Condoleezza Rice
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Condoleezza Rice
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66th United States Secretary of State
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| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office January 26, 2005 |
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| President | George W. Bush |
| Deputy | Richard Armitage (2005) Robert Zoellick (2005–2006) John Negroponte (2007–) |
| Preceded by | Colin Powell |
| Succeeded by | Hillary Rodham Clinton (designate) |
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20th United States National Security Advisor
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| In office January 20, 2001 – January 26, 2005 |
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| President | George W. Bush |
| Deputy | Stephen Hadley |
| Preceded by | Sandy Berger |
| Succeeded by | Stephen Hadley |
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| In office 1993 – 1999 |
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| Preceded by | Gerald J. Lieberman |
| Succeeded by | John L. Hennessy |
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| Born | November 14, 1954 Birmingham, Alabama |
| Political party | Republican |
| Alma mater | University of Denver University of Notre Dame |
| Profession | Professor, Provost, Diplomat, Politician |
| Religion | Presbyterian |
Condoleezza Rice (born November 14, 1954) is the 66th United States Secretary of State, and the second in the administration of President George W. Bush to hold the office. Rice is the first black woman, second African American (after her predecessor Colin Powell, who served from 2001 to 2005), and the second woman (after Madeleine Albright, who served from 1997 to 2001 in the Clinton Administration) to serve as Secretary of State. Rice was President Bush's National Security Advisor during his first term. Before joining the Bush administration, she was a professor of political science at Stanford University where she served as Provost from 1993 to 1999. During the administration of George H.W. Bush, Rice served as the Soviet and East European Affairs Advisor during the dissolution of the Soviet Union and German reunification.
When beginning as Secretary of State, Rice pioneered a policy of Transformational Diplomacy, with a focus on democracy in the greater Middle East. Her emphasis on supporting democratically elected governments faced challenges as Hamas captured a popular majority in Palestinian elections yet supported Islamist militance, and influential countries including Saudi Arabia and Egypt maintained authoritarian systems with US support. She chairs the Millennium Challenge Corporation's board of directors.[1]
Early life
Condoleezza Rice (whose given name is derived from the Italian musical expression, Con dolcezza, which means "with sweetness")[2] was born in Birmingham, Alabama, and grew up in the neighborhood of Titusville. She traces her roots to pre-revolutionary African Americans in the American South. She is the only child of Presbyterian minister Reverend John Wesley Rice, Jr., and wife, Angelena Ray. Reverend Rice was a guidance counselor at Ullman High School and minister of Westminster Presbyterian Church, which had been founded by his father. Angelena was a science, music, and oratory teacher at Ullman.[3]
Early education
Rice started learning French, music, figure skating and ballet at age three.[4] At age 15, she began classes with the goal of becoming a concert pianist. Her plans changed when she realized that she did not play well enough to support herself through music alone.[5] While Rice is not a professional pianist, she still practices often and plays with a chamber music group. Rice made use of her pianist training to accompany cellist Yo-Yo Ma for Brahms's Violin Sonata in D Minor at Constitution Hall in April 2002 for the National Medal of Arts Awards.[6]
High school and university education
In 1967, the family moved to Denver, Colorado. She attended St. Mary's Academy, a private all-girls Catholic high school in Cherry Hills Village, Colorado. After studying piano at the Aspen Music Festival and School, Rice enrolled at the University of Denver, where her father both served as an assistant dean and taught a class called "The Black Experience in America." Dean John Rice opposed institutional racism, government oppression, and the Vietnam War.
Rice attended a course on international politics taught by Josef Korbel, the father of future Secretary of State Madeleine Albright. This experience sparked her interest in the Soviet Union and international relations and made her call Korbel "one of the most central figures in my life."[7]
Rice graduated from St. Mary's Academy in 1970. In 1974, at age 19, Rice earned her BA in political science, Phi Beta Kappa, from the University of Denver. In 1975, she obtained her Master's Degree in political science from the University of Notre Dame. She first worked in the State Department in 1977, during the Carter administration, as an intern in the Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs. In 1981, at the age of 26, she received her PhD in Political Science from the Josef Korbel School of International Studies at Denver. Her dissertation along with some of her earliest publications, centered on military policy and politics in Czechoslovakia.[8]
Early political views
Rice was a Democrat until 1982 when she changed her political affiliation to Republican after growing averse to former President Jimmy Carter's foreign policy.[9] She also cited influence from her father, John Wesley, in this decision, who himself switched from Democrat to Republican after being denied voting registration by the Democratic registrar. In her words to the 2000 Republican National Convention, "My father joined our party because the Democrats in Jim Crow Alabama of 1952 would not register him to vote. The Republicans did."[10]
However, despite her party switch, Rice served as foreign policy advisor to the presidential campaign of Democratic U.S. Senator Gary Hart of Colorado during the 1984 primaries.[11]
Academic career
Rice was hired by Stanford University as an Assistant Professor of Political Science (1981–1987). She was promoted to Associate Professor in 1987, a post she held until 1993. She was a specialist on the Soviet Union and gave lectures on the subject for the Berkeley-Stanford joint program led by UC Berkeley Professor George Breslauer in the mid-1980s.
