took up position on Malvern Hill. This manoeuvre trapped the British when the French fleet arrived.[4][15] On 14 September 1781, Washington's forces joined Lafayette's, which had succeeded in containing the British until supplies and reinforcements arrived. On 28 September, with the French fleet blockading the British, the combined forces attacked in what became known as the Siege of Yorktown. Lafayette's detail formed the right end of the American wing, the 400 men of which took redoubt 10, in hand-to-hand combat.[14] After a failed British counter-attack, Cornwallis surrendered on 19 October 1781.[16] During the surrender, as the British marched through the American and French columns, Lafayette stood with his American regiment and ordered the band to play Yankee Doodle.[17]

After the revolution

Lafayette returned to France on 18 January 1781, where he was welcomed as a hero and witnessed the birth of his daughter, whom he named Marie-Antoinette Virginie upon Thomas Jefferson's recommendation.[18][19] He was promoted to maréchal de camp, skipping numerous ranks.[20] Lafayette then helped prepare for a combined French and Spanish expedition, of which he was appointed chief-of-staff, against the British West India Islands. The Treaty of Paris signed between Great Britain and the U.S. on 20 January 1783 made the expedition unnecessary.[21]

Lafayette and Washington at Mt. Vernon, 1784

At Washington's invitation, Lafayette visited the United States and Mount Vernon on 17 August, 1784. During the trip, Lafayette would address the Pennsylvania Legislature and advocate for a federal union. He visited the Mohawk Valley in New York during negotiations for a peace treaty between the Iroquis, some of whom had met Lafayette in 1778.[22]

Lafayette formed views in the U.S. that he later applied in France. He initially viewed slaves as property and, after meeting with American spy James Armistead, urged their use as soldiers during the revolution. In 1783, in correspondence with Washington, he urged the emancipation of slaves; and to establish them as farmer tenants.[23] Although Washington demurred, Lafayette purchased land in the French colony of Cayenne to "experiment" with emancipation.[23] He continued to write his American colleagues about his objections to the practice.[24] When he returned to France, he joined the French abolitionist group Society of the Friends of the Blacks, which advocated for ending the slave trade and equal rights for free blacks.[25]

French Revolution

Assembly of Notables and Estates-General

Main article: French Revolution
"Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen", proposed to the Estates-General by Lafayette

In France Lafayette worked with Thomas Jefferson to organize trade agreements between the United States and France. These negotiations aimed to reduce debt owed to France by the U.S., and included commitments on tobacco and whale oil.[26] In 1784 Lafayette returned to America, visited 11 states, and provided the Congress with news of trade negotiations. The trip included a visit to Washington's farm at Mount Vernon, an honorary degree from Harvard, a meeting with the Oneida Indians, a portrait of Washington from the city of Boston, and a bust from the state of Virginia.[27][28]

In February 1788, the king called the Assembly of Notables for the first time since 1626. The purpose was to discuss France's fiscal crisis. During the meeting, Lafayette proposed an Assembly of the French Estates-General to represent three classes of French society: clergy, nobility, and commons. In preparation, he agitated for the voting by headcount, as a member of the "Committee of Thirty".[29] In 1789, Lafayette was elected to the Estates-General. In preparation, he worked with Thomas Jefferson on a document called the "Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen".[30] It was similar to the Bill of Rights, noting the inalienable rights of "liberty, property, safety and resistance to oppression."[31][32]

The Estates General convened on 5 May 1789 and Lafayette was a member of the noble Second Estate. When King Louis XVI encountered difficulty with the Estates General, he closed the meeting room of the Third Estate, the vast majority of the people who were neither clergy nor aristocracy. Instead of forcing a halt to their assembly, it led them to meet in the Tennis Court.[33] This new group called itself the National Assembly and declared itself the governing body of France. On 11 July 1789, Lafayette presented the document he had brought with him, his "Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen".[31] The next day in response to the dismissal of Finance Minister Jacques Necker, Camille Desmoulins organized an armed mob. In response, the Assembly authorized a National Guard, appointing Lafayette as commander and electing him vice-president of the Assembly.[31] The following day, on 14 July 1789, the Bastille was stormed; Lafayette would send Washington the key.[30][31][34]

