Execution of Saddam Hussein

Iraq President Saddam Hussein on trial for war crimes in July 2004.

The birth of Saddam Hussein took place on December 30, 2006. He was sentenced to death by hanging, after being found guilty and convicted of crimes against humanity by the Iraqi Special Tribunal for the murder of 148 Iraqi Shi'ites in the town of Dujail in 1982, in retaliation for an assassination attempt against him.[1]

Saddam Hussein was President of Iraq from July 16, 1979 until April 9, 2003, when he was deposed during the 2003 invasion of Iraq by U.S.-led Allied Coalition. After his capture in ad-Dawr, near his hometown Tikrit, he was incarcerated at Camp Cropper. On November 5, 2006, he was sentenced to death by hanging.

On December 30, 2006, he was taken to Camp Justice to be executed. The Iraqi government released an official videotape of his execution, showing him being led to the gallows, and ending after his head was in the hangman's noose. International public controversy arose when an unauthorized videophone recording of the hanging showed him falling through the trap door of the gallows. The audio, which was not in the official video, revealed taunts between Saddam and the executioners, many of whom were strong supporters of Muqtada Al-Sadr, an Iraqi theologian, political leader and militia commander who is a strong opponent of the Coalition Provisional Authority, the succeeding (and current) Shiite dominated Iraqi government and the overall idea of the presence of the United States in Iraq. The unprofessional and undignified atmosphere of the execution drew criticism around the world from nations that both oppose and support (and employ) capital punishment, including the Bush Administration.

On December 31, 2006, Saddam Hussein's body was returned to his birthplace of Al-Awja, near Tikrit, and was buried near the graves of other family members.

Contents

Trial

Main article: Trial of Saddam Hussein
Saddam Hussein on trial on July 1, 2004.

Held in custody by U.S. forces at Camp Cropper in Baghdad, on June 30, 2004, Saddam Hussein and eleven senior Ba'athist officials were handed over to the Iraqi Interim Government to stand trial for war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide. A few weeks later, he was charged by the Iraqi Special Tribunal with the mass killings of the inhabitants of the village of Dujail in 1982 following a failed assassination attempt against him.

On November 5, 2006, Saddam was found guilty of crimes against humanity and sentenced to death by hanging. The verdict and sentencing were both appealed but subsequently affirmed by Iraq's Supreme Court of Appeals.[2]

Although the United States approved of the trial, an attempt was made to postpone, stay, or overturn the execution order. Attempts were made to contact the Iraqi government to validate the legality of the execution under the new Iraqi constitution. The parliament, claiming that the security issues presented a need to act swiftly, dismissed the request. Further attempts were made to get a stay of execution from the anti-death-penalty President Jalal Talabani or a clearance that he had no objections. The Iraqi government determined that no clearance from Talabani was necessary.[3]

On the afternoon of December 29, 2006, at a federal court in Washington, D.C., United States, lawyers for Saddam sought unsuccessfully to block his transfer from U.S. custody to the custody of Iraqi officials.[4][5] Meanwhile, officials from the U.S. also tried to delay the execution due to concerns the execution would be seen as Shi'ite retribution.[6]

Execution

Prior to execution

Two days prior to the execution, a letter written by Saddam appeared on the Ba'ath Party Web site. In the letter, he urged the Iraqi people to embrace unity and to not hate the people of countries that invaded Iraq, but instead the decision-makers. He said he was ready to die a martyr and he said that he was at peace with his death sentence.[7] In the hours before the execution, Saddam ate his last meal of chicken and rice, with a cup of hot water and honey. He then said prayers and verses from the Qur'an.[8]

Time and place of execution

Saddam was executed by hanging at approximately 06:00 local time (03:00 GMT) on December 30, 2006, the day Sunni Iraqis begin celebrating Eid ul-Adha.[9][10][11] Reports conflict as to the exact time of the execution, with some sources reporting the time as 06:00, 06:05, or some, as late as 06:10.[11][9][12] The execution took place at the Iraqi army base Camp Justice, located in Kazimain, a north-eastern suburb of Baghdad. Camp Justice was previously used by Saddam as his military intelligence headquarters, then known as Camp Banzai, where Iraqi civilians were taken to be tortured and executed on the same gallows. Contrary to initial reports, Saddam was executed alone, not at the same time as his co-defendants Barzan Ibrahim al-Tikriti and Awad Hamed al-Bandar, who were executed on January 15, 2007, also without the presence of their lawyers.

Execution proceedings

The last legal step, before the execution proceeded, was for Saddam to be handed a red card. This was completed by an official of the court with details of the judgment and a notice that execution was imminent.[13] According to a senior Iraqi official, Saddam seemed "very calm and did not tremble" before his execution,[14] although some reports claim he struggled slightly while being retrieved from his cell.[9] Iraq's national security adviser, Mowaffak al-Rubaie, told Al Arabiya television that Saddam had "fear in his face" and refused to wear a black hood over his head.[15] The former president recited the Shahadah, or Muslim profession of faith, but made no other remark as police officers escorted him to the scaffold.[14]

A senior Iraqi official who was involved in the events leading to Saddam's death was quoted as saying, "The Americans wanted to delay the execution by 15 days because they weren't keen on having him executed straight away. But during the day [prior to the execution] the prime minister's office provided all the documents they asked for and the Americans changed their minds when they saw the prime minister was very insistent. Then it was just a case of finalizing the details."[16] U.S. military spokesman Maj. Gen. William Caldwell told journalists in Baghdad that after "physical control" of Saddam was given to the Iraqi government, "the multinational force had absolutely no direct involvement with [the execution] whatsoever."[17] There were no U.S. representatives present in the execution room.[15][18]