At a 1985 meeting of arms control experts at Stanford, Rice's performance drew the attention of Brent Scowcroft, who had served as National Security Advisor under Gerald Ford.[12] With the election of George H. W. Bush, Scowcroft returned to the White House as National Security Adviser in 1989, and he asked Rice to become his Soviet expert on the United States National Security Council. According to R. Nicholas Burns, President Bush was "captivated" by Rice, and relied heavily on her advice in his dealings with Mikhail Gorbachev and Boris Yeltsin.[12]
Because she would have been ineligible for tenure at Stanford if she had been absent for more than two years, in 1991, she returned to Stanford. She was now taken under the wing of George P. Shultz (Ronald Reagan's Secretary of State from 1982-1989), who was a fellow at the Hoover Institution. Shultz included Rice in a "luncheon club" of intellectuals who met every few weeks to discuss foreign affairs.[12] In 1992, Shultz, who was a board member of Chevron Corporation, recommended Rice for a spot on the Chevron board. Chevron was pursuing a $10 billion development project in Kazakhstan, and as a Soviet specialist, Rice knew the President of Kazakhstan, Nursultan Nazarbayev. She traveled to Kazakhstan on Chevron's behalf, and, in honor of her work, in 1993, Chevron named a 129,000-ton supertanker SS Condoleezza Rice.[12] During this period, Rice was also appointed to the boards of Transamerica Corporation (1991) and Hewlett-Packard (1992).
At Stanford, in 1992, Rice volunteered to serve on the search committee to replace outgoing president Donald Kennedy. The committee ultimately recommended Gerhard Casper, the Provost of the University of Chicago. Casper met Rice during this search, and was so impressed that in 1993, he appointed her as Stanford's Provost, the chief budget and academic officer of the university in 1993[12] and she also was granted tenure and became full Professor[13] Rice was the first female, first minority, and youngest Provost at Stanford.[14] She was also named a Senior Fellow of the Institute for International Studies, and a Senior Fellow (by courtesy) of the Hoover Institution.
Provost promotion
Former Stanford President Gerhard Casper said the university was "most fortunate in persuading someone of Professor Rice's exceptional talents and proven ability in critical situations to take on this task. Everything she has done, she has done well; I have every confidence that she will continue that record as provost."[15] Rice’s Stanford appointment was considered, by Casper, an effort to address concerns about alleged bias at Stanford University. Casper told the New Yorker in 2002 that it "would be disingenuous for me to say that the fact that she was a woman, the fact that she was black... weren't in my mind."
Balancing school budget
As Stanford's Provost, Rice was responsible for managing the university's multi-billion dollar budget. The school at that time was running a deficit of $20 million. When Rice took office, she promised that the budget deficit would be balanced within "two years." Coit Blacker, Stanford's deputy director of the Institute for International Studies, said there "was a sort of conventional wisdom that said it couldn't be done... that [the deficit] was structural, that we just had to live with it." Two years later, Rice announced that the deficit had been eliminated and the university was holding a record surplus of over $14.5 million.[16]
Special interest issues
Rice drew protests when, as provost, she departed from the practice of applying affirmative action to tenure decisions and unsuccessfully sought to consolidate the university's ethnic community centers.[17]
Music
Rice is an accomplished pianist and has performed in public since she was a young girl. At the age of 15, she played Mozart with the Denver Symphony, and to this day she plays regularly with a chamber music group in Washington.[6] She does not play professionally, but has performed at diplomatic events at embassies, including a performance for Queen Elizabeth II,[18][19] and she has performed in public with cellist Yo-Yo Ma. She has stated that her favorite composer is Johannes Brahms, because she thinks Brahms's music is "passionate but not sentimental."
Private sector
Rice headed Chevron's committee on public policy until she resigned on January 15, 2001, to become National Security Advisor to President George W. Bush. Chevron, for unspecified reasons, honored Rice by naming an oil tanker Condoleezza Rice after her, but controversy led to its being renamed Altair Voyager.[20]
She also served on the board of directors for the Carnegie Corporation, the Charles Schwab Corporation, the Chevron Corporation, Hewlett Packard, the Rand Corporation, the Transamerica Corporation, and other organizations.
In 1992 Rice founded the Center for New Generation, an after-school program created to raise the high school graduation numbers of East Palo Alto and eastern Menlo Park, California.[21]
Early political career
In 1986, while an international affairs fellow of the Council on Foreign Relations, Rice served as Special Assistant to the Director of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
From 1989 through March 1991 (the period of the fall of Berlin Wall and the final days of the Soviet Union), she served in President George H.W. Bush's administration as Director, and then Senior Director, of Soviet and East European Affairs in the National Security Council, and a Special Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs. In this position, Rice helped develop Bush's and Secretary of State James Baker's policies in favor of German reunification. She impressed Bush, who later introduced her to Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev as the one who "tells me everything I know about the Soviet Union."[22]
In 1991, Rice returned to her teaching position at Stanford, although she continued to serve as a consultant on the former Soviet Bloc for numerous clients in both the public and private sectors. Late that year, California Governor Pete Wilson appointed her to a bipartisan committee that had been formed to draw new state legislative and congressional districts in the state.
In 1997, she sat on the Federal Advisory Committee on Gender-Integrated Training in the Military.
