Eurostar

Franchise(s):	Not subject to franchising International joint operation service began 1994
Main stations(s):	London St Pancras, Paris Gare du Nord, Bruxelles-Midi/Brussel-Zuid,
Other stations(s):	Ebbsfleet Int., Stratford Int., Ashford Int., Calais-Fréthun, Lille-Europe, Marne-la-Vallée, Avignon Centre, Bourg-Saint-Maurice, Aime-la-Plagne, Moûtiers
Fleet size:	27 Class 373 sets
Stations called at:	13
National Rail abbreviation:	ES
Parent company:	Eurostar (U.K.) Ltd., SNCF, NMBS/SNCB
Web site:	www.eurostar.com

Eurostar is a high-speed train service in Western Europe connecting London and Kent in the United Kingdom, with Paris and Lille in France, and Brussels in Belgium. In addition, there are limited services from London to Disneyland Resort Paris (Gare de Marne-la-Vallée - Chessy) and seasonal destinations in France. Trains cross the English Channel through the Channel Tunnel.

The service is operated by 18-carriage Class 373 trains at up to 300 km/h (186 mph) on a network of high-speed lines. Since Eurostar began in 1994, new lines have been built in Belgium (HSL 1) and Southern England (High Speed 1) to the same standard as the LGV Nord line originally used in France, enabling journey times to be reduced. The two-stage High Speed 1 project was completed on 14 November 2007, when the London terminus of Eurostar transferred from Waterloo International to St Pancras International station.

History

The history of Eurostar can be traced to the 1986 choice of a rail tunnel to provide a cross-Channel link between Britain and France. In addition to the tunnel’s shuttle trains, this decision provided for through passenger and freight trains. British Rail and SNCF contracted with Eurotunnel^[1] to use half the tunnel’s capacity. In 1987 Britain, France and Belgium set up an International Project Group to specify a train providing an international, high-speed service through the Tunnel. Having been operating high speed TGV services since 1981, and with construction of a new high-speed line between Paris and the Channel Tunnel (LGV Nord) underway, it was unsurprising that TGV technology was chosen for the trains. An order for 30 trainsets was placed in December 1989.

Testing the trains revealed problems on the 750V third rail system in Britain. The trains were designed to shut down if causing electrical interference with signaling, and this happened frequently. However, the problems were solved and on 14 November 1994, Eurostar began between Waterloo International station in London, Paris and Brussels. Services to Ashford International followed on 8 January 1996.

Regional Eurostar and Nightstar

Further information: Regional Eurostar and Nightstar (train)

Part of the proposals for Eurostar were direct services to Paris and Brussels from cities north of London (NoL): Manchester (via Birmingham on the West Coast Main Line) and Glasgow (via Edinburgh, Newcastle and York on the East Coast Main Line). Seven shorter NoL Eurostar trains for these Regional Eurostar services were built, but with predicted journey times of almost nine hours for Glasgow to Paris, the growth of low-cost air travel during the 1990s made plans commercially unviable.^[2] Three of the Regional Eurostar units were leased by Great North Eastern Railway (GNER) to increase domestic services from London King's Cross to York and later Leeds. The leases concluded in December 2005, and most of the NoL sets have been transferred to SNCF for TGV services in northern France.

An international Nightstar sleeper train was also planned; this would have travelled the same routes as Regional Eurostar, plus the Great Western Main Line to Cardiff. These were also commercially unviable, and the scheme was abandoned; in 2000 the coaches were sold to VIA Rail in Canada.

New high speed lines

HSL 1

Further information: HSL 1

Improvement in times between London and Brussels occurred when a Belgian high speed line, HSL 1, opened on 14 December 1997. A further four-minute improvement for London-Brussels was achieved in December 2006 with a 435m Brussels South Viaduct. Linking the international platforms of Brussels-South railway station with the high speed line, the viaduct separates Eurostar from local services.

High Speed 1

Further information: High Speed 1

The next improvement came in September 2003 with the opening of the first section of the British high-speed line between the Tunnel and Fawkham Junction in north Kent. London–Paris times were cut by 21 minutes to 2 hours 35 minutes, and London-Brussels reduced to 2 hours 20 minutes.