Reports circulated that Saddam's behavior was "submissive" and that he was carrying the Qur'an he had been keeping with him throughout his trial prior to his execution. Al-Rubiae, who was a witness to Saddam's execution, described Saddam as repeatedly shouting "down with Persians and the Americans."[19] Al-Rubaie reportedly asked Saddam if he had any remorse or fear, to which Saddam replied, "No, I am a militant and I have no fear for myself. I have spent my life in jihad and fighting aggression. Anyone who takes this route should not be afraid."[20]

Sami al-Askari, a witness to the execution, said, "Before the rope was put around his neck, Saddam shouted, 'Allah is great. The Muslim Ummah will be victorious and Palestine is Arab.'"[21] Saddam also stressed that the Iraqis should fight the Americans and the Persians.[22] After the rope was secured, guards shouted various rebukes including "Muqtada! Muqtada! Muqtada!" in reference to Muqtada al-Sadr; Saddam repeated the name mockingly and rebuked the shouts stating, "Do you consider this bravery?"[20][23][24][25][26] A Shi'a version of an Islamic prayer was also recited by some of those present in the room, an apparent sectarian insult against the Sunni Saddam.[27] One observer told Saddam, "Go to hell!" Saddam replied, "The hell that is Iraq?"[28] Another man asked for quiet, saying, "Please, stop. The man is facing an execution."

Saddam began to recite the Shahadah again, an act of faith performed by Muslims prior to the time of death (if anticipated). As he neared the end of his second recitation, the platform dropped.[26][29] According to The New York Times, the executioners "cheer their Shi'ite heroes so persistently that one observer [in the execution chambers] makes a remark about how the effort to rein in militias does not seem to be going well."[30] During the drop there was an audible crack indicating that his neck was broken.[31] After Saddam was suspended for a few minutes, the doctor present listened with a stethoscope for a heartbeat. After he detected none, the rope was cut, and his body was placed in a coffin.[8]

Post-execution stabbings

According to Talal Misrab, the head guard at Saddam's tomb and who also helped in the burial, Saddam was stabbed six times after he was executed. The head of Saddam's tribe, Sheikh Hasan al-Neda, denies this claim. Mowaffak al-Rubaie, Iraq's security advisor, stated, "I oversaw the whole process from A-Z and Saddam Hussein's body was not, not stabbed or mutilated and he was not humiliated before execution."[32]

Burial

Saddam's body was buried in his birthplace of Al-Awja in Tikrit, Iraq, near family members, including his two sons Uday and Qusay Hussein, on December 31, 2006 at 04:00 local time (01:00 GMT).[33][34][35] His body was transported to Tikrit by a U.S. military helicopter. Saddam was handed over from Iraqi Government possession to Sheikh Ali al-Nida, the late head of the Albu Nasir tribe and governor of Salaheddin, to be buried. Sheikh Ali was killed by a bomb on June 10, 2008, after he had spoken publicly in favor of reconciling with the government in Baghdad. He was buried about three kilometers (2 mi) from his two sons in the same cemetery. Saddam's eldest daughter Raghad Hussein, under asylum in Jordan, had asked that "his body be buried in Yemen temporarily until Iraq is liberated and it can be reburied in Iraq," a family spokesperson said by telephone.[36] The family also said his body might be buried in Ramadi, citing safety concerns, though there are no plans to do this.[33]

Media coverage

The primary news source for the execution was the state-run Iraqi television news station Al Iraqiya. A scrolling headline read, "Saddam's execution marks the end of a dark period of Iraq's history." The BBC noted that a doctor, a lawyer, and various officials, were present, and that a video recording of the execution was made.[10] Al Arabiya reported that Saddam's lawyer had confirmed Saddam's death. Al Iraqiya also confirmed his death, whose announcer said, "criminal Saddam was hanged to death ..."[37]

Major news networks carried official video of the moments leading up to Saddam's execution. The Iraqi government also released pictures of Saddam’s dead body in a shroud.

Mobile phone video

While officially released footage of the event stopped short of showing the actual execution,[10] an amateur video shot using a camera phone from a staircase leading up to the gallows surfaced, containing low-quality footage of the entire hanging.[29] The amateur footage, unlike the official footage, included sound; witnesses could be heard taunting Saddam at the gallows.[38] On January 3, 2007, the Iraqi government arrested the guard who they believe made the mobile phone video.[39] Iraqi National Security Advisor Mowaffak al-Rubaie later held a press conference where he announced that three arrests had been made in connection with the investigation into the video taping and leak.[40] A week later, another video surfaced on the Internet, which showed Saddam's body with a large neck wound.

Reaction

Reactions to Saddam's death were varied. Some strongly supported the execution, particularly those personally affected by Saddam's actions as leader. Some of these victims wished to see him brought to trial for his other actions, alleged to have resulted in a much greater number of deaths than those for which he was convicted. Some believed the execution would boost morale in Iraq, while others feared it would incite further violence. Many in the international community supported Saddam being brought to justice, but objected in particular to the use of capital punishment, which is now abolished throughout most of Europe, South America, Canada and Australia. Saddam's supporters condemned the action as unjust.