During George W. Bush's 2000 U.S. Presidential election campaign, Rice took a one-year leave of absence from Stanford University to help work as his foreign policy advisor. The group of advisors she led called itself The Vulcans in honor of the monumental Vulcan statue, which sits on a hill overlooking her hometown of Birmingham, Alabama. Rice would later go on to give a noteworthy speech at the 2000 Republican National Convention. The speech asserted that "...America's armed forces are not a global police force. They are not the world's 911."[10][23]
National Security Advisor (2001–2005)
On December 17, 2000, Rice was picked to serve as National Security Advisor and stepped down from her position at Stanford. She was the first woman to occupy the post. Rice earned the nickname of "Warrior Princess," reflecting strong nerve and delicate manners.[24]
During the summer of 2001, Rice met with CIA Director George Tenet on an almost daily basis to discuss the possibilities and prevention of terrorist attacks on American targets. Notably, on July 10, 2001, Rice met with Tenet in what he referred to as an "emergency meeting"[25] held at the White House at Tenet's request to brief Rice and the NSC staff about the potential threat of an al Qaeda attack. Rice responded by asking Tenet to give a presentation on the matter to Secretary Rumsfeld and Attorney General John Ashcroft.[26]
When asked about the meeting in 2006, Rice asserted she did not recall the specific meeting, commenting that she had met repeatedly with Tenet that summer about terrorist threats. Moreover, she stated that it was "incomprehensible” to her that she ignored terrorist threats two months before the September 11 attacks.[25]
Rice was an outspoken proponent of the 2003 invasion of Iraq. After Iraq delivered its declaration of weapons of mass destruction to the United Nations on December 8, 2002, Rice wrote an editorial for The New York Times entitled Why We Know Iraq Is Lying.[27]
In March 2004, Rice declined to testify before the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States (the 9/11 Commission). The White House claimed executive privilege under constitutional separation of powers and cited past tradition. Under pressure, Bush agreed to allow her to testify[28] so long as it did not create a precedent of Presidential staff being required to appear before United States Congress when so requested. Her appearance before the commission on April 8, 2004, was accepted by the Bush administration in part because she was not appearing directly before Congress. She thus became the first sitting National Security Advisor to testify on matters of policy. In April 2007, Rice rejected, on grounds of executive privilege, a House subpoena regarding the prewar claim that Iraq sought yellowcake uranium from Niger.[29]
Leading up to the 2004 U.S. Presidential election, Rice became the first National Security Advisor to campaign for an incumbent president. She stated that while: "Saddam Hussein had nothing to do with the actual attacks on America, Saddam Hussein's Iraq was a part of the Middle East that was festering and unstable, [and] was part of the circumstances that created the problem on September 11."[30]
On January 18, 2003, the Washington Post reported that Rice was involved in crafting Bush's position on race-based preferences. Rice has stated that "while race-neutral means are preferable," race can be taken into account as "one factor among others" in university admissions policies.[31]
In a January 10, 2003 interview with CNN's Wolf Blitzer, Rice made headlines by stating regarding Iraqi WMD: "The problem here is that there will always be some uncertainty about how quickly he can acquire nuclear weapons. But we don't want the smoking gun to be a mushroom cloud."[32]
After the invasion, when Iraq turned out to have no WMD capability, critics called Rice's claims a "hoax," "deception" and "demagogic scare tactic."[33][34] "Either she missed or overlooked numerous warnings from intelligence agencies seeking to put caveats on claims about Iraq's nuclear weapons program, or she made public claims that she knew to be false," wrote Dana Milbank and Mike Allen in the Washington Post.[35]
Rice characterized the August 6, 2001 President's Daily Brief Bin Ladin Determined To Strike in US as historical information. Rice indicated "It was information based on old reporting."[36] Sean Wilentz of Salon magazine suggested that the PDB contained current information based on continuing investigations, including that Bin Laden wanted to "bring the fighting to America."[37]
Secretary of State (2005–present)
On November 16, 2004, Bush nominated Rice to be Secretary of State. On January 26, 2005, the Senate confirmed her nomination by a vote of 85-13. The negative votes, the most cast against any nomination for Secretary of State since 1825, came from Senators who, according to Senator Barbara Boxer, wanted "to hold Dr. Rice and the Bush administration accountable for their failures in Iraq and in the war on terrorism." Their reasoning was that Rice had acted irresponsibly in equating Hussein's regime with Islamist terrorism and some could not accept her previous record. Senator Robert Byrd voted against Rice’s appointment, indicating that she "has asserted that the President holds far more of the war power than the Constitution grants him."[38]
On October 30, 2005, Rice attended a memorial service in Montgomery, Alabama, in Rice's home state, for Rosa Parks, an inspiration for the American Civil Rights Movement. Rice stated, that she and others who grew up in Alabama during the height of Parks's activism might not have realized her impact on their lives at the time, "but I can honestly say that without Mrs. Parks, I probably would not be standing here today as secretary of state."[39]
As of September 7, 2008 Secretary Rice has visited 83 countries, traveling for 2118.19 hours (88.26 days) over a total distance of 1,006,846 miles (1,620,362 km).[40]
On October 1, 2007, Rice told children (at New York's Public School No. 154, the Harriet Tubman Learning Center) that she would not run for president, slept for 6 1/2 hours a night and was not afraid of war zones. Asked how it felt "to be a lady with such a powerful job," she said: "Sometimes you don't feel all that powerful." Rep. Charlie Rangel, who was visiting the school with Rice, teasingly suggested Rice aim for the White House.[41]
Rice's senior advisor is Shirin R. Tahir-Kheli.[42]
Major initiatives
As Secretary of State, Rice has championed the expansion of democratic governments. Rice stated that 9/11 was rooted in "oppression and despair" and so, the US must advance democratic reform and support basic rights throughout the greater Middle East.[43] Rice has also reformed and restructured the department, as well as US diplomacy as a whole. "Transformational Diplomacy" is the goal that Rice describes as "work[ing] with our many partners around the world... [and] build[ing] and sustain[ing] democratic, well-governed states that will respond to the needs of their people and conduct themselves responsibly in the international system."[44]
Rice's Transformational Diplomacy involves five core elements:
- Relocating American diplomats to the places in the world where they are needed most, such as China, India, Brazil, Egypt, Nigeria, Indonesia, South Africa, and Lebanon.