A Eurostar on High Speed 1 travelling near the mid-Kent village of Charing

Shortly before the opening, two runs took place. On 4 September 2007, a record-breaking train left Paris Gare du Nord at 10:44 (09:44 BST) and reached London St Pancras in 2 hours 3 minutes 39 seconds. French driver Francis Queret took train-set 3223/24 through France, Briton Neil Meare through Kent. Transporting journalists and railway workers, the train was the first passenger-carrying arrival at the St Pancras International station. The train passed through the new £100 million Ebbsfleet International station near Dartford in Kent on the way; both stations will provide direct services to the 2012 Olympics at Stratford, London.^[3]

On 20 September 2007, Eurostar broke another record as it completed the journey from Brussels to London in 1 hour, 43 minutes. The train left Brussels-South Station at 10:05, and reached St Pancras International at 11:48.^[4]

From 30 October to early November 2007 Eurostar conducted an Integrated Volume Testing programme in which some 6000 members of the public were involved in passenger check-in, immigration control and departure trials, during which the 'passengers' each made three return journeys out of St Pancras to the entrance to the London tunnel.

At 18:12 on 13 November 2007 the last Eurostar service left Waterloo International, and on 14 November commercial services began over the whole of the new High Speed 1 line. The redeveloped St Pancras International station became the new London terminus for all Eurostar services; at a cost of £800 million this has been extensively rebuilt and extended in length to cope with the 394 m (431 yd) Eurostar trains.^[5] The first service left St Pancras at 11:06 for Brussels, with the first arrival from the same city pulling in at 11:09. The first train to Paris departed at 11:03.^[6]

The completion of High Speed 1 has brought the British part of Eurostar's route up to the same standards as the French and Belgian high-speed lines. Line speeds are 300 km/h, except within the tunnel sections where slower speeds apply for safety reasons. Non-stop journey times have been reduced by a further 20 minutes to 2 hours 15 minutes for London-Paris and 1 hour 51 minutes London-Brussels.

Current routes and services

Eurostar route map

0:00 St. Pancras International Stratford International (opening 2010) 0:15 Ebbsfleet International Fawkham Junction 0:30 Ashford International GB-F border (Channel Tunnel) 0:54 Calais-Fréthun 1:20 Lille-Europe France-Belgium border 1:51 Bruxelles Midi/Brussel-Zuid 2:15 Paris Gare du Nord 2:33 Marne la Vallée-Chessy (Disneyland) 5:40 Avignon Centre 6:27 Moûtiers (ski) 6:59 Aime la Plagne (ski, set down only) 7:17 Bourg Saint Maurice (ski) Times shown are fastest timetabled journey from London St Pancras.

Since 14 November 2007 all Eurostar trains have been routed via High Speed 1 from the redeveloped London terminus at St Pancras International. Eurostar intended to retain some services at Waterloo International terminal, but this was ruled out on cost grounds.

Eurostar departure information - Brussels

Eurostar offers 18 weekday London–Paris services (20 on Fridays) including 6 non-stop (8 on Fridays), and 10 London–Brussels trains including 3 non-stop.^[7] In addition, there is one round-trip London–Disneyland Paris and two seasonal services: from July to September there is a weekly London–Ashford–Avignon service, and in the winter twice-weekly Snow Trains to Bourg-Saint-Maurice, Aime-la-Plagne and Moutiers in the Alps; one runs overnight and the other is a daytime round-trip.

Intermediate stations are Ebbsfleet International in northwest Kent, Ashford International in southeast Kent, and Calais-Fréthun and Lille-Europe in northern France. However, since the opening of Ebbsfleet International, only three trains a day to Paris and one to Disneyland Paris stop at Ashford. No Brussels trains serve the station, meaning residents of Kent and Sussex change at Lille for Brussels, or travel to London or to Ebbsfleet, increasing journey times. These changes have been controversial within the affected communities,^[8] and a website has been set up by Liberal Democrat Member of the European Parliament for the South East, Sharon Bowles, to campaign for more Ashford services.^[9] On 3 April 2007 a petition with 8,000 signatures was taken to London Waterloo calling for an EU enquiry into the impact of the reduced services from Ashford International.^[10] On 31 July 2008 Eurostar announced that from December 2008 they will be re-introducing one daily Ashford to Brussels service.^[11]

Completion of High Speed 1 has increased the potential number of trains serving London. Capacity exists for up to eight per hour in each direction from London to Continental Europe, moving the bottleneck to the Channel Tunnel. Separation of Eurostar from UK domestic services through Kent means timetabling is unaffected by peak-hour restrictions.