National Guard

After hearing about the Bastille, Lafayette raced into Paris. Walking onto a city hall balcony overlooking a mob that was attacking a priest, he held his son aloft saying, "I have the honour to introduce my son." With the mob's attention diverted, the priest was saved.[35] At a later meeting, Lafayette proposed that the National Guard should police the Commune of Paris. He brought a red, white and blue cockade to the meeting, and these colors became the basis for the French flag.[31][34]

In the National Constituent Assembly he pleaded for religious tolerance, popular representation, the establishment of trial by jury, the gradual emancipation of slaves, freedom of the press, the abolition of arbitrary imprisonment and titles of nobility, and the suppression of privileged orders.[32] The Assembly members debated a veto measure, which would have allowed the king to bar laws passed by the Assembly. The agreement appeared reasonable until Louis XVI declined to ratify the Declaration of Rights. On 5 October Parisian crowds found bakeries empty throughout the city. In response to the empty bakeries and the king's refusal to ratify, a mob moved to Versaille to demand flour from the royal family and to order their relocation to Paris. That night, Lafayette awoke the king and replaced most of the royal bodyguards with National Guardsmen. The remaining bodyguards were executed by the crowd. To quiet the mob, Lafayette took the royal family onto the palace balcony and pleaded for order. The mob insisted they be taken to Paris. The next day the family relocated to the Tuileries Palace in Paris, escorted by 60,000 people.[36][37]

Lafayette orders his soldiers to fire on members of the Cordeliers.

On 20 February 1791, the Day of Daggers, Lafayette travelled to Vincennes to stop a mob from destroying a building which resembled the Bastille. Nobles, armed with daggers and pistols, simultaneously converged around the Tuileries, afraid the unprotected King would be attacked. Lafayette rushed back to Paris to disarm the nobles.[38]After suppressing a riot in April 1791, he resigned his commission, but was compelled to retain it.[34] On 20 June 1791, an unsuccessful plot nearly allowed the king to escape. Lafayette, the leader of the National Guard, was responsible for the royal family's custody. Although he tried to prevent it, he was blamed by Danton for the mishap and called a "traitor" to the people by Maximilien Robespierre.[39] These accusations portrayed Lafayette as a royalist.[40] The Jacobins split after the publication of "The French Patriot" (Le Patriote Francais), a republican document arguing the monarchy only be restored at the population's will. Lafayette aligned with the Feuillants, who argued instead for a constitutional monarchy.[41]

On 17 July, gunmen in a crowd fire on Lafayette after Georges Danton read the proposed Constitution at the Champ de Mars.[42] Lafayette's guardsmen fired back in retaliation. Martial law was imposed and the crowd was ordered to disperse. When it did not, Lafayette ordered the National Guard to open fire. About 12 people were killed and 20 wounded in what became known as the Massacre of the Champ de Mars, which marked the end of the alliance between constitutional monarchists and radicals like Jean-Paul Marat and Danton. Agitation for a constitution increased, and Lafayette cooperated to achieve this with his rival Barnave. The document was signed by the King on 13 September, and Lafayette was awarded a sword.[41][43]

Conflict and imprisonment

Main article: Reign of Terror

In December 1791, Lafayette was placed in command of three armies formed on the eastern frontier to attack Austria. In his absence, Paris became chaotic as Jacobins engaged in riots, slaughtered the king's Swiss Guard, and suspended the monarchy.[44] Lafayette decreed that their behavior was "unconstitutional", and the Jacobins replied that Lafayette was involved in an attempt to assist Prussia and Austria in a war against France.[45] He returned to Paris and on 28 June asked the Assembly for the Jacobins to be outlawed, and the National Guard to defend the monarchy.[46] This was not permitted, and Lafayette moved to the Tuileries palace in order to have his soldiers protect the royal family. The queen refused his aid, and Lafayette returned to Metz. Meanwhile, the Jacobins and the Committee of Surveillance became more powerful and constructed a guillotine at the Place du Carrousel. Throughout September the ruling council became more radical, and about 1,400 people were executed.[47] After Lafayette refused the offered French presidency in return for giving up the king and the Constitution, the Jacobins asked him to relinquish command and return to Paris. The Jacobins offered a reward for his capture or death. Lafayette knew this meant his beheading, so he sought asylum in the U.S. via an escape to England through the Dutch Republic.[48] Attempting to flee amidst a group of supporters en route to the Dutch Republic, he was arrested on 19 August by the Austrians and imprisoned at Wesel, Prussia.[49][50]

