| Dol Guldur | |
Place from J. R. R. Tolkien's legendarium
Dol Guldur as illustrated by artist John Howe |
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| Other names | Amon Lanc |
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| Description | Barren hilltop later occupied by Sauron and nazgûl |
| Location | Mirkwood |
| Lifespan | Circa. T.A. 1100 – T.A. 3019 |
| Founder | Sauron |
| Lord | Sauron Khamûl, as Sauron's lieutenant |
Dol Guldur (Sindarin: "Hill of Sorcery")[1] was Sauron's stronghold in Mirkwood in the fictional world of J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth. It is first mentioned (as "the dungeons of the Necromancer") in The Hobbit.[2][3] The hill itself, rocky and barren, was the highest point in the southwestern part of the forest. Before Sauron's occupation it was called Amon Lanc "Naked Hill".[4] It lay near the western edge of the forest, across the Anduin from Lothlórien. In a passage that appears to apply the name Dol Guldur principally to the fortress rather than the barren hill it rose above, the company of the Ring first catch sight of it from Cerin Amroth in Lórien.[5]
In the Second Age, before Sauron occupied the hill, Silvan Elves of the Woodland Realm under Oropher, father of Thranduil, populated the area of Rhovanion around Amon Lanc, but they withdrew northward, evidently to avoid conflict with Lórien and Moria.[6] The Wise perceived evil growing there early in the Third Age, starting about T.A. 1100.[7] During the latter part of the Third Age, Sauron used this fortress as a base to attack Lothlórien and the surrounding area.[8] Tolkien suggests that Sauron settled on Dol Guldur as the focus for his rise during the period before the War of the Ring in part so that he could search for the One Ring in the Gladden Fields just up the river.[9]
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According to Unfinished Tales, Dol Guldur was originally known in Tolkien's fictional language of Sindarin as Amon Lanc ("naked hill", from amon "hill" and lanc "bare" or "naked").[10] After Sauron came to reside there, it became known instead as Dol Guldur "Hill of Sorcery", acquiring a connotation of corruption and evil. The word dol strictly means "head" but is frequently applied to hills or mountains in Tolkien's work, as in Dol Amroth and Dol Baran.[11] The word guldur signifies "black magic": gûl means "sorcery, magic", from the stem ngol or nólë meaning "long study, lore, knowledge"; and dûr means "dark".[11]
Dol Guldur appears on the maps published with The Lord of Rings. The hill rose above the River Anduin across from Lórien within the great forest east of the River. Sauron's influence caused a great shadow to fall over the forest, which became known as Mirkwood.[12] To the northeast on the other side of the forest lay Thranduil's kingdom and Erebor, the Lonely Mountain. Further north was Ered Mithrin, the Grey Mountains, where the Dwarves once prospered.
Upon meeting in the forest after the defeat of Sauron, Celeborn and Thranduil, the father of Legolas, renamed the forest Eryn Lasgalen, meaning "The Wood of Greenleaves".[13] Thranduil claimed the northern regions of the forest as far south as the mountains in the centre of the forest (the Emyn Duir), and Celeborn took the southern part of the forest below the Narrows, calling it East Lórien.[13]
The fictional history of Dol Guldur is laid out across several of Tolkien's works, including The Lord of the Rings, The Hobbit, The Silmarillion, and Unfinished Tales. Sauron's history at the site begins in the Third Age, around the year 1100.[7] Due to its situation inside Mirkwood and east of Lórien, Dol Guldur was a key stronghold in Sauron's return to power.