Eurostar is a member of the Amadeus CRS distribution system, making its tickets available alongside those of airlines worldwide.^[12] Through-fares are available from 68 UK towns and cities to destinations in France and Belgium.^[13]

Operational performance

Eurostar's punctuality has fluctuated but in 2007 91.5% of services were on time.^[14][15]

Eurostar has a dominant share of the combined rail/air market on its three-capitals routes. In 2007 it achieved highs of 71% on London-Paris and 65% for London-Brussels.^[16]

Eurostar's passenger numbers initially failed to meet predictions. In 1996 London and Continental Railways forecast numbers would reach 21.4 million by 2004,^[17] but only 7.3 million was achieved. In 2007, Eurostar's target was 10 million passengers by 2010.^[18]

All figures in millions. 1995 data is approximate.

A number of factors are likely to support Eurostar's latest growth targets:

• The improvement in the quality of its service in terms of journey times, punctuality and station facilities.
• An increasing awareness of the environmental effects of air travel. Eurostar claims that its service emits considerably less carbon dioxide than a comparable flight,^[19] and that its remaining carbon emissions are now offset making its services carbon neutral.
• Expansion of the high speed rail network in Europe (such as HSL-Zuid), bringing more destinations within rail-competitive range.

Eurostar's website suffers from problems including the inability to process payments from Maestro cards, which is acknowledged on the FAQ on their website.

Rolling stock

Main article: British Rail Class 373

Eurostar in Savoie, France in the French Alps

Built from 1992 to 1996, the Eurostar fleet consists of 38 electric multiple unit trains, designated Class 373 in the United Kingdom and TGV373000 in France. There are two variants:

• 31 Three Capitals sets consisting of two power cars and 18 carriages. These trains are 394 metres long and can carry 750 passengers; 206 in first class, 544 in standard class.^[20]
• 7 shorter "North of London" trains which have 14 carriages and are 320m long. These sets have a capacity of 558 seats (114 first class, 444 standard), and were designed to operate the proposed Regional Eurostar services.

The formation of the Three Capitals trains is shown in the table below, with vehicles listed in the order they are placed in the unit.

The trains are essentially modified TGV sets and can operate at up to 300 km/h (186 mph) on high-speed lines, and 160 km/h (100 mph) in the Channel Tunnel. Speed limits in the Channel Tunnel are dictated by air-resistance, energy (heat) dissipation and the need to fit in with other trains operating at slower speeds.

The trains were designed with Channel Tunnel safety in mind, and consist of two independent "half-sets", each with its own power car. In the event of a serious fire on board while travelling through the Tunnel, the passengers would be transferred into the undamaged half of the train, which would then be detached from the damaged half and driven out of the tunnel to safety. If the undamaged part were the rear half of the train, this would be driven by the Chef du Train who is a fully authorised driver and occupies the rear driving cab while the train travels through the tunnel for this purpose.

In 2004–2005 the Three Capitals sets still in daily use for international services were refurbished with a new interior designed by Philippe Starck.^[21] The old grey-yellow scheme in Standard class and grey-red of First/Premium First were replaced with a new grey-brown look in Standard and grey-burnt orange in First class. Power points were added to seats in First class and coaches 1 and 18 in Standard class. Premium First class was renamed BusinessPremier.

As 27 of the 31 Three Capitals sets are sufficient to operate the service, four are currently used by SNCF for domestic services; one of these regularly operates the Paris-Lille shuttle.

Current fleet

Class	Image	Type	Top speed		Number	Routes operated	Built
			mph	km/h
Class 373 Eurostar		Electric multiple unit	186	300	28	London-Paris London-Brussels London-Marne-la-Vallée – Chessy London-Avignon London-Bourg Saint Maurice	1992

Past fleet

Eurostar has operated a number of other types in the past:

• Class 37 - a diesel locomotive intended to operate sleeper services over non-electrified parts of the railway network in Britain. Eurostar retained three locomotives for the rescue of failed trains, route learning and driver training, but disposed of them when the new Temple Mills Depot opened in November 2007.
• Class 73 - an electro-diesel locomotive used primarily to rescue failed trains. Eurostar operated two of these from its North Pole depot until 2007, when they were loaned to a pair of educational initiatives having become redundant following the move to Temple Mills.^[22][23]
• Class 92 - an electric locomotive intended to operate the sleeper services. Eurostar owned seven units of this class, which never saw service until they were sold in 2007 to Europorte 2.