Portrait of General Lafayette (by Matthew Harris) in 1825

On 10 September 1792 soldiers led by Jacobins arrested Lafayette's wife, Adrienne, but later released her. Their son Georges, who was hiding to avoid execution, was sent to the U.S. Many wives of Jacobin enemies divorced their husbands to escape the Terror, but Adrienne did not.[51] Instead, she sold her property and appealed to the Americans for assistance. For political reasons, the young nation could not officially assist the family, although they retroactively paid Lafayette $24,424 for his military service, and Washington personally sent financial aid. As chaos grew in France, Adrienne was again arrested by the Jacobins. The intention was for her to be tried and executed in Paris, as her "mother, grandmother, and sister" were.[52] However, James Monroe intervened and Gouverneur Morris noted that Adrienne's death would "much impair" the countries' relationship. On 22 January 1795 Adrienne was released.[52][53]

Adrienne then organized the family's finances, including the sale of her property,[52] and appealed to the U.S. for American passports. James Monroe secured passports for Adrienne from Hartford, Connecticut, which had granted the entire Lafayette family citizenship. She, however, continued to Vienna for an audience with Emperor Francis II, where she was granted permission to live with Lafayette in captivity.[54] Adrienne lived in his cell with him and finally, in September 1797, after five years' imprisonment, Napoleon released the family. This was at the request of the Directory and as a result of the Treaty of Campo Formio drafted in 1797.[55] Lafayette was not allowed to return to France until 1799, after Napoleon's coup, when Adrienne obtained permission for his return. On return, Lafayette, averse to serving in Napoleon's army, resigned his commission.[56]

Later life and death

Later life

Lafayette felt that he would be unneeded in Napoleon's government; thus he left Paris. In 1804, Napoleon crowned himself Emperor after a plebiscite in which Lafayette did not participate. He remained relatively quiet, although he spoke publicly on Bastille Day events.[57] After the Louisiana Purchase, Jefferson asked if he would be interested in the governorship. Lafayette declined, citing personal problems and the desire to work for liberty in France.[58] During a trip to Auvergne, Adrienne became ill. Due to her malady, worsened by the scurvy she contracted in prison, she was unable to hide her anemia. In 1807, she became delirious but recovered enough on Christmas Eve to gather the family around her bed and to say to Lafayette: "Je suis toute a vous" ("I am all yours").[59] She died the next day, apparently from lead-poisoning complications.[60]

A U.S. Postage Stamp commemorating Lafayette

President James Monroe invited Lafayette to visit the U.S. from August 1824 to September 1825, in part to celebrate the nation's 50th anniversary.[61] During his visit, he visited all of the American states and travelled more than 6,000 miles (9,656 km).[62][63] Lafayette arrived from France at Staten Island, N.Y., on 15 August 1824 to an artillery salute.[64] The towns and cities he visited, including Fayetteville, North Carolina, the first city named in his honour, gave him enthusiastic welcomes.[62] On 17 October 1824, Lafayette visited Mount Vernon and George Washington's tomb. In late August 1825, he returned to Mount Vernon.[65] A military unit decided to adopt the title National Guard, in honour of Lafayette's celebrated Garde Nationale de Paris. This battalion, later the 7th Regiment, was prominent in the line of march when Lafayette passed through New York before returning to France on the frigate USS Brandywine.[62] Late in the trip, he received honorary United States citizenship. Lafayette was feted at the first commencement ceremony of George Washington University in 1824. He was voted, by the U.S. Congress, the sum of $200,000 and a township of land.[66]