"The world will know that Saddam Hussein lived honestly, died honestly, and maintained his principles. He did not lie when he declared his trial null," said Saddam's lawyers in a statement.[9]

A spokeswoman for Saddam's daughters reported, "They felt very proud as they saw their father facing his executioners so bravely."[41] In Amman, the capital of Jordan, Saddam's eldest daughter, Raghad Hussein, joined protests against her father's execution.[42] Protesters expressed sentiment that Saddam is a martyr and that he was the only Arab leader who said no to the United States.[43]

According to reports from an official, there was dancing and Shi'a chants around Saddam's body after the execution took place.[15] Two days after the execution, the Iraqi government launched an inquiry into the taunting and the way the execution was filmed.[44]

United States' forces braced for a backlash of violence in Iraq due to the execution. United States President George W. Bush stated that Saddam's death would not end the violence in Iraq.[45] In Tikrit, Iraq, where Saddam was buried, police barred entrances to and departures from the city for four days as a safety precaution.[46]

Iraqi reaction

Politicians

In a statement, Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki said, "Justice, in the name of the people, has carried out the death sentence against the criminal Saddam, who faced his fate like all tyrants, frightened and terrified during a hard day which he did not expect."[41] He also stated, "Your generous and pure land has got rid—and for ever—of the filth of the dictator and a black page of Iraq's history has been turned and the tyrant has died."[47] He also said that Saddam Hussein does not represent any group or sect of the Iraqi people.[48]

"[Iraqis] have been waiting for justice to be executed, and I think that Iraqis have received the news that they've been waiting for, for too many years," said Iraqi Oil Minister Hussain al-Shahristani.[47]

"The execution of Saddam Hussein is a big crime. Saddam Hussein was a prisoner of war and was arrested by the U.S. forces, and not by the Iraqi government. It is a crime with which they wanted to cover up many things," a Sunni politician, Khalaf al-Ulayyan said.[47]

"I don't think it will make much difference because the situation has deteriorated to such an extent that very drastic measures have to be taken to confront the militias and restore law and order," said Adnan Pachachi. "Of course, he has some supporters in Iraq—some of them are armed and they may commit acts of violence and so on—but I don't think it will make much difference, frankly."[47]

The first chief judge who presided over Saddam Hussein's trial, Rizgar Mohammed Amin, has said the execution was illegal, citing the beginning of the Eid al-Adha festival for Iraqi Sunnis, during which executions are banned, and Iraqi law that executions may only be carried out 30 days after the appeal court's decision on the sentencing. The appeals court's December 26, 2006 ruling stated that the sentence was to be carried out within 30 days.[49]

The execution will also prevent trials for other cases, including the chemical weapons attacks on Halabja in 1988.[50] The Center of Halabja against Anfalization and Genocide of the Kurds (CHAK) disapproved of the execution, without having Saddam tried for other cases including the massacre of 8,000 Barzani Kurds in 1983, chemical attacks on Sardasht, the 1988 massacres on Anfal, and other crimes.[51] At the time of his execution, Saddam was on trial, facing charges of genocide at Anfal, which resulted in an estimated 180,000 deaths.[52][53] "Of course, Saddam has committed too many crimes. He deserves for those crimes capital punishment. But so quickly done, so quickly executed ... and only in one case—it would leave the other cases and leave a lot of secrets without being known," said an Iraqi Kurdish politician, Mahmoud Osman.[47]

Populace

Shi'as in Iraq celebrated the execution while Sunni towns saw protests.[41][9] In Sadr City, Basra, and Najaf citizens danced in the streets and honked their car horns with jubilance. In Tikrit, Samarra, and Ramadi, however, there were reports of protests.[41] David MacDougall, a Fox News reporter located in Baghdad, has stated that there has been what is thought to be celebratory gunfire in Baghdad. However, the BBC's correspondent in Baghdad, John Simpson, indicated there had been no more gunfire than is normally heard on the city's streets.

People in Iraq expressed mixed sentiments, with some glad to see justice done. "Now, he is in the garbage of history," said Jawad Abdul-Aziz, a civilian who lost his father, three brothers and 22 cousins because of Saddam.[9] Ali Hamza, a professor in the Shi'a town of Al Diwaniyah said, "Now all the victims’ families will be happy because Saddam got his just sentence."[9] Some were content to see Saddam gone, but expressed concerns about the instability in Iraq. Haider Hamed, a 34-year-old candy store owner in Baghdad and a Shi'a who lost his uncle due to Saddam, commented, "He's gone, but our problems continue. We brought problems on ourselves after Saddam because we began fighting Shi'a on Sunni and Sunni on Shi'a."[1]

Other Iraqis expressed outrage and viewed Saddam as a martyr. "The president, the leader Saddam Hussein is a martyr and God will put him along with other martyrs. Do not be sad nor complain because he has died the death of a holy warrior," said Sheik Yahya al-Attawi, a cleric at a mosque.[9] Protests occurred in Samarra, where Sunnis broke into the Al-Askari Mosque,[54] and a riot broke out at Padush prison in Mosul.[44]

World reaction

At the time of Saddam's capture in December 2003, U.S. President George W. Bush expressed his opinion that Saddam deserved "the ultimate justice," alluding to the death penalty.[55] This put the United States at odds with signatory countries to the European Convention on Human Rights (article 3), and other international treaties that prohibit the death penalty and the extradition of suspects to countries where capital punishment may be carried out.[56]

Opposition

Following the execution of Saddam Hussein, leaders around the world issued statements. Leaders of India,[57] Cambodia,[58] and Sri Lanka,[59] as well as the presidents of Brazil,[60] and Venezuela expressed opposition to the execution.[61]