After Sauron was defeated in the War of the Last Alliance, he retreated to Amon Lanc and built a fortress, where he hid in secrecy while recovering his strength. As the evil force residing there became apparent to the outside world, it was named the Necromancer.[14] It was not known at first that Sauron had regained physical form and was nursing himself to health; it was believed that a nazgûl dominated the tower and land.[7] But as the power grew in strength, Gandalf the Grey became suspicious and in T.A. 2063 travelled to Dol Guldur to investigate.[14][15] Sauron anticipated his coming and withdrew to the East to remain hidden in secrecy[14][15] Thus began what later became known as the The Watchful Peace, which lasted until T.A. 2460, when Sauron finally returned to Dol Guldur after years of hiding.[16]
In T.A. 2845, Thráin II, King of Durin's folk, the last bearer of one of the seven Rings of Power given to the Dwarves, was captured by Sauron's forces and was kept at Dol Guldur, where he yielded his ring to Sauron under torture.[17][18] Gandalf went again to Dol Guldur in T.A. 2850 to investigate his suspicions of the power that was rising, learned that this was indeed Sauron, and found Thráin in the dungeons close to death.[17] Thráin gave Gandalf a map and key to the Lonely Mountain, which Gandalf undertook to convey to Thorin Oakenshield, Thráin's son and heir.[19]
Again anticipating the Wise, Sauron left Dol Guldur for Mordor in T.A. 2941.[20] Ten years later, when Sauron declared himself openly in Mordor, he sent three nazgûl back to reoccupy Dol Guldur.[21] Khamûl (one of the three) commanded the fortress in Sauron's absence.[22] In March of T.A. 3018, scouts from Dol Guldur became aware that Gollum had been brought to Mirkwood and was being held prisoner by Thranduil.[23] On 20 June T.A. 3018, orcs from Dol Guldur attacked the Elves who had imprisoned Gollum; in the chaos, Gollum escaped and disappeared.
In March, T.A. 3019, during the final days of the War of the Ring, Dol Guldur sent forces against Lothlórien and Thranduil's realm in what came to be known as the Battles of Lothlórien and Mirkwood: three attacks on Lórien (March 11, 15, and 22) and one, "The Battle under the Trees", against Thranduil (March 15). All were fiercely fought, but the power of Galadriel and the strength of the Elves proved too great for Dol Guldur to overcome. It is reasonable to suppose that the Battle of Dale mounted at the same time (March 17) by Sauron's allies from the East against Brand and Dáin II was also coordinated with Dol Guldur, but the text does not make this connection. After the defeat of Sauron on March 25, Celeborn marched on Dol Guldur and overthrew it. Galadriel then destroyed the fortress so that the forest was free from the shadow of the tower. (These battles are all described in Appendix B of The Lord of the Rings, under the entries for the dates involved, and after the entry for March 25.)
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Tolkien described how, in the history of Dol Guldur, Sauron's growing activity and power increased the tensions among Sauron's enemies. The Wise (various Elf-lords and Wizards — including Gandalf the Grey) had sensed an evil power growing in Dol Guldur, and they tried to determine whether Sauron was alive and regaining strength. Tolkien had portrayed the war fought by the Last Alliance of Elves and Men against Sauron at the end of the Second Age as a devastating struggle,[14][24] one the Wise hoped not to have to repeat. In response to the growing threat at Dol Guldur, they formed the White Council in T.A. 2463, shortly after Sauron's return to the fortress. Much later, in T.A. 2850, Gandalf infiltrated the area to probe Dol Guldur, and discovered that the evil presence whose identity he had long suspected was indeed Sauron.[14][19] The following year he pressed the White Council for an attack on Sauron.
