Douglas DC-3
| Douglas DC-3 | |
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| A DC-3 operated by Flygande Veteraner in Sweden | |
| Role | Airliner and transport aircraft |
| Manufacturer | Douglas Aircraft Company |
| First flight | 17 December 1935 |
| Status | >400 in limited use |
| Number built | 16,079<10,655 (DC-3) + 4,937 (Li-2) + 487 (L2D)>[1] |
| Developed from | Douglas DC-2 |
| Variants | C-47 Skytrain Lisunov Li-2 |
The Douglas DC-3 is an American fixed-wing, propeller-driven aircraft whose speed and range revolutionized air transport in the 1930s and 1940s. Because of its lasting impact on the airline industry and World War II, it is generally regarded as one of the most significant transport aircraft ever made.
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Design and development
The DC-3 was engineered by a team led by chief engineer Arthur E. Raymond, and first flew on 17 December 1935 (the 32nd anniversary of the Wright Brothers flight at Kitty Hawk). The aircraft was the result of a marathon phone call from American Airlines CEO Cyrus Smith to Donald Douglas requesting the design of an improved successor to the DC-2. The amenities of the DC-3 (including sleeping berths on early "DST"—Douglas Sleeper Transport—models and an in-flight kitchen) popularized air travel in the United States. With only three refueling stops, eastbound transcontinental flights across the U.S. taking approximately 15 hours became possible. Westbound trips took 17 hours 30 minutes due to typical prevailing headwinds — still a significant improvement over the competing Boeing 247. Before the arrival of the DC-3, such a trip would entail short hops in slower and shorter range aircraft, during the day, coupled with train travel overnight.
A wide variety of engines were fitted to the DC-3 throughout the course of its development. The original civilian aircraft used Wright R-1820 Cyclone 9s, but later aircraft (and the majority of military ships) used the Pratt & Whitney R-1830 Twin Wasp radial which offered better high-altitude and single engine performance. A few Pratt & Whitney R-2000 radials saw use. Some DC-3s were upgraded to use Rolls-Royce Dart (as in the Conroy Turbo Three), Armstrong Siddeley Mamba, or Pratt & Whitney PT6A turbines.
In 1987, Airtech Canada offered aircraft re-engined with current-production PZL ASz-62IT radial engines of 1,000 hp (745 kW) as the DC-3/2000.
The Basler BT-67 is a conversion of the DC-3. Basler refurbishes DC-3s, fitting them with Pratt & Whitney Canada PT-6 turbo-prop engines, lengthening the fuselage by over 3 feet (0.91 m) and strengthening the airframes in selected areas.
Braddick Specialised Air Services International PTY Ltd. (BSAS International) is another company to perform the "turbo-prop" conversion to DC3's designated by the Pratt & Whitney engine model PT6, over 50 DC3/C47 65ARTP / 67RTP / 67FTP's have been built and may be seen in operation around the world.
Operational history
Early U.S. airlines like United, American, TWA and Eastern ordered over 400 DC-3s. These fleets paved the way for the modern American air travel industry, quickly replacing trains as the favored means of long-distance travel across the United States. Piedmont Airlines operated DC-3s from 1948 to 1963. A DC-3 painted in the representative markings of Piedmont, operated by the Carolinas Aviation Museum, continues to fly to air shows today and has been used in various movies. Both Delta and Continental Airlines operate "commemorative" DC-3s.
During World War II, many civilian DC-3s were drafted for the war effort and just over 10,000 US military versions of the DC-3 were built, under the designations C-47, C-53, R4D and Dakota. Peak production of the type was reached in 1944 with 4853 being delivered. The armed forces of many countries used the DC-3 and its military variants for the transport of troops, cargo and wounded. Licensed copies were built in Japan as Showa L2D (487 aircraft) and in the USSR as the Lisunov Li-2 (4937 aircraft)[2].
After the war, thousands of surplus C-47s were converted to civil service and became the standard equipment of almost all the world's airlines, remaining in front line service for many years. The ready availability of ex-military examples of this cheap, easily-maintained aircraft (it was both large and fast by the standards of the day) jump-started the worldwide, post-war air transport industry.
Douglas had developed an improved version, with a greater cargo capacity and a different wing, which it attempted to sell during this time frame but with all these surplus aircraft, the Super DC-3 did not sell in the civil market. The U.S. Navy had 100 of their early R4Ds converted to Super DC-3 standard as the R4D-8, later C-117D.
Numerous attempts were made to design a "DC-3 replacement", over the next three decades (including the very successful Fokker F27 Friendship) but no single type could match the versatility, rugged reliability and economy of the DC-3 and it remained a significant part of air transport systems, well into the 1970s. Even today, over 70 years after the DC-3 first flew, there are still small operators with DC-3s in revenue service and as cargo planes. The common saying among aviation buffs and pilots is that "the only replacement for a DC-3 is another DC-3." The aircraft's legendary ruggedness is enshrined in the lighthearted description of the DC-3 as "a collection of parts flying in loose formation."[3] Its ability to take off and land on grass or dirt runways also makes it popular in developing countries, where the runways may not always be a paved surface.