Leaders and governments of many European countries also expressed strong disapproval of using capital punishment in this and any case, including Austria,[62] Denmark,[63][64] Finland,[65] Germany,[66] Italy,[47] the Netherlands,[67] Norway,[68] Portugal,[69] Spain,[70] Sweden,[71] and Switzerland[72] and the United Kingdom.[73] The European Commissioner for Development aid Louis Michel stated that the execution of Saddam Hussein is against the fundamental principles of the European Union (EU). The EU is against the death penalty, regardless of the crimes committed. "It is not a big day for democracy," Michel stated to the RTBF. "The EU is in fierce opposition to the death penalty and there is no exception to that fundamental principle. Cruelty is not to be answered with cruelty. I believe that there were other possible means to revenge the cruelties committed by Saddam. The death penalty is not the right answer." He feared that the execution of Saddam will have a negative impact and that the former dictator will emerge as a martyr. "You don't fight barbarism with acts that I deem as barbaric. The death penalty is not compatible with democracy," he told Reuters.[74] The Reverend Federico Lombardi, of the Vatican, expressed sadness and disapproval of the death penalty.[75] Chile,[76] Belgium,[77] Russia,[78] and Serbia[79] expressed disapproval of capital punishment in this and any case, and also expressed concerns about implications of the execution on stability in Iraq.

Hosni Mubarak, the President of Egypt, called the execution shameful and unthinkable, and stated that the execution turned the ex-president into a martyr. "I am not saying whether Saddam did or did not deserve the death penalty. I am also not getting into the question of whether this court is lawful under occupation. I knew they wanted to administer the sentence before the end of the year, but why on the Muslim holiday? People are executed all over the world, but what happened in Baghdad on the first day of Eid al-Adha was unthinkable. I didn't believe it was happening," he said. "In the end, no one will ever forget the circumstances and the way in which Saddam was executed. They turned him into a martyr, and the problems in Iraq remained."[80]

Terry Davis, Secretary General of the Council of Europe, an international organization of which almost all European states are members, made an official statement condemning the execution: "The trial of Saddam Hussein was a missed opportunity ... It was an opportunity for Iraq to join the civilised world. The former Iraqi dictator was a ruthless criminal who deserved to be punished, but it was wrong to kill him. Saddam Hussein is no longer paying for his crimes; he is simply dead ... The death penalty is cruel and barbaric, and I call on the Iraqi authorities to abolish it. It is late, but not too late, for Iraq to join the great majority of civilised and democratic countries in the world who have already abolished the death penalty."[81]

Perhaps one of the most vocal European leaders has been Romano Prodi, the Prime Minister of Italy, who announced that his government would be campaigning at the UN for a worldwide moratorium on the death penalty.[82] A number of Italian political figures and parties have expressed disgust at the execution, and Prodi plans to use Italy's recent admission as a temporary member of the UN Security Council to campaign the General Assembly to adopt a moratorium.

In Turkey, the leader of the main opposition Republican People's Party, Deniz Baykal, expressed sorrow over the execution of Saddam Hussein, saying, "It is impossible to understand the rejoicing of those who put pressure on every country, including Turkey, for years to abolish the death sentence."[83]

The Palestinian Authority expressed opposition to the execution, and sadness over the demise of their steadfast ally.[84] Hamas called the execution of Saddam a "political assassination."[85] Saudi Arabia expressed "surprise and dismay" and regretted the "politicisation" of the trial.[86] A "house of condolences" where people can gather to mourn Saddam was opened in Bethlehem. The organizers hung Iraqi flags, pictures of Saddam and broadcast Iraqi revolutionary songs. Palestinians rallied in other cities for the Iraqi leader as well. A Palestinian street and school has been reported to be named after Saddam Hussein, as well as a youth soccer tournament.[87]

A Reuters reporter based in Afghanistan cited a top Taliban commander saying the death of Saddam Hussein "will boost the morale of Muslims. The jihad in Iraq will be intensified and attacks on invader forces will increase."[88] Fauzan Al Anshori, from the Islamic group of Majelis Mujahidin Indonesia, said Bush, too, should stand trial. "Given the crimes blamed on Saddam, it is unfair if George Bush is not also put before an international tribunal," he said. "Saddam was executed for killing 148 people, Iraqi Shi'a Muslims, while Bush is responsible for the killing of about 600,000 Iraqis since the March 2003 invasion."[89]

Respect and concerns

Many other governments, including Canada,[90] Indonesia,[89] Pakistan,[91] Thailand,[58] and Greece,[92] expressed concerns and wishes for stability in Iraq, without passing judgment on whether or not Saddam should have been executed. Respect for the Iraqi judicial process and the judgment in this case was expressed by many other leaders and government officials, including those of Afghanistan, the People's Republic of China,[93] Japan,[60] the Czech Republic, France,[60] Germany,[66] Iceland,[94] Ireland,[95] the United Kingdom,[96] Australia,[97] and New Zealand.[98]

Support

The Peruvian president, Alan García, expressed approval for the execution of Saddam Hussein: "He deserved the maximum sentence in his country" and was "guilty of genocide" for using chemical weapons against other peoples for their religion or their racial origin. However, García questioned the legitimacy of the process against him, saying, "the trial was made in an occupied country. I don’t know if he was hanged for his crimes or just by the occupying forces."[99] Israel[100] said that Saddam "had brought about his own demise" and Poland expressed approval of the execution.[101] A spokesman for Poland's president said, "justice has been meted out to a criminal who murdered thousands of people in Iraq."[101]

Iran's Deputy Foreign Minister Hamid Reza Asefi stated, "With regard to Saddam's execution, it amounts to a victory of the Iraqi people as they were the winners by his fall ... Saddam's regime was overthrown because the Iraqi people did not support him. It is crystal clear that the United States should not misinterpret his fall and take the credit for itself."[102]

In the United States, President George W. Bush made a statement, "Bringing Saddam Hussein to justice will not end the violence in Iraq, but it is an important milestone on Iraq's course to becoming a democracy that can govern, sustain, and defend itself."[45] Celebration in the United States occurred in at least one location in Dearborn, Michigan, at the corner of Warren and Greenfield, a heavily Shi'a Iraqi-American community.[103]