- Requiring diplomats to serve some time in hardship locations such as Iraq, Afghanistan, Sudan, and Angola; gain expertise in at least two regions; and become fluent in two foreign languages, such as Chinese, Arabic, or Urdu.
- Focusing on regional solutions to problems like terrorism, drug trafficking, and diseases.
- Working with other countries on a bilateral basis to help them build a stronger infrastructure, and decreasing foreign nations' dependence on American hand-outs and assistance.
- Creating a high-level position, Director of Foreign Assistance, to oversee US foreign aid, thus de-fragmenting US foreign assistance.
Rice said that these moves were needed to help "maintain security, fight poverty, and make democratic reforms" in these countries and would help improve foreign nations's legal, economic, healthcare, and educational systems.[44][45]
Another aspect of Transformational Diplomacy is the emphasis on finding regional solutions. Rice also pressed for finding transnational solutions as well, stating that "in the 21st century, geographic regions are growing ever more integrated economically, politically and culturally. This creates new opportunities but it also presents new challenges, especially from transnational threats like terrorism and weapons proliferation and drug smuggling and trafficking in persons and disease."[44]
Another aspect of the emphasis on regional solutions is the implementation of small, agile, "rapid-response" teams to tackle problems like disease, instead of the traditional approach of calling on experts in an embassy. Rice explained that this means moving diplomats out of the "back rooms of foreign ministries" and putting more effort into "localizing" the State Department's diplomatic posture in foreign nations. The Secretary emphasized the need for diplomats to move into the largely unreached "bustling new population centers" and to spread out "more widely across countries" in order to become more familiar with local issues and people.[44]
Rice restructured US foreign assistance, naming Randall L. Tobias, an AIDS relief expert, as administrator of USAID (U.S. Agency for International Development). Tobias, as a deputy secretary of state, had the job of focusing foreign assistance efforts and de-fragmenting the disparate aid offices to improve effectiveness and efficiency.[45]
Rice says these initiatives are necessary because of the highly "extraordinary time" in which Americans live. She compares the moves to the historic initiatives taken after World War II, which she claims helped stabilize Europe as it is known today. Rice states that her Transformational Diplomacy is not merely about "influencing" or "reporting on" governments, but "changing people's lives" through tackling the issues like AIDS, the education of women, and the defeat of violent extremism.[44]
In early 2007, Rice indicated that State Department employees were "volunteering in large numbers," yet Defense Secretary Robert Gates expressed concerns regarding a request from Rice that military personnel fill jobs in Iraq that are the responsibility of the State Department.[46]
Regional issues
Gaza withdrawal
Rice worked to persuade Israel to withdraw from Palestinian territories and free up commerce and travel between the two areas. During the summer of 2005, Rice encouraged Israeli leadership to withdraw from settlements in Gaza and the West Bank. Rice spent April 2005 raising support among Arab leaders.[47] In July, she visited the region to "help bring the weight of the United States" to the discussions.[48] In September, Rice hailed the successful withdrawal as a victory for both Israel and Palestine, saying, "This is a historic moment for both sides, and the commitment of both sides to a successful disengagement process has been impressive."[49] Gaza is now under Palestinian control once again. However, Palestinians complained that they were not able to travel through border crossings in and out of Gaza, which had stifled commerce.[48]
Border Crossings Deal
In November 2005, Rice renegotiated an opening of the Gaza border crossings.[50] Secretary Rice extended her visit to Jerusalem for a mediation session November 14, meeting alternately with Israel and Palestinian delegations. Rice negotiated differences between Israel and Palestine that included a proposed blacklist of Palestinians that had been detained by Israel and a concern that future violence would induce a renewed closure of the border crossings. By November 15, Rice announced an agreement to open Gaza's borders, with a system of transportation between Gaza and the West Bank, defining operations for transporting cargo and people across the border and allowing Gaza to reopen its international airport and begin work on a seaport. This included the Rafah border crossing, Palestine's only land link to a country other than Israel. It also included monitoring of the crossings by officials from the European Union.[51]
Gideon Levy, reporter for an Israeli newspaper, complained Rice had accomplished little: "in what was considered the 'achievement' of the current visit, Israel also promised to open the Karni crossing. Karni will be open, one can assume, only slightly more than the 'safe passage,' which never opened following the previous futile visit."[52]
Israeli-Palestinian conflict
Rice pushed for peaceful, democratic elections in Palestine following the death of Yasser Arafat. Rice asserted that "there should be the ability of Palestinian people to participate in the elections" and claimed that democratic elections would represent "a key step in the process of building a peaceful, democratic Palestinian state." Rice, alluding to the US-labeled terrorist organization Hamas, stated that "there should be no place in the political process for groups or individuals who refuse to renounce terror and violence, recognize Israel's right to exist, and disarm," saying, "You cannot have one foot in politics and the other foot in terror."[53]
