Fort McMurray

Urban service area of Fort McMurray
Aerial view of Fort McMurray with Athabasca River
Welcome sign
Location of Fort McMurray within census division number 16, Alberta, Canada.
Coordinates:
Country	Canada
Province	Alberta
Region	Northern Alberta
Census division	16
Municipality	Wood Buffalo
Settled	1870
Government [1]
- Mayor	Melissa Blake
- Governing body	Wood-Buffalo Municipal Government - Ward 1
- MP	Brian Jean
- MLA	Guy Boutilier
Area
- Total	35 km² (13.5 sq mi)
Elevation	370 m (1,214 ft)
Population (2006)[2]
- Total	47,705
- CA[3]	52,643
- CA[3] Density	0.8/km² (2.1/sq mi)
Time zone	MST (UTC−7)
- Summer (DST)	MDT (UTC−6)
Postal code span	T9H to T9K
Area code(s)	+1-780
Highways	Highway 63
Waterways	Athabasca River Clearwater River
Website: Municipal District of Wood Buffalo

Fort McMurray is a community within the Regional Municipality of Wood Buffalo, Alberta. It was a city between 1980 and April 1, 1995, when it was merged with Improvement District No. 18, creating the municipality of Wood Buffalo. Fort McMurray remains a designation used by Canada Post for mail delivery in this area.

History

View of the Clearwater River valley from Highway 63

Before the arrival of Europeans in the late 18th Century, the Cree were the dominant First Nations people in the Fort McMurray area. The oil sands were known to the locals and the surface deposits were actually used to waterproof their canoes. In 1778, the first of the European explorers, Peter Pond, came to the region in search of furs as the European demand for this commodity at the time was strong. Peter Pond explored the region further south along the Athabasca River and the Clearwater River, but chose to set up a trading post much farther north by the Athabasca River near Lake Athabasca. However, his post closed in 1788 in favour of Fort Chipewyan, now the oldest continuous settlement in Alberta.^[4]

In 1790, the explorer Alexander MacKenzie made the first recorded description of the oil sands. By that time, trading between the explorers and the Cree was already occurring at the confluence of the Clearwater and Athabasca Rivers. The Hudson's Bay Company and the North West Company were in fierce competition in this region. Fort McMurray was established there as a Hudson's Bay Company post by 1870, and continued to operate as a transportation stopover in the decades afterwards.

The community has played a significant role in the history of the petroleum industry in Canada. Oil exploration is known to have occurred as early as the early 20th Century, but Fort McMurray's population remained very small, no more than a few hundred people. By 1921 there was serious interest in developing a refining plant to separate the oil from the sands. Alcan Oil Company was the first outfit to begin bulk tests at Fort McMurray. The nearby community of Waterways was established to provide a terminus for waterborne transportation, until 1925, when the railway reached there.

Abasands Oil was the first company to successfully extract oil from the oil sands through hot water extraction by the 1930s, but production was very low. Fort McMurray gradually grew to over 1,100 by World War II, and Fort McMurray was set up by the US and Canadian forces as staging ground for the Canol project.

Fort McMurray and Waterways amalgamated as the village of McMurray (the "Fort" was dropped until 1962, when it was restored to reflect its heritage) by 1947, and became a town a year later. Fort McMurray was granted the status of new town so it could get more provincial funding. By 1966, the town's population was over 2,000.

In 1967, the Great Canadian Oil Sands (now Suncor) plant opened and Fort McMurray's growth took off afterwards. More oil sands plants were opened up, especially after 1973 and 1979, when serious political tensions and conflicts in the Middle East triggered oil price spikes. The population of the town reached 6,743 by 1971 and climbed swiftly to 30,772 by 1981, a year after its incorporation as a city.

The city continued to grow for a few years even after the oil bust caused by the collapse in world oil prices and the National Energy Program, which was scrapped after the Progressive Conservative Party formed the Government of Canada in 1984. The population peaked at almost 37,000, just before it declined to under 34,000 by 1987. Low oil prices since the oil price collapse in 1986 slowed the oil sands production greatly, as oil extraction from the oilsands is a very expensive process and lower world prices made this highly uneconomical. However, the oil price increases since 2003 have made oil extraction profitable again.

On April 1, 1995, the City of Fort McMurray and Improvement District No. 143, a portion of the former I.D. 18, were amalgamated to form the Regional Municipality of Wood Buffalo.^[5] Since then, Fort McMurray lost its status as an incorporated city, and is referred to as an urban service area. The entire regional municipality is under a single government, although Fort McMurray is the seat of this government.

Geography

Fort McMurray is 435 kilometres (270 mi) northeast of Edmonton on Highway 63, about 60 kilometres (37 mi) west of the Saskatchewan border, nestled in the boreal forest at the confluence of the Athabasca River and the Clearwater River. It is located 370 metres (1,214 ft) above sea level. Fort McMurray is the largest community in the Regional Municipality of Wood Buffalo.

White spruce, trembling aspen, balsam poplar and white birch are the most prominent native trees in and around town. Black spruce and tamarack occur in poorly drained areas and jack pine may be seen on the driest sites. European aspen, blue spruce and sand cherry are among the exotic trees occasionally seen.

Demographics

The population of Fort McMurray was 64,441 in 2006.^[2] It has experienced a sustained annual average growth rate of 8.5 per cent between 1999 and 2006. Forecasts from the Regional Municipality of Wood Buffalo's Strategic Planning and Policy Division indicate that the city will reach a population of 100,000 by 2012.