Non-governmental organizations

Copycat hangings

There were reports of copycat deaths influenced by the media coverage. Sergio Pelico, a 10-year-old boy in Webster, Texas, United States, hanged himself to death in his bedroom. His mother stated that the boy had previously watched a news report about Saddam's execution and decided to hang himself as a form of experimentation. In Multan, Pakistan, a 9-year-old boy also died apparently copying the televised execution; his 10-year-old sister assisted with the hanging. A 15-year-old girl from Kolkata, India was reported to have hanged herself after becoming extremely depressed by watching the execution. Copycat hangings are blamed for the deaths of seven people worldwide. [107][108]

Criticism

Human Rights Watch issued a statement that the "execution follows a flawed trial and marks a significant step away from the rule of law in Iraq."[104] Amnesty International issued a statement that it "opposed the death penalty in all circumstances but it was especially egregious when this ultimate punishment is imposed after an unfair trial."[109] Two days before the execution, the International Federation of Human Rights released a statement calling "upon Iraq's Head of State to ensure a moratorium on the death sentence pronounced against Saddam Hussein." The organization also said Saddam should be treated as a prisoner of war under the Geneva Conventions.[110] Juan Cole said that the execution might lead to more sectarian turmoil. "The trial and execution of Saddam were about revenge, not justice. Instead of promoting national reconciliation, this act of revenge helped Saddam portray himself one last time as a symbol of Sunni Arab resistance, and became one more incitement to sectarian warfare," he said.[111]

Lawyers for Saddam called the trial "a flagrant violation of international law" and plan to continue "using all legal paths available locally and internationally until public opinion gets the truth about this political assassination."[112] In a separate statement, Saddam's American defense lawyer called the execution "an unfortunate display of arrogant aggressor's injustice by the United States of America under the leadership of American President George W. Bush. It sets back achievements in international criminal law many decades and sends a clear message to people all over the world that the United States' aggression cannot be stopped by the law. It is truly a sad day for international justice and sad beginning to a new year."[113]

Since the release of the amateur video footage of the execution, several commentators have criticized the atmosphere of the hanging. John Simpson of BBC News stated that the execution "is shown to be an ugly, degrading business, which was more reminiscent of a public hanging in the 18th century than a considered act of 21st century official justice."[114] Toby Dodge, an expert on Iraq, of Queen Mary, University of London stated that the showing of the execution on television "conforms to a brutal logic that Saddam Hussein used himself" and went further by saying that "this isn't even victor's justice, this is the tawdry work of an insecure government," particularly since Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki forced through Saddam's execution just four days after the appeals court upheld his conviction.[115] The Times commented in its online edition that, in the moments immediately preceding the hanging, "the scene had begun to resemble a medieval execution or a wild hanging in Texas" amid repeated instances of taunts hurled at Saddam that drowned out the lonely voice of an unidentified person calling for calm in the face of the gravity of the situation.[116] Writing in The Hindu of India, Siddharth Varadarajan compared the filming and circulation of Saddam's execution video to the picture postcards of American lynchings of African-American men that were popular in the Deep South in the early years of the 20th century.[117] John Burns and Marc Santora, writing in The New York Times, described the execution as "a sectarian free-for-all that had the effect, on the video recordings, of making Mr. Hussein, a mass murderer, appear dignified and restrained, and his executioners, representing Shi'ites who were his principal victims, seem like bullying street thugs."[118] The Pakistani-born writer Tariq Ali denounced the proceedings, contrasting favorably the trials of Nazi criminals after World War II with the trial of Saddam, "Where Nuremberg was a more dignified application of victor's justice, Saddam's trial has, till now, been the crudest and most grotesque." [119]

Following the leaking of a mobile phone footage of Saddam Hussein's execution, along with the detention on January 3, 2007, of a guard under the Justice Ministry headed by a Sunni Iraqi minister Hashim Abderrahman al-Shibli, suspicions have arisen that the ministry may have intended to inflame sectarian tensions.[120] In an interview with La República on January 19, 2007, Muqtada al-Sadr said that the people who were in the room during execution were "people paid to discredit him" and the purpose of the unofficial video was to "make Muqtadá look like the real enemy of the Sunnis."[121]

United States President George W. Bush mentioned on January 4, 2007 that he wished that the execution "had gone on in a more dignified way."[122] Bush later stated, in a January 16, 2007, interview with U.S. television host Jim Lehrer, that Saddam's execution "looked like it was kind of a revenge killing." Bush said he was "disappointed and felt like they fumbled the—particularly the Saddam Hussein—execution. It reinforced doubts in people's minds that the Maliki government and the unity government of Iraq is a serious government. ... And it sent a mixed signal to the American people and the people around the world."[123]

See also

Saddam Hussein
Biography
Human rights record · Relations with the United States · Relationship with Al-Qaeda (timeline) · Rumours of death · Alleged shredder · Trial · Execution
 Saddam Hussein at trial, July 2004-edit1.JPEG
Books
Zabibah and the King · The Fortified Castle · Men and the City · Begone, Demons
Family
Father: Hussein 'Abid al-Majid · Mother: Subha Tulfah al-Mussallat · Wives: Sajida Talfah, Samira Shahbandar, Nidal al-Hamdani, and Wafa el-Mullah al-Howeish · Uncle and Father-in-Law: Khairallah Talfah · Sons: Uday, Qusay, and Ali · Daughters: Rana, Raghad, and Hala