Rice persuaded a reluctant Israel to allow Israeli Palestinians in East Jerusalem to vote in the Palestinian Authority elections. Israel allowed Palestinians in East Jerusalem to vote in the January 25, 2006 parliamentary elections, while banning Hamas, which officially calls for Israel's destruction, from campaigning there. Rice lauded the turnout and congratulated President Abbas, while informing the victorious Hamas that it would "have to make some difficult choices," saying, "Those who win elections have an obligation to govern democratically... It now inherits the obligations of a Palestinian government, authority, that go back now for more than a decade to recognize the right of Israel to exist, to renounce violence, to disarm militias, as is the case in the roadmap, and to find a peaceful solution in two states."[54]
In response to the Hamas victory, Israel withheld funds belonging to the Palestinian Authority, and reinforced restrictions on movement in and out of the Gaza Strip and within the West Bank. Rice stated: “Clearly, [Hamas] cannot govern in a circumstance in which they cannot represent a responsible government before the international system.” Rice told her Israeli counterpart that "the economic boycott on the Hamas-led Palestinian government is effective and in the international community will continue to maintain the boycott."[55]
George Soros faulted Rice for refusing to deal with Hamas. "[N]o progress is possible as long as the Bush administration and the Ehud Olmert government persist in their current position of refusing to recognize a unity government that includes Hamas. The recent meeting between Condoleezza Rice, Abbas, and Olmert turned into an empty formality," said Soros. This was playing into the hands of the hard-liners in Hamas, increasing the influence of Syria and Iran, and would escalate the fighting, Soros said.[56]
Immediately following Hamas' victory in the elections, Rice attempted to garner international support in demanding that Hamas recognize Israel's right to exist. By April, Hamas officials appeared to publicly state that they are willing to work toward recognizing Israel. Under their terms, Israel would have to fully withdraw from disputed territories, including Gaza, the West Bank, and East Jerusalem.[57] Many saw this as a positive starting point for negotiations that would allow the "roadmap" process to continue. The statement was verified by Hamas leaders such as Mohammed Ghazal, a Hamas militia official, who stated that Hamas may be willing to amend its charter to recognize Israel, saying, "The charter is not the Quran." Ghazal went on to state that while he agreed with Hamas's positions, "we’re talking now about reality, about political solutions ... The realities are different."[58]
Rice stated February 21, 2008 that Hamas rocket attacks against Israel "need to stop," demanding an end to the escalating violence that has rocked the Gaza Strip and set back efforts of the United States to promote a Middle East peace deal.[59] Rice arrived in Cairo, Egypt, March 4, 2008, in the latest diplomatic effort to revive a Middle East peace process sidetracked by violence between Israelis and Palestinians.[60] Rice was scheduled to meet with Israeli Defense Minister Ehud Barak and Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert on March 5, 2008.[60]
2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict
In mid-July 2006, the Middle East peace process encountered a new obstacle on a different front when Hezbollah fighters from Lebanon launched rocket attacks into Israel and ambushed Israeli convoys, kidnapping two soldiers and killing three, sparking what has become known as the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict. Rice immediately condemned the act, calling Hezbollah a "terrorist organization" and saying that the action "undermines regional stability and goes against the interests of both the Israeli and Lebanese people," specifically calling on Syria to "use its influence to support a positive outcome."[61] That day, Rice was one of the first to speak directly to UN Secretary General Kofi Annan, Lebanese Prime Minister Fouad Siniora and Israeli Foreign Minister Tzipi Livni concerning the incident. Israel initiated aerial bombardments against Lebanon on July 13 and sent in land troops on July 23 to take out rocket launching sites that were shelling Northern Israeli cities, as well as to look for and recover the two kidnapped Israeli soldiers.
During the conflict, Rice supported Israel's right to defend itself from Hezbollah attacks, she repeatedly cautioned Israel to be responsible in minimizing collateral damage. Before the major fighting began, Rice demanded that both Israel and Lebanon "act with restraint to resolve this incident peacefully and to protect innocent life and civilian infrastructure." She also continued to pressure Syria to take a more active positive role throughout the crisis, accusing Syria of "sheltering the people who have been perpetrating these acts" and calling on it "to act responsibly and stop the use of its territory for these kinds of activities[,] to bring all pressure on those that it is harbouring to stop this and to return these soldiers and to allow the situation to be de-escalated."[62]
When Rice arrived in the Middle East in July 2006, one of her first moves was an unannounced visit to Lebanese Prime Minister Siniora to praise Siniora's "courage and steadfastness" and show US support for the Lebanese people.[63] Rice stated that the conflict was part of "the birth pangs of a new Middle East," stating that Israel, Lebanon, and the international community had to "be certain that we're pushing forward to the new Middle East not going back to the old one."[64]
At a time when progress appeared possible in the region, the Israeli military launched an airstrike on a suspected Hezbollah hideout in Qana, Lebanon, that killed 20–60 civilians. The airstrike seemed to sour support for Israel's endeavor and Lebanon cancelled a visit by Rice as a result.[65] While the tragedy was a setback in the negotiation process, it seemed to be a turning point for Israel, who, afterward, began taking a path toward a cease-fire. Before Rice left the region on July 27, she was able to negotiate a 48-hour halt on Israeli air-raids.
