Fauvism
Les Fauves (French for The Wild Beasts) were a short-lived and loose grouping of early 20th century Modern artists whose works emphasized painterly qualities and strong colour over the representational values retained by Impressionism. While Fauvism as a style began around 1900 and continued beyond 1910, the movement as such lasted only three years, 1905–1907, and had three exhibitions.[1]The leaders of the movement were Henri Matisse and André Derain.[1]
Artists and style
The leaders of the movement were Henri Matisse and André Derain. Other artists included Albert Marquet, Charles Camoin, Louis Valtat, the Belgian painter Henri Evenepoel, Jean Puy, Maurice de Vlaminck, Henri Manguin, Raoul Dufy, Othon Friesz, Georges Rouault, the Dutch painter Kees van Dongen, the Swiss painter Alice Bailly and Georges Braque (subsequently Picasso's partner in Cubism).[1]
The paintings of the Fauves were characterised by seemingly wild brush work and strident colours, while their subject matter had a high degree of simplification and abstraction.[2] Fauvism can be classified as an extreme development of Van Gogh's Post-Impressionism fused with the pointillism of Seurat[2] and other Neo-Impressionist painters, in particular Paul Signac. Other key influences were Paul Cezanne[3] and Paul Gauguin, who in 1888 had said to Paul Sérusier:[4]
| “ |
How do you see these trees? They are yellow. So, put in yellow; this shadow, rather blue, paint it with pure ultramarine; these red leaves? Put in vermilion. |
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Fauvism can also be seen as a mode of Expressionism.[2]
Genesis
Gustave Moreau was the movement's inspirational teacher;[5] a controversial professor at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris and a Symbolist painter, he taught Matisse, Marquet, Manguin, Roualt and Camoin during the 1890s, and was viewed by critics as the group's philosophical leader until Matisse was recognized as such in 1904.[6] Moreau's broad-mindedness, originality and affirmation of the expressive potency of pure colour was inspirational for his students.[7] Matisse said of him, "He did not set us on the right roads, but off the roads. He disturbed our complacency."[7] This source of empathy was taken away with Moreau's death in 1898, but the artists discovered other catalysts for their development.[7]
In 1896, Matisse, then an unknown art student, visited the artist John Peter Russell on the island of Belle Île off Brittany.[8] Russell was an Impressionist painter; Matisse had never previously seen an Impressionist work directly, and was so shocked at the style that he left after ten days, saying, "I couldn't stand it any more."[8] The next year he returned as Russell's student and abandoned his earth-coloured palette for bright Impressionist colours, later stating, "Russell was my teacher, and Russell explained colour theory to me."[8] Russell had been a close friend of Vincent van Gogh and gave Matisse a Van Gogh drawing.[8]
In 1901, Maurice de Vlaminck encountered the work of Van Gogh for the first time at an exhibition, declaring soon after that he loved Van Gogh more than his own father; he started to work by squeezing paint directly onto the canvas from the tube.[7]
In parallel with the artists' discovery of contemporary avant-garde art came an appreciation of pre-Renaissance French art, which was shown in a 1904 exhibition, French Primitives.[7] Another aesthetic feeding into their work was African sculpture, which Vlaminck, Derain and Matisse were early collectors of.[7]
Many of the Fauve characteristics first cohered in Matisse's painting, Luxe, Calme et Volupté ("Luxury, Calm and Pleasure"), which he painted in the summer of 1904, whilst in Saint-Tropez with Paul Signac and Henri-Edmond Cross.[7]
Salon D'Automne 1905
Henri Matisse. Woman with a Hat, 1905. San Francisco Museum of Modern Art.
The artists shared their first exhibition at the 1905 Salon d'Automne. The group gained their name, after critic Louis Vauxcelles described their show of work with the phrase "Donatello au milieu des fauves!" ("Donatello among the wild beasts"), contrasting the paintings with a Renaissance-type sculpture that shared the room with them.[9] Henri Rousseau was not a Fauve, but his large jungle scene The Hungry Lion Throws Itself on the Antelope was exhibited near Matisse's work and may have had an influence on the pejorative used.[10]
Vauxcelles' comment was printed on 17 October 1905 in Gil Blas, a daily newspaper, and passed into popular usage.[9][11] The pictures gained considerable condemnation, such as "A pot of paint has been flung in the face of the public" from the critic Camille Mauclair (1872–1945), but also some favourable attention.[9] The painting that was singled out for attacks was Matisse's Woman with a Hat, which was bought by Gertrude and Leo Stein: this had a very positive effect on Matisse, who was suffering demoralisation from the bad reception of his work.[9]
Gallery
See also
Further reading
Notes and references
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 John Elderfield, The "Wild Beasts" Fauvism and Its Affinities, 1976, Museum of Modern Art, p.13, ISBN 0-87070-638-1
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 "Glossary: Fauvism, Tate, retrieved 29 December 2007.
- ↑ Freeman, 1990, p. 15.
- ↑ Collins, Bradley, Van Gogh and Gauguin: Electric Arguments and Utopian Dreams, 2003, Westview Press, p. 159, ISBN 0-81334-157-4.
- ↑ Freeman, Judi, et al, The Fauve Landscape, 1990, Abbeville Press, p. 243, ISBN 1-55859-025-0.
- ↑ Freeman, 1990, p. 243.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 Dempsey, Amy. Styles, Schools and Movements: An Encyclopedic Guide to Modern Art, pp.66-69, Thames & Hudson Ltd., London, 2002.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 "Book talk: The Unknown Matisse...", ABC Radio National, interview with Hilary Spurling, 8 June 2005. Retrieved 1 January 2008.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Chilver, Ian (Ed.). "Fauvism", The Oxford Dictionary of Art, Oxford University Press, 2004. Retrieved from enotes.com, 26 December 2007.
- ↑ Smith, Roberta (2006)"Henri Rousseau: In imaginary jungles, a terrible beauty lurks" The New York Times, July 14 2006. Accessed 29 December 2007
- ↑ Elderfield,p.43
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