But Saruman — the head of the Council, who had become corrupted by desire for Sauron's One Ring — spoke against this move, reassuring them that without the Ring Sauron could not regain his full strength.[14][25][24] Saruman put the Council off by suggesting that the Ring had most likely been lost in the River Anduin and had been carried out to the sea.[24] But in fact, Saruman was himself seeking the One Ring, and in this pursuit secretly betrayed the Council.[26] He believed the Ring lay hidden in the Gladden Fields not far from Dol Guldur, and was searching for it there. For Isildur had perished in the Gladden Fields when his army was ambushed by orcs after the defeat of Sauron — and it was Isildur who had taken Sauron's Ring and was its last known bearer. Saruman therefore did not want Sauron disturbed, hoping that if Sauron continued searching, the Ring might reveal itself while trying to reach Sauron, its one true master.[14][25]
Sauron thus was left to his devices. Gandalf remained troubled by Sauron's presence, and at the White Council in T.A. 2941 he once again argued that an attack on Dol Guldur was inevitable and necessary for the security of Middle-earth and its peoples.[24][14] Saruman agreed this time, but only because he had learned two years earlier that Sauron too was searching for the One Ring in the Gladden Fields.[27] Saruman hoped too that with Sauron and his servants out of the way, he himself might have more leisure to continue the search.[28] The Council gathered its strength and drove Sauron from Dol Guldur.[14] But the victory was hollow: Sauron had foreseen and prepared in advance for the assault, and he traveled in secret to Mordor to rebuild Barad-dûr to be his new sanctuary — and Dol Guldur was shortly reoccupied by nazgûl sent by Sauron from Mordor.[14][29][30] It was not until the War of the Ring, when Saruman was unmasked and Sauron fell, that the Wise finally purged the dark influence from Dol Guldur.[31]
In Tolkien's books the peoples of Mirkwood mostly included the elves living in the region,[32] including King Oropher and his son Thranduil and grandson Legolas.[32][33][34][35] However, Silvan Elves are the predominant dwellers of Mirkwood, though they are scarcely located with ease.[36] Their homes lie deep in the forest (as recollected by Aragorn and Legolas when the Company of the Ring reached the Silverlode).[36][37] Sauron, however, secretly built a stronghold and slowly took the southern regions of the land from the elves without battle.[32] As a result, Orcs, Nazgûl, giant spiders, and the Necromancer all lived in Mirkwood.[32]
The elves from Lothlórien crossed the Anduin river to reclaim Amon Lanc once again after the defeat of Sauron, but are said to have slowly dwindled there afterwards; the taking of the fortress is the last conquest the elves of East Lórien. East Lórien was not again populated, although the northern regions were left just as they had been,[38] primarily because of the migration of the elves to Imladris.[38] Galadriel and Celeborn were not from Mirkwood, however, they led an army to Sauron's outpost and laid waste his fortress. The conquest was the main factor that led to the re-population of the realm and its subsequent name of East Lórien.[38]
Several portrayals of Dol Guldur are included in the Games Workshop game, The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game, appearing prominently in the "Fall of the Necromancer". A number of enemies are listed, including Spider Queens,[39] Castellans of Dol Guldur, Sauron the Necromancer, Wild Warg Chieftain, and their respective armies. Giant Bats are also included in the game.[40] The entire set of game figurines is featured on the Games Workshop website; these are similar in many ways to those from the Warhammer franchise.
Dol Guldur has been featured in many of the game adaptations of The Lord of the Rings, including the Iron Crown Enterprises portrayal, which contains scenarios and adventures for the Middle-earth Role Playing game[41] In the strategy battle game The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II, Dol Guldur appears as an iconic building.[42][43] The campaign-scenario called "Assault on Dol Guldur" appears as the final part of the good campaign.[44][45]
Released in 1996, the music album Dol Guldur from the black metal band Summoning features the name Dol Guldur.[46] Tolkien is included in the credits as the primary inspiration of the album, the band's most successful to date.
The Canadian artist John Howe has portrayed Dol Guldur in several of his sketches and drawings.[47] Howe drew these for Electronic Arts.[48] In Myth and Magic: The Art of John Howe, Howe includes Dol Guldur among other fortresses of Middle-earth, such as Dol Amroth[49] In addition, Howe created many drawings for Peter Jackson during the filming of The Lord of the Rings Trilogy in New Zealand, worked for Tolkien Enterprises, and also drew for Iron Crown Enterprises' collectable Middle-earth card game, which mentions Dol Guldur on Gandalf's card.[50][51]
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