Rice returned to the Mideast on July 29, where the outlines of the ceasefire to come began to take shape. Rice demanded that the global community do what it could to ensure that the Mideast region would never again return to the "status quo ante." Rice saw the situation as an opportunity to create a new environment in which Israel and Lebanon could live in peace, and in which Lebanon could have full control over all its territories without Hezbollah acting as a "state within a state," being able to launch terrorist attacks on Israel. Building on the two resolutions that came out of the G8 Conference and the steps that had been taken at the conference in Rome, Italy in late July, Rice worked with other leaders at the United Nations to pass UN Security Council Resolution 1701 on August 11, 2006, which sought to resolve the crisis. The ceasefire went into effect on August 14. The ceasefire that Rice helped broker provided for a full cessation of hostilities, a Lebanese-led international force to take the place of the Israeli forces, the disarmament of Hezbollah, full control of the Lebanese government to Lebanon, and an absence of paramilitary forces (including and implying Hezbollah) south of the Litani River; it also emphasizes the need for the immediate release of the two kidnapped Israeli soldiers. Rice lauded the outcome and expressed pleasure that the hostilities in the area had been brought to an end. Though there were sporadic, but small, spurts of violence after the ceasefire took effect, it has ultimately sustained, while international peacekeeping forces began to replace Israeli forces. On October 2, 2006, the last Israeli forces were withdrawn, allowing the UN and the Lebanese military to take over.[66]
She had a 30-minute meeting with Walid Muallem, her Syrian counterpart on May 3, 2007 — the first such talks at this level since 2005.[67]
Egypt
In February 2005, Rice abruptly postponed a visit to Egypt, reflecting displeasure at the jailing of a leading opposition figure, Ayman Nour. Nour, head of the liberal Tomorrow Party, was reported to have been brutally interrogated.[68] Nour was freed by Egyptian authorities in March 2005, and began a campaign for the Egyptian presidency.[69]
In June 2005, Rice addressed democracy in the Middle East at the American University in Cairo. She stated: "There are those who say that democracy leads to chaos, or conflict, or terror. In fact, the opposite is true. ...Ladies and Gentlemen: Across the Middle East today, millions of citizens are voicing their aspirations for liberty and for democracy ...demanding freedom for themselves and democracy for their countries. To these courageous men and women, I say today: All free nations will stand with you as you secure the blessings of your own liberty"[70]
Nour finished second in Egypt's presidential race, held in 2005. In December 2005, Egypt imprisoned Nour on forgery charges that were disputed by human-rights groups. In February 2006, Rice visited Hosni Mubarak yet never spoke Nour's name publicly. When asked about him at a news conference, she referred to his situation as one of Egypt's setbacks. Days later, Mubarak told a government newspaper that Rice "didn't bring up difficult issues or ask to change anything."[71] Mohammed Habib, an Egyptian Brotherhood official, stated: "Hamas's victory made the U.S. take a contrary position to promoting democracy in Egypt and favor a hereditary succession."[72]
In 2005, Egypt acknowledged that the US had transferred 60 detainees to Egypt as part of the war on terror. In 2007, Amnesty International reported that Egypt had become an international center for interrogation and torture for other countries.[73]
The second largest recipient of US Foreign Aid is Egypt, with $1.8 billion scheduled for fiscal 2006.[74] Edward Walker, former ambassador to Egypt noted "Aid offers an easy way out for Egypt to avoid reform. They use the money to support antiquated programs and to resist reforms."[75]
Rice has worked in the Middle East, including Israel, the Palestinian territories, and its immediate neighbors, especially Lebanon. Rice has supported Israel, defended Israel's right to protect itself, and promoted the "roadmap for peace," which includes the establishment of a sovereign Palestinian state. On August 29, 2006, she stated that the Middle East "should be a Middle East in which there is a Palestinian state in which Palestinians can have their own aspirations met, one that is not corrupt, one that is democratic, [and] one in which there is only one authority."[76]
Saudi Arabia
In May 2005, Rice indicated that many Mid East states would “have to answer their people's call for genuine reform. ” She said “[a]nd even Saudi Arabia has held multiple elections.”[77] In April 2007, the New York Times reported that “more than half the decisions made by the councils have not been carried out. Most of the others have been in support of the central government.”[78]
In November 2005, the State Department issued a report critical of restrictions on religion in Saudi Arabia, noting among other things that all citizens were required to be Muslims. Rice has not sanctioned Saudi Arabia, saying she wants “additional time for a continuation of discussions leading to progress on important religious freedom issues.”[79] Criticisms in the report include a 2002 incident in which Saudi religious police stopped students from leaving a burning building because they were not wearing mandated Islamic dress; 15 schoolgirls perished.[80]
Iran
Though the US does not hold formal diplomatic relations with Iran, Rice has been quite entrenched in issues pertaining to Iran, especially in regards to its democratic progress and humanitarian record, Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's threatening statements toward Israel, and its pursuit of nuclear technology.