Future developments

A number of possible future developments affecting the Eurostar service have been mooted:

Services from Stratford International station

The intended purpose of Stratford International station was to act as a London stop for regional Eurostar trains. However this plan is under review^[24] and it is unlikely that Eurostar trains will call at the station before February 2009.^[25]

Regional Eurostar

Although the original plan for Regional Eurostar services to destinations north of London were abandoned, the significantly improved journey times available following the opening of High Speed 1 ---- which has connections to both the East Coast Main Line and North London Line (for the West Coast Main Line) at St Pancras ---- and increased maximum speeds on the West Coast Main Line, may make potential Regional Eurostar services more viable. This would be even more likely if proposals are adopted for a new high speed line from London to the north of Britain.^[26]

Key pieces of infrastructure still belong to LCR via their subsidiary London & Continental Stations and Property such as the Manchester International Depot, and Eurostar (UK) still own several track access rights and the rights to paths on both the East Coast and West Coast Main Lines.^[27][28] While no announcement has been made of plans to start Regional Eurostar services, it remains a possibility for the future. In the meantime, the nearest alternative to a Regional Eurostar service is same-station connection with East Midlands Trains trains at St Pancras.

LGV Picardie

LGV Picardie is a proposed high-speed line running between Paris and Calais, via Amiens. By cutting off the corner of the LGV Nord at Lille, it would enable Eurostar trains to save 20 minutes on the journey between Paris and Calais, bringing the London to Paris journey time under 2 hours.

New Destinations and Competition

The reduced journey times offered by the opening of High Speed 1, and the opening of the LGV Est and HSL Zuid bring other continental destinations within a range from London where rail is competitive against air travel. At present Eurostar is concentrating on developing its connections with other services, particularly at Lille and Brussels, but direct services to other destinations would be possible. However, the routes that any potential services are likely to take would go off the infrastructure that Eurostar's rolling stock has been built to utilise - Germany operates trains at 15kV AC, while the Netherlands uses 1.5kV DC. To operate on these lines would require new rolling stock designed to operate at these different voltages, in addition to those already operated under.

In addition to the infrastructure difficulties, any potential Eurostar services beyond Paris and Brussels would also require the installation of stringent security measures, due to the UK not having signed up to the Schengen Agreement, which allows unrestricted movement across borders of member countries.

Richard Brown, chief executive of Eurostar, described the difficulties to overcome in an interview with "Rail Professional":

The difficulties that Eurostar faces in expanding its services would also be faced by potential competitors to Eurostar:

• Due to the UK not having signed the Schengen Agreement, London bound trains must therefore use platforms that are physically isolated, a constraint which other international operators such as Thalys do not face. In addition, British authorities are required to make security and passport checks prior to boarding the train, which would deter domestic passengers.
• The Class 373 trains were designed as two half sets, which when coupled would form a complete train. This enables them to be split easily in the event of an emergency while in the Channel Tunnel, with the unaffected set able to be driven out. It is likely that any new operator would need rolling stock that provides this facility.

In November 2007, various British newspapers reported that Deutsche Bahn, Germany's national train company, had applied to use the Channel Tunnel and High Speed 1 rail line into St Pancras International.^[29] This was swiftly denied by Deutsche Bahn; also the bi-national Channel Tunnel Safety Authority confirmed that they had not received such application.

In 2010, the EU will initiate a liberalisation of the European rail network allowing greater competition. Air France-KLM have indicated that they will take advantage of the change in the law and apply to run rail services from London-Paris and Paris-Amsterdam in competition with Eurostar.^[30]

Organisation

Eurostar services are under unified management, the Eurostar Group. In each country, a member company undertakes Eurostar operation:

• Belgium — NMBS/SNCB
• France — SNCF
• United Kingdom — Eurostar (U.K.) Ltd. or (EUKL)
  • EUKL managed (under contract) by InterCapital and Regional Rail (ICRR), a consortium of:
    • National Express Group (40%),
    • SNCF (35%)
    • NMBS/SNCB (15%)
    • British Airways (10%).

Eurostar is a member of Railteam, a marketing alliance formed in July 2007 of seven European high-speed rail operators, including Thalys.^[31] The alliance plans to allow tickets bookable from one side of Europe to the other on one website.^[31]

See also

• High-speed rail in the United Kingdom
• High-speed rail in Europe

Notes and references

External links

• Eurostar Website
• HS1 Microsite
• St Pancras International Train Station

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