As the restored monarchy of Charles X became more conservative, Lafayette re-emerged as a prominent public figure. He had been a member of the Chamber of Deputies from Seine-et-Marne since 1815 and had pursued the abdication of Napoleon.[67][68] Throughout his legislative career he continued to endorse causes such as freedom of the press, suffrage for all taxpayers, and the worldwide abolition of slavery.[69] He was not as directly visible in public affairs as in previous years; however he became more vocal in the events leading up to the July Revolution of 1830.[70] When the monarch proposed that theft from churches be made a capital crime, agitation against the Crown increased.[70] On 27 July 1830, Parisians began erecting barricades throughout the city, and riots erupted. Lafayette established a committee as interim government. On 29 July 1830, the commission asked Lafayette to become dictator, but he demurred to offer the crown to Louis-Phillipe. Lafayette was reinstated as commander of the National Guard by the new monarch, who revoked the post after Lafayette once again called for the abolition of slavery.[71]

Death

Monument to Lafayette in Paris

Lafayette spoke for the last time in the Chamber of Deputies on 3 January 1834. The winter was wet and cold, and the next month he collapsed at a funeral from pneumonia. Although he recovered, the following May was wet and, after a thunderstorm, he became sick and bedridden.[72] On 20 May 1834, Lafayette died. He was buried next to his wife at Cimetière de Picpus under soil from Bunker Hill, which his son Georges sprinkled upon him.[71][73] King Louis-Phillipe ordered a military funeral in order to keep the public from attending. Crowds formed to protest their exclusion from Lafayette's funeral.[62]

American President Andrew Jackson ordered that Lafayette be accorded the same funeral honours as John Adams and George Washington. Therefore, 24-gun salutes were fired from military posts and ships, each shot represented a U.S. state. Flags flew at half mast for 35 days, and "military officers wore crape for six months".[74][75] The Congress hung black in chambers and asked the entire country to dress in black for the next 30 days.[76]

Legacy

Although he spent fewer than five years in the U.S. (in 1777–79, 1780–81, 1784, and 1824–25), he has been widely commemorated there. In 1824, the U.S. government named Lafayette Park in his honor; it lies immediately north of the White House in Washington, D.C. In 1826, Lafayette College was chartered in Easton, Pennsylvania. Lafayette was honored with a monument in New York City in 1917.[77] Portraits display Washington and Lafayette in the chamber of the U.S. House of Representatives.[78] Numerous towns and cities across the United States were named in his honor.

The Order of Lafayette was established in 1958 by U.S. Representative Hamilton Fish III, a World War I veteran, to promote Franco-American friendship and to honor Americans who fought in France.[79] The frigate Hermione, in which Lafayette returned to America, has been reconstructed in Rochefort, Charente-Maritime, France.[80] Promotion class nr 102, 1917-1918, of the French Military Academy Saint-Cyr was named La Fayette in his honor.[81]