Some of the more common uses of the DC-3 have included aerial spraying, freight transport, passenger service, military transport and sport skydiving shuttling.
Production
A total of 10,655 DC-3s were built at Santa Monica, California, Long Beach, California, and Oklahoma City in both civil (607) and military (10,048) versions. 4937 were built in Russia, under license, as the Lisunov Li-2 (NATO reporting name: Cab). A total of 487 were built in Japan, as the L2D Type 0 transport. The overall total produced was 16,079 [4]. More than 400 remained in commercial service, in 1998.
Specifications (DC-3)
General characteristics
- Crew: 2
- Capacity: 21-32 passengers
- Length: 64 ft 5 in (19.7 m)
- Wingspan: 95 ft 0 in (29.0 m)
- Height: 16 ft 11 in (5.16 m)
- Wing area: 987 ft² (91.7 m²)
- Empty weight: 18,300 lb (8,300 kg)
- Loaded weight: 25,200 lb (25,346 with deicing boots, 26,900 in some freight versions) (11,400 kg)
- Powerplant: 2× Wright Cyclone 9 R-1820 series (earliest aircraft) or Pratt & Whitney Twin Wasp S1C3G in the C-47 and later civilian aircraft, 1,100 or 1,200 hp (890 kW) max rating, depending upon engine and model (895 kW) each
- Propellers: 3-bladed Hamilton Standard 23E50 series hydraulically controlled constant speed, feathering
Performance
- Maximum speed: 237 mph (206 knots, 381 km/h (=Never Exceed Speed (VNE), or Redline speed))
- Cruise speed: 150 mph (130 knots, 240 km/h)
- Range: 1,025 mi (890 nm, 1,650 km)
- Service ceiling 24,000 ft (7,300 m)
- Rate of climb: 1,130 ft/min (5.73 m/s) initial
- Wing loading: 25.5 lb/ft² (125 kg/m²)
- Power/mass: 0.0952 hp/lb (157 W/kg)
See also
Related development
- C-47 Skytrain
- AC-47 Spooky
- Lisunov Li-2
Comparable aircraft
- Boeing 247
- Ilyushin Il-14
- Junkers Ju 52
- Saab 90 Scandia
Related lists
- List of civil aircraft
References
Notes
- ↑ Gradidge p. 20
- ↑ Gradidge p 20
- ↑ Williams, Michael (2008-02-25). "How health and safety rules have grounded the Dakota, the war workhorse", Daily Mail. Retrieved on 2008-10-09.
- ↑ Gradidge, p 20
Bibliography
- Francillon, René. McDonnell Douglas Aircraft Since 1920: Volume I. London: Putnam, 1979. ISBN 0-87021-428-4.
- Gradidge, Jennifer M. The Douglas DC-1/DC-2/DC-3: The First Seventy Years Volumes One and Two. Air-Britain, London, 2006. ISBN 0-85130-332-3.
- Pearcy, Arthur. Douglas Propliners: DC-1–DC-7. Shrewsbury: Airlife Publishing, 1995. ISBN 1-85310-261-X.
- Yenne, Bill. McDonnell Douglas: A Tale of Two Giants. Greenwich, Connecticut: Bison Books, 1985. ISBN 0-517-44287-6.
External links
- Southern DC3 Charitable Trust A non profit Airline flying ZK-AMY, a restored DC-3. Based in Canterbury, New Zealand.
- douglasdc3.com A very comprehensive graphically impressive Douglas DC-3 specific site
- Hello-We are the DC-3/Dakota Historical Society
- The DC-3 Aviation Museum. A registered non-profit organization working to preserve the history of the DC-3
- Centennial of flight Commission on the DC-3
- Aviation Records on the DC-3
- Aviation History on the DC-3
- Airliners.net DC-3
- Flying Piedmont Airlines DC-3, formerly owned and operated by Piedmont Airlines, and US Air
- Pionair Airline flying restored DC-3s (Current primary aircraft is the Convair CV-580, a turboprop conversion of the Convair_CV-240.)
- Basler BT-67 Re-manufactured and turbinized version of the DC-3
- Discovery Air Tours (formerly Dakota National Air) Charter DC-3 operator at Bankstown Airport, New South Wales Australia
- The DC-3 Hangar
- Warbird Alley: DC-3/C-47 page
- Early 1970s DC-3 turboptop conversions by Conroy Aircraft, who also developed the Aero Spacelines Guppy series and the Conroy Skymonster.
- Gold Timer Foundation Restorers of the only remaining Li-2 still in flying condition. HA-LIX regularly flies sight-seeing flights. (Hungarian)
- Dakota Norway
- DC-Association Finland
- Link for a number of South African DC-3 flights
- Interview with DC-3 pilot and instructor and discussion of what it takes to become type-rated in the DC-3
- Audio that follows a training program for a US second-in-command type rating in the DC-3. Includes cockpit audio
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