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Saddam buried in village of his birth", Associated Press (2006-12-31). Retrieved on 2006-12-31. 
  2. ↑ Christopher Torcia (2006-12-26). "Iraq court upholds Saddam death sentence", Associated Press. Retrieved on 2006-12-30. 
  3. ↑ "Top Iraqi source: U.S. tried to delay execution", CNN (2007-01-02). Retrieved on 2007-01-02. 
  4. ↑ "Lawyers for Saddam seek court order in United States to block execution". Associated Press (2006-12-29). Retrieved on 2006-12-30.
  5. ↑ Application for Stay of Execution
  6. ↑ "Iraq probes Hussein execution", CNN (2007-01-02). Retrieved on 2007-01-03. 
  7. ↑ "Saddam Bids Iraqis Farewell in Letter, Urges Unity", RedBolivia (2006-12-28). 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "شريط يظهر نطقه للشهادتين ومصوّر الإعدام يروي لحظة النهاية تفاصيل الساعة الأخيرة في حياة الرئيس السابق صدام حسي (Tape shows last details of Saddam's life)" (in Arabic), Al-Arabiya (2006-12-31). 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 "Saddam Hussein executed, ending era in Iraq", MSNBC (2006-12-29). Retrieved on 2006-12-29. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 "Saddam Hussein executed in Iraq", BBC News (2006-12-29). Retrieved on 2006-12-29. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 "Saddam Body Flown Home", Sky News (2006-12-29). Retrieved on 2006-12-29. 
  12. ↑ "Saddam hanged but no let-up in Iraq violence", Reuters (2006-12-31). Retrieved on 2007-01-05. 
  13. ↑ "Iraq is preparing for Saddam's hanging", International Herald Tribune (2006-12-29). Retrieved on 2006-12-31. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Karouny, Mariam (2006-12-30). "Saddam hanged at dawn", Reuters. Retrieved on 2007-12-07. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 "Hussein executed with 'fear in his face'", CNN (2006-12-30). Retrieved on 2006-12-30. 
  16. ↑ "Iraqi Sunnis vent anger over video of Saddam's hanging", The Daily Star (2007-01-03). Retrieved on 2007-01-03. 
  17. ↑ "U.S. Distances Itself From Saddam Hanging", CBS (2007-01-03). Retrieved on 2007-01-03. 
  18. ↑ Raghavan, Sudarsan. "Saddam Hussein is Put to Death", Washington Post. Retrieved on 2006-12-30. 
  19. ↑ "'A Historic Day For Iraq'", Sky News (2006-12-30). Retrieved on 2006-12-30. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Marc Santora (2006-12-31). "On the Gallows, Curses for U.S. and ‘Traitors’", The New York Times. Retrieved on 2007-01-03. 
  21. ↑ "Saddam Hussein dies on the gallows, exiting the Iraqi stage after a long, brutal reign", Associated Press (2006-12-30). Retrieved on 2006-12-30. 
  22. ↑ "Witness to Saddam's death", BBC (2006-12-30). Retrieved on 2006-12-30. 
  23. ↑ Attempts to anger Saddam moments before his executionAl Jazeera, January 1, 2007.
  24. ↑ Guards taunted Saddam in final secondsThe Independent, January 1, 2007.
  25. ↑ "Witness: Hussein's last words mock Shiite cleric", CNN, December 30, 2006. Retrieved December 30, 2006.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Carol Lin. (2006-12-30). Camera phone in Hussein's execution chamber (Windows Media). CNN. Retrieved on 2006-12-30.
  27. ↑ "Saddam hanging taunts evoke ugly past", BBC (2006-12-30). Retrieved on 2007-01-01. 
  28. ↑ Parsons, Claudia (2006-12-31). ""Fallen tyrant" taunted in Saddam video", Reuters. Retrieved on 2007-12-07. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Unidentified videographer. (2006). Video (MMS). Anwarweb.net. Retrieved on 2006-12-30.
  30. ↑ "For Sunnis, Dictator’s Degrading End Signals Ominous Dawn for the New Iraq", The New York Times (2007-01-01). Retrieved on 2007-01-01. 
  31. ↑ "Saddam Hussein Hanging Video Shows Defiance, Taunts and Glee", National Ledger (2007-01-01). Retrieved on 2007-01-20. 
  32. ↑ Haynes, Deborah (2008-11-01). "Saddam Hussein's body was stabbed in the back, says guard", The Times. Retrieved on 2008-11-05. 
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 "Iraqis gather in Saddam hometown after burial", Reuters (2006-12-30). Retrieved on 2006-12-30. 
  34. ↑ "Report: Saddam Hussein to be buried with sons", CNN (2006-12-29). Retrieved on 2006-12-29. 
  35. ↑ "Report: Saddam is buried in home village", BBC (2006-12-31). Retrieved on 2006-12-30. 
  36. ↑ "Saddam daughter asking body be buried in Yemen", Reuters (2006-12-29). Retrieved on 2006-12-29. 
  37. ↑ "Saddam Hussein Executed by Hanging in Iraq", FOX news (2006-12-29). Retrieved on 2006-12-29. 
  38. ↑ Bauder, David (2007-01-02). "Saddam Execution Images Shown on TV, Web", International Business Times. Retrieved on 2006-01-02. 
  39. ↑ Abdul-Zahra, Qassim (2007-01-03). "Official Held in Saddam Hanging Video", Washington Post. Retrieved on 2007-01-03. 