Rice criticized Iran's human rights record and democratic principles. On February 3, 2005, Rice said the Iranian regime's treatment of its people is "something to be loathed." She also stated: "I don't think anybody thinks that the unelected mullahs who run that regime are a good thing for either the Iranian people or for the region."[81]
In October 2005, Ahmadinejad stated that "Israel must be wiped off the map,"[82] to which Rice responded: "When the president of one country says that another country should be wiped off the face of the map, in violation of all of the norms of the United Nations, where they sit together as members, it has to be taken seriously." Rice then went on to name Iran as "probably the world's most important state sponsor of terrorism," whose people live "without freedom and without the prospect of freedom because an unelected few are denying them that."[83]
In February 2006, Rice addressed the Senate Foreign Relations Committee and called for funding to aid democratic reform in Iran through television and radio broadcasting, through helping pay for Iranians to study in America, and through supporting pro-democracy groups within the country.[84] Senator Boxer expressed concern that the administration appeared surprised when radical Islamist Mahmoud Ahmadinejad was elected president of Iran, when Iranian affiliated groups won a majority in Iraq, and when the militant Hamas won a majority. Rice said that the Bush administration should not be blamed for trouble areas and said that the burden was on Hamas to change.[85]
In recent years, Iran has also begun to pursue nuclear technology through uranium enrichment, which has been one of the most pertinent issues that Rice has dealt with during her tenure at the State Department. Iran maintains that its nuclear program only seeks to develop the capacity for peaceful civilian nuclear power generation.[86] Rice, along with other nations, has contended that Iran's record of sponsoring terrorism and threatening the safety of other nations, along with its defiance of its treaty obligations, of the United Nations Security Council, and of the International Atomic Energy Agency, have not proven Iran to be responsible enough to conduct uranium enrichment without outside supervision. Under Rice, the official State Department consensus on the matter is that "[t]he United States believes the Iranian people should enjoy the benefits of a truly peaceful program to use nuclear reactors to generate electric power ... [and] support[s] the Iranian people’s rights to develop nuclear energy peacefully, with proper international safeguards."[87]
On September 9, 2005, Rice declared the refusal of Iran to halt its nuclear program unacceptable and called on Russia, China and India to join in threatening United Nations sanctions, and on June 2, 2006, a committee of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council and Germany, announced their plan to convince Iran to cease its nuclear activities. Rice represented the United States in the negotiation of the diplomatic initiative.[88]
On February 14, 2006, Iran restarted its uranium enrichment program despite calls from the international community not to do so. Iran's traditional foe, Iraq, offered no resistance because Iraq's leadership had been transformed to Shiite control. Rice responded by asserting that "[t]here is simply no peaceful rationale for the Iranian regime to resume uranium enrichment." Speaking on behalf of the United States and the European Union, Rice said they were "gravely concerned by Iran's long history of hiding sensitive nuclear activities from the IAEA, in violation of its obligations, its refusal to cooperate with the IAEA's investigation, its rejection of diplomatic initiatives offered by the EU and Russia and now its dangerous defiance of the entire international community."[89] In May 2006, Rice came up with a new approach for dealing with Iran: direct negotiation between Iran and the United States (alongside their European allies) and the possibility for "a package of economic incentives and some kind of longer-term relationship with the United States" in exchange for the suspension of uranium enrichment within Iran.[90] Iran responded by saying that it will "never give up its legitimate rights, so the American preconditions are just unacceptable."[90]
On July 12, 2006, Rice, along with the foreign ministers of China, France, Germany, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the European Union, announced that, as a result of Iran's refusal to suspend their uranium enrichment program, they had agreed to seek a UN Security Council Resolution against Iran under Article 41 of Chapter VII of the UN Charter.[91] Article 41 gives such a resolution the power to interrupt or sever Iran's economic, transportational, telecommunicative, and diplomatic relations.[92]
Though the United States and Iran disagree on key issues, the State Department has offered aid to Iran on many different occasions. After a deadly earthquake struck the Iranian province of Lorestan in March 2005, Rice offered humanitarian aid to the country during a visit to England. Rice said her "thoughts and prayers" were with the victims.[93]
Rice said on April 30, 2007 that she does not rule out talks with her Iranian counterpart, Foreign Minister Manouchehr Mottaki.[94] On May 3, 2007, Rice "exchanged pleasantries" with Mottaki.[67]
Most recently, a letter alluding to Iran which was addressed to U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice from the Head of Government of Puerto Rico, Aníbal Acevedo Vilá, accused the United States of having deceived the United Nations and the international community in 1953, when it succeeded in having the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico recognized as a provisional decolonized status subject to continued monitoring; Acevedo-Vila claimed that it was ironic that this is the position taken by the Government of Iran and that the Governor of Puerto Rico may soon feel forced to publicly accept Iran's claims regarding the US government's alleged-hypocritical position with regards to Puerto Rico's "colonial status".[95][96]
Iraq
In January 2000, Rice addressed Iraq in an article for Foreign Affairs magazine. "As history marches toward markets and democracy, some states have been left by the side of the road. Iraq is the prototype. Saddam Hussein's regime is isolated, his conventional military power has been severely weakened, his people live in poverty and terror, and he has no useful place in international politics. He is therefore determined to develop WMD. Nothing will change until Saddam is gone, so the United States must mobilize whatever resources it can, including support from his opposition, to remove him."[97]