Fort McMurray is a multicultural community, attracting people from all corners of Canada and the world. Albertans make up almost half the number of migrants to Fort McMurray, followed by 17% of people originating from the province of Newfoundland and Labrador. Were it a city, it would be the fifth largest in Alberta (after Calgary, Edmonton, Red Deer and Lethbridge).

Climate

Weather averages for Fort McMurray
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Average high °C	-13.6	-7.6	0.3	10	17.4	21.4	23.2	21.9	15.4	7.8	-4.2	-11.6	6.7
Average low °C	-24	-19.8	-13.2	-3.3	3.3	7.9	10.2	8.6	3.3	-2.2	-12.8	-21.4	-5.3
Precipitation mm	19.3	15	16.1	21.7	36.9	74.8	81.3	72.7	46.8	29.6	22.2	19.3	455.5
Average high °F	8	18	33	50	63	71	74	71	60	46	24	11	44
Average low °F	-11	-4	8	26	38	46	50	47	38	28	9	-7	22
Precipitation inches	0.76	0.59	0.63	0.85	1.45	2.94	3.2	2.86	1.84	1.17	0.87	0.76	17.93
Source: Environment Canada[6] August 2008

Vista Ridge, a local ski hill.

Fort McMurray has a borderline humid continental climate (Koppen climate classification Dfb, just above a subarctic climate), with long, very cold winters and fairly warm but short summers. The town lies at a lower elevation than most other parts of Alberta, so under the right conditions it can be a 'hot spot' for Alberta or even all of Canada (as in April 1980 when its daily mean temperature of 10.0°C was unsurpassed by any other Canadian station). Temperatures average -19°C in winter with the lowest recorded -50.6°C, (-58°F).^[7] In July temperatures average 17°C, with the highest recorded being 37°C in August.^[7] Its annual precipitation amounts to 455.5 millimetres (17.9 in) and falls mainly in the summer months, its snowfall is 155.8 centimetres (61.3 in)^[7] and appears within a range of 5 to 7 months.

Economy

Jubilee Centre (city hall)

Fort McMurray is considered the heart of one of Alberta's (and Canada's) major hubs of oil production, located near the Athabasca Oil Sands. Besides the oil sands, the economy also relies on natural gas and oil pipelines, forestry and tourism. The two largest oil sand mining companies are Syncrude and Suncor Energy.

Fort McMurray's growth is characteristic of a boomtown.^[8]" Housing prices and rents are far higher in Fort McMurray than one would expect in such a remote area. In 2006, Fort McMurray had the highest prices in Alberta.^[9] The Albertan government has promised to release more Crown land for residential construction, particularly in Timberlea on the north side.

Transportation

Air

Float plane taking off at the Snye.

Fort McMurray Airport (ICAO Code CYMM, IATA Code YMM) is serviced by Air Canada, Air Canada Jazz, Air Mikisew, Corporate Express, Integra Air, McMurray Aviation, Northwestern Air and WestJet with scheduled flights to Calgary, Edmonton, Fort Chipewyan, Fort Smith, Lethbridge, Peace River, Saskatoon, Toronto and St. John's. The airport is also serviced by various oil companies with corporate and charter flights. Flights are frequently booked to capacity because of the high transient worker population and people unwilling to drive on Highway 63.

Public transit (FMT)

Looking north on Highway 63

Fort McMurray Transit operates in the community, with routes that extend to all subdivisions on the south side and most of the subdivisions on the north side.^[10]

Bus

Greyhound Canada and Red Arrow operate scheduled passenger bus services to Edmonton and other communities along Highway 63, as well as other destinations further south.

Highways and roads

Highway 63 is the only highway between Fort McMurray and Edmonton. Due to the industrial demands of the oilsands, Highway 63 boasts some of the highest tonnage per kilometer in Canada, and the largest and heaviest loads that trucks have ever carried. Construction to twin Highway 63^[11] began in the summer of 2007. Highway 881 also provides access to the region from Lac La Biche.^[12]

Rail

CN Rail operates a rail line between Fort McMurray and Edmonton and CPR has proposed building a new high-capacity line to the area. VIA Rail Canada discontinued passenger rail service to Fort McMurray in 1989 and service has not been restored since.

Education

Timberlea Public School (Elementary)

The Fort McMurray Public and Catholic School Districts both serve the Primary, Elementary, and Secondary Education needs of students in Fort McMurray.

Based in the Abasand subdivision, Centre Boreal Francophone School serves the needs of Francophone students in the area.

Keyano College is a publicly funded college and vocational institute based in the area known for both its Musical Instrument Repair diploma as well as for its role in training workers for the Oil Sands. Known as the cultural hub of the Regional Municipality of Wood Buffalo, Keyano College has two state-of-the-art theatres and hosts a variety of musical and theatrical events that attract upwards of 50,000 visitors each season.

Media

Main article: Media in Fort McMurray

Notable Fort McMurrayites

• Chris Phillips, ice hockey player, Ottawa Senators
• Scottie Upshall, ice hockey player, Philadelphia Flyers
• Nolan Pratt, ice hockey player, Buffalo Sabres
• Colin Murphy, ice hockey player, Portland Pirates (AHL)
• Justin Pogge, ice hockey player, Toronto Marlies (AHL)
• Aaron Lines, singer
• Natasha Henstridge, actor
• Al Hancock, mountain climber
• Tantoo Cardinal, actor

See also

• Keyano College
• Mitigation of peak oil
• Oil sands
• Peter Pond

References

External links

• Municipality of Wood Buffalo
• Oil-sands Boomtown - CNN Money Video Added on July 9, 2008

	Wood Buffalo National Park	Fort Mackay
	Wabasca		La Loche
		Fort McMurray
	Athabasca	Lac la Biche	Cold Lake

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