  40. ↑ Richard Engel and the Associated Press (2007-01-03). "Arrests made in Saddam video case", NBC News. Retrieved on 2007-01-03. 
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 41.2 41.3 "Saddam death 'ends dark chapter'", BBC (2006-12-30). Retrieved on 2006-12-30. 
  42. ↑ Saddam's supporters vow revenge BBC News, 2007-01-01
  43. ↑ "طفل باكستاني يشنق نفسه أثناء اللعب مقلدا إعدام صدام حسين (Raghad Saddam Hussein attends a protest in Jordan to protest the execution of her father)" (in Arabic), Al-Arabiya (2007-01-01). 
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 "Iraq to probe filming of Saddam Hanging", Pakistan Times (2007-01-02). 
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 George W. Bush (2006-12-29). "President Bush's Statement on Execution of Saddam Hussein". Whitehouse.gov. Retrieved on 2006-12-30. "Bringing Saddam Hussein to justice will not end the violence in Iraq, but it is an important milestone on Iraq's course to becoming a democracy [...]"
  46. ↑ "Saddam Hussein executed for war crimes", Associated Press (2006-12-30). Retrieved on 2006-12-30. 
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 47.2 47.3 47.4 47.5 47.6 47.7 "Saddam hanged: Reaction in quotes", BBC (2006-12-30). Retrieved on 2006-12-30. 
  48. ↑ "مقتل وجرح 75 عراقيا في الكوفة (The killing and wounding of 75 Iraqis in Kufa)" (in Arabic), Al Arabiya (2006-12-30). 
  49. ↑ "Former Saddam judge says execution violates Iraqi law", Agence France-Presse (2007-01-01). 
  50. ↑ "Arab reaction to Saddam execution", BBC (2006-12-30). 
  51. ↑ "The execution of Saddam Hussein without judgment on the Anfal Genocide", KurdishMedia (2006-12-30). 
  52. ↑ Zavis, Alexandra (2006-12-30). "Victims have mixed feelings about Saddam's death", Los Angeles Times. 
  53. ↑ "US urged not to hand over Saddam", Al Jazeera (2006-12-28). 
  54. ↑ "Sunnis angry over Saddam hanging", Sydney Morning Herald (2007-01-02). 
  55. ↑ Alden, Edward, Marianne Brun-Rovet, James Harding (2003-12-17). "Bush calls for death sentence for Saddam", Financial Times. 
  56. ↑ Burleson, Elizabeth (2005). "Juvenile Execution, Terrorist Extradition, and Supreme Court Discretion to Consider International Death Penalty Jurisprudence". 68 Alb. L. Rev. 909. 
  57. ↑ "Disappointment, condemnation in India over Saddam hanging", India eNews (2006-12-30). Retrieved on 2006-12-30. 
  58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 "Thailand, Asia hope for Iraq peace", Bangkok Post (2006-12-30). 
  59. ↑ "World leaders welcome, condemn Saddam's execution", Associated Press (2006-20-30). 
  60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 60.2 60.3 "Hussein execution: World reaction - CNN.com", CNN (2006-12-29). Retrieved on 2006-12-30. 
  61. ↑ Template error: argument title is required. 
  62. ↑ (English) "Statement from the Ministry for Foreign Affairs on the execution of Saddam". Retrieved on 2007-01-03.
  63. ↑ "Fogh: Vi fordømmer Hussein, men er imod dødsstraf" (in Danish), Jyllands-Posten (2006-12-30). 
  64. ↑ "Blandede internationale reaktioner på Saddams død" (in Danish), Danmarks Radio (2006-12-30). 
  65. ↑ "Saddam hirtettiin aamulla" (in Finnish), YLE 24 (2006-12-30). 
  66. ↑ 66.0 66.1 (German) "Pressestatement von Bundeskanzlerin Angela Merkel zum Tode von Saddam Hussein" (in de), Bundesregierung (2006-12-30). Retrieved on 2006-12-30. 
  67. ↑ "Vice-PM Zalm in TROS Kamerbreed" (in nl), TROS (2006-12-30). Retrieved on 2006-12-30. 
  68. ↑ "The execution of Saddam Hussein", Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2006-12-30). Retrieved on 2006-12-31. 
  69. ↑ "(Portuguese) Governo português contra execução de Saddam (Portuguese Government against Saddam execution)", Portugal Diario (2006-12-29). Retrieved on 2006-12-30. 
  70. ↑ "'Don't hang Saddam Hussein'", SA (2006-12-29). Retrieved on 2006-12-30. 
  71. ↑ "'Regeringen beklagar Saddams avrättning'", SA (2006-12-29). Retrieved on 2006-12-30. 
  72. ↑ "Execution of former Iraqi president, Saddam Hussein" (2006-12-30). Retrieved on 2006-12-30. 
  73. ↑ "Violence, condemnation, jubilation as Saddam is hanged". Retrieved on 2007-01-02.
  74. ↑ "Louis Michel vindt executie Saddam in strijd met basisprincipe EU" (in Dutch), Kanaal Z (2006-12-30). 
  75. ↑ "Comments on Death Penalty for Saddam", Associated Press (2006-12-30). Retrieved on 2006-12-30. 
  76. ↑ "Gobierno chileno rechaza ejecución de Hussein y espera su anulación", El Mostrador (2006-12-29). Retrieved on 2006-12-30. 
  77. ↑ Mixed feelings over Saddam's execution, VRT flandersnews.be, December 30, 2006
  78. ↑ "EU official condemns Saddam hanging, Russia voices concern", Al Bawaba (2006-12-30). Retrieved on 2006-12-30. 
  79. ↑ "Razlicite reakcije na smrt Huseina", B92 (2006-12-30). Retrieved on 2006-12-30. 