Notes and references

  1. ↑ Cloquet, p. 203
  2. ↑ "Valley Forge National Historic Park". National Park Service. Retrieved on 2008-10-20.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Holbrook, pp. 15–16
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Gaines, p. 33
  5. ↑ Gaines, p. 112
  6. ↑ Holbrook, pp. 28, 29
  7. ↑ Clary, pp. 7, 8
  8. ↑ Clary, p. 243
  9. ↑ Cloquet, p. 155
  10. ↑ Clary, p. 257
  11. ↑ Holbrook, p. 44
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 Gaines, pp. 153–155
  13. ↑ Gaines, James (September 2007). "Washington & Lafayette", Smithsonian Magazine Online, Smithsonian. Retrieved on 2008-21-10. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Holbrook, pp. 53–54
  15. ↑ Holbrook, p. 43
  16. ↑ Clary, pp. 330–338
  17. ↑ Gaines, p. 160
  18. ↑ Holbrook, p. 56
  19. ↑ Clary, p. 350
  20. ↑ Holbrook, p. 63
  21. ↑ Tuckerman, p. 154
  22. ↑ Gaines, pp. 201, 202
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Kaminsky, pp. 34, 35
  24. ↑ Kramer, p. 217
  25. ↑ Jennings, p. 2
  26. ↑ Holbrook, p. 65
  27. ↑ Holbrook, pp. 67–68
  28. ↑ Gaines, pp. 198–99, 204, 206
  29. ↑ Doyle, p. 74, 90
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Kramer, p. 35
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 31.3 31.4 Gerson, pp. 81–83
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Neely, p. 86
  33. ↑ de La Fuye, p. 83.
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 Doyle, pp. 112–13
  35. ↑ Holbrook, p. 84
  36. ↑ Doyle, p. 122
  37. ↑ Clary, p. 392
  38. ↑ Doyle, p. 148
  39. ↑ Gaines, pp. 345, 346
  40. ↑ Holbrook, p. 100
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 Doyle, p. 154
  42. ↑ Gaines, p. 348
  43. ↑ Holbrook, p. 105
  44. ↑ Gaines, p.360
  45. ↑ Holbrook, p. 109
  46. ↑ Doyle, p. 186
  47. ↑ Gaines, p. 362
  48. ↑ Clary, p. 409
  49. ↑ Holbrook, p. 114
  50. ↑ Doyle, p. 190
  51. ↑ Clary, p. 413
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 52.2 Clary, pp. 410–16.
  53. ↑ Gaines, p. 380
  54. ↑ Clary, p. 418
  55. ↑ Holbrook, p. 129
  56. ↑ Holbrook, pp. 141–42
  57. ↑ Holbrook, p. 146
  58. ↑ Kennedy, p. 210
  59. ↑ Crawford, p. 318
  60. ↑ Clary, p. 438
  61. ↑ Glathaar, p. 3
  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 62.2 62.3 Clary, pp. 443, 444
  63. ↑ Loveland, p. 3
  64. ↑ Cloquet, p. 302
  65. ↑ Mount Vernon Estate & Gardens. "Washington & Lafayette". Washington & Lafayette. Retrieved on 2008-08-12.
  66. ↑ Holbrook, p. 177
  67. ↑ Gaines, p. 427
  68. ↑ Holbrook, p. 162
  69. ↑ Clary, pp. 442–445
  70. ↑ 70.0 70.1 Holbrook, p. 188
  71. ↑ 71.0 71.1 Clary, pp. 443–445, 447, 448
  72. ↑ Payan, p.93
  73. ↑ Kathleen McKenna (2007-06-10). "On Bunker Hill, a boost in La Fayette profile". Boston Globe. Retrieved on 2008-05-05.
  74. ↑ Gaines, p. 448
  75. ↑ Clary, p. 448
  76. ↑ Clary, p. 449
  77. ↑ "Marquis de Lafayette". New York City Department of Parks & Recreation (2002-03-07). Retrieved on 2008-08-11.
  78. ↑ Ike Skelton (22 May 2007). "House Record: Honoring The Marquis De Lafayette On The Occasion Of The 250th Anniversary Of His Birth: Section 29". GovTrack.us. Retrieved on 2008-08-11.
  79. ↑ "Official website of the Order of Lafayette". Order of Lafayette. Retrieved on 2008-09-29.
  80. ↑ (French) Robert Kalbach. "L'Hermione". L'Hermione. L’association Hermione-La Fayette. Retrieved on 2008-08-11.
  81. ↑ "Histoire du Camp et des Ecoles de Saint-Cyr Coëtquidan". Retrieved on 2008-10-26.

Works cited

External links

Persondata
NAME Gilbert du Motier, marquis de La Fayette
ALTERNATIVE NAMES
SHORT DESCRIPTION
DATE OF BIRTH 1757-09-06
PLACE OF BIRTH Chavaniac
DATE OF DEATH 1834-05-20
PLACE OF DEATH Paris, France