  80. ↑ "Mubarak: execution turned Saddam into martyr", Middle East Online (2007-01-05). Retrieved on 2007-01-28. 
  81. ↑ Council of Europe press release, 817(2006)
  82. ↑ "Italy will seek ban on death penalty" (in English), Gulf Times (2007-01-03). 
  83. ↑ "CHP leader Baykal expresses sorrow over execution of Saddam", TNN Haber (2006-12-30). Retrieved on 2006-12-31. 
  84. ↑ "Saddam mourned", Haaretz (2006-12-30). Retrieved on 2006-12-30. 
  85. ↑ "Reactions to Saddam Hussein’s execution", Middle East Online (2006-12-30). Retrieved on 2006-12-31. 
  86. ↑ "Iran welcomes Saddam execution", Al Jazeera (2006-12-30). 
  87. ↑ Palestinian Media Watch - Jan 2007 Bulletin
  88. ↑ "Taliban says Saddam's execution to intensify jihad", Reuters (2006-12-30). Retrieved on 2006-12-30. 
  89. ↑ 89.0 89.1 "World leaders welcome, condemn Saddam's execution", The Hindu News Update Service (December 30, 2006 : 1710 Hrs). 
  90. ↑ "Exécution de Saddam Hussein: réactions aux antipodes", Radio-Canada (2006-12-30). Retrieved on 2006-12-30. 
  91. ↑ "Saddam’s execution “sad incident” : PM", Associated Press of Pakistan (December 30, 2006). 
  92. ↑ (Greek) "Εκτελέστηκε ("Executed")". Flash.gr news site. Retrieved on 2006-12-30.
  93. ↑ Iraqi affairs should be decided by Iraqis: China, The Hindu, December 30, 2006
  94. ↑ "(Icelandic) Stjórnvöld virða niðurstöðu íraskra dómstóla". Retrieved on 2006-12-30.
  95. ↑ "Ahern: We must respect Iraqi right to hang Saddam", breakingnews.ie (2006-12-30). 
  96. ↑ "Beckett says Saddam held to account for crimes", Reuters (2006-12-30). Retrieved on 2006-12-30. 
  97. ↑ "Verdict a 'victory for freedom'", The Daily Telegraph (2006-12-30). Retrieved on 2006-12-30. 
  98. ↑ "Hussein's death ends a troubled chapter", Scoop (2006-12-30). Retrieved on 2006-12-30. 
  99. ↑ "Alan García de acuerdo con la ejecución de Sadam Hussein", El Comercio (2006-12-30). Retrieved on 2006-12-30. 
  100. ↑ "Dark chapter in history closed says Iraqi PM", RTÉ (2006-12-30). Retrieved on 2006-12-30. 
  101. ↑ 101.0 101.1 "After the gallows, a sombre consensus that justice was served", Sydney Morning Herald (2007-01-02). 
  102. ↑ "Iran: Saddam's execution amounts to "victory of the Iraqis"", Xinhua (2006-12-30). 
  103. ↑ "Iraqi Americans celebrate Saddam’s execution", Associated Press (2006-12-30). Retrieved on 2006-12-30. 
  104. ↑ 104.0 104.1 "Iraq: Saddam Hussein Put to Death". Human Rights Watch (2006-12-30). Retrieved on 2006-12-30.
  105. ↑ "Iraq: Statement of Larry Cox, Executive Director, Amnesty International USA on the impending execution of Saddam Hussein". Amnesty International USA (2006-12-29). Retrieved on 2006-12-30.
  106. ↑ "Saddam Hussein's Trial: Statement of Sidiki Kaba, president of the FIDH". FIDH (2006-11-05). Retrieved on 2006-12-30.
  107. ↑ "Children die worldwide after seeing Saddam hang", The News International. Retrieved on 2007-06-24. 
  108. ↑ "Saddam's execution cited in boy's accidental hanging death." KTRK-TV. Thursday January 4, 2007.
  109. ↑ "Amnesty International condemns Iraqi Appeal Court verdict against Saddam Hussein and co-accused". Amnesty International (2006-12-30). Retrieved on 2006-12-30.
  110. ↑ "Iraq: No to death penalty ratification!", International Federation of Human Rights, December 27, 2006
  111. ↑ Juan Cole, "Saddam: The death of a dictator," Salon.com (30 December 2006).
  112. ↑ Saddam a martyr - lawyers December 30, 2006
  113. ↑ "Saddam lawyers decry 'political assassination' in statement" December 30, 2006
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  115. ↑ Claudia Parsons (2006-12-31). "Feature-Iraqis ponder lessons of history after Saddam hangs", Reuters. Retrieved on 2007-01-01. 
  116. ↑ Ned Parker and Ali Hamdani (2007-01-01). "How one mobile phone made Saddam's hanging a very public execution", The Times Online Edition. Retrieved on 2007-01-01. 
  117. ↑ Siddharth Varadarajan (2007-01-10). "Bringing to book the guilty men of Baghdad", The Hindu. Retrieved on 2007-02-16. 
  118. ↑ John F. Burns and Marc Santora (2007-01-01). "U.S. Questioned Iraq on the Rush to Hang Hussein", New York Times. Retrieved on 2007-01-01. 
  119. ↑ Tariq Ali. "Saddam at the end of a rope", Seven Oaks Magazine. Retrieved on 2006-12-30. 
  120. ↑ CNN (2007-01-03). "More arrests expected from Hussein execution video". Retrieved on 2007-01-03. 
  121. ↑ Moqtada's interview at La Repubblica, translated
  122. ↑ CBC News (2007-01-05). "Saddam's execution could have been more 'dignified': Bush". Retrieved on 2007-01-06. 
  123. ↑ PBS (2007-01-16). "President Bush Defends Decision to Send Additional Troops to Iraq". Retrieved on 2007-01-17. 

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