In August 2003, Rice encouraged rejection of "condescending voices", who say that Africans and Middle Easterners are not interested in freedom and are "culturally just not ready for freedom or they just aren't ready for freedom's responsibility." She continued: "We've heard that [blacks aren't ready] argument before, and we, more than any, as a people, should be ready to reject it. The view was wrong in 1963 in Birmingham, and it is wrong in 2003 in Baghdad and in the rest of the Middle East."[98]
In October 2003, Rice was named to run the Iraq Stabilization Group, to “quell violence in Iraq and Afghanistan and to speed the reconstruction of both countries.”[99]
In August 2003, Rice compared experiences in Iraq to post-War Germany stating that "the road we traveled was very difficult. 1945 through 1947 was an especially challenging period. Germany was not immediately stable or prosperous. SS officers — called 'werewolves' — engaged in sabotage and attacked both coalition forces and those locals cooperating with them — much like today's Baathist and Fedayeen remnants." Daniel Benjamin responded, stating that in "practice, Werwolf amounted to next to nothing."[100]
In June 2005, Rice stated: "And at each phase, more Iraqis are involved in this process. Sunni and Shia and Kurds and other Iraqis are concentrating politically on building a united Iraq. That is why I think the insurgency must think that its last days are eventually going to come because the Iraqis are turning to their politics to serve their future."[101]
On September 30, 2005, Rice declared that the Iraq War was "set out to help the people of the Middle East transform their societies."[43]
In 2005, when asked how long US troops will stay in Iraq, Rice said, "I don't want to speculate. I do know that we are making progress with what the Iraqis themselves are capable of doing. And as they are able to do certain tasks, as they are able to hold their own territory, they will not need us to do that." Rice further added, "I think that even to try and speculate on how many years from now there will be a certain number of American forces is not appropriate."[102] Rice stated: "I have no doubt that as the Iraqi security forces get better — and they are getting better and are holding territory, and they are doing the things with minimal help — we are going to be able to bring down the level of our forces... I have no doubt that that's going to happen in a reasonable time frame."[103]
Rice lauded Iraq's voter turnout and peaceful transition into a sovereign government in 2005, and compared the reconstruction of Iraq to that of Europe after World War II. Rice wrote:
"Iraq... in the face of a horrific insurgency has held historic elections, drafted and ratified a new national charter, and will go to the polls again in coming days to elect a new constitutional government. At this time last year, such unprecedented progress seemed impossible. One day it will all seem to have been inevitable. This is the nature of extraordinary times, which former Secretary of State Dean Acheson understood well and described perfectly in his memoirs. 'The significance of events,' he wrote, 'was shrouded in ambiguity. We groped after interpretations of them, sometimes reversed lines of action based on earlier views, and hesitated long before grasping what now seems obvious.' When Acheson left office in 1953, he could not know the fate of the policies he helped to create. He certainly could never have predicted that nearly four decades later, war between Europe's major powers would be unthinkable, or that America and the world would be harvesting the fruits of his good decisions and managing the collapse of communism. But because leaders such as Acheson steered American statecraft with our principles when precedents for action were lacking, because they dealt with their world as it was but never believed they were powerless to change it for the better, the promise of democratic peace is now a reality in all of Europe and in much of Asia."[104]
In 2006, Rice compared US commitment in Iraq to the Civil War, indicating "I'm sure there are people who thought it was a mistake to fight the Civil War to its end and to insist that the emancipation of slaves would hold." BET.com commented "If you’re against the war in Iraq, you might as well consider yourself pro-slavery, according to Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice."[105]
On January 11, 2007, Rice addressed the Senate Foreign Relations Committee regarding the President’s Iraq Strategy. Rice asserted that insurgents were mainly responsible for American casualties; Senator Chuck Hagel stated, "Madame Secretary, your intelligence and mine is a lot different."[106] Senator Benjamin Cardin asked Rice troop increases were adequate given the state of the Iraqi conflict. Rice responded "if you were trying to quell a civil war, you would need much larger forces" but that the augmentation was appropriate for the mission.[107]
In January 2007, the National Intelligence Estimate was issued; key judgements included: “The Intelligence Community judges that the term civil war does not adequately capture the complexity of the conflict in Iraq, which includes extensive Shia-on-Shia violence, Al Qaeda and Sunni insurgent attacks on coalition forces, and widespread criminally motivated violence. Nonetheless, the term civil war accurately describes key elements of the Iraqi conflict, including the hardening of ethno-sectarian identities, a sea change in the character of the violence, ethno-sectarian mobilization, and population displacements.“[108]
In February 2007, it was reported that Rice encouraged lawmakers to support President Bush's troop increase by saying it would be a mistake to micromanage the Iraq war.[109]
In December 2007, Rice made her eighth visit as Secretary of State to Iraq, making an unscheduled stop in Kirkuk before proceeding to Baghdad, where she called on Iraqi leaders to urgently implement a national reconciliation roadmap.[110]
On January 15, 2008, Rice took a detour to Baghdad from a Middle East trip with President Bush, where she congratulated Iraqi leaders. She said the process of reconciliation was coming along "quite remarkably." At a news conference, she welcomed a decision to let Saddam Hussein supporters return to government jobs, saying: "A democratic and unified Iraq is here to stay. And while it may have challenges, it has passed through some very difficult times and is now moving forward in a way that is promising, yet still fragile." Rice's visit came as Iraq's defense minister told the New York Times he envisioned US security help until 2018 or later.[111]
On April 20, 2008, Rice made yet another unannounced trip to Baghdad, this time to promote what she called the "coalescing center" of Iraqi politics around Prime Minister Nuri al-Maliki. Fighting in Baghdad's Sadr City neighborhood continued during Rice's visit, and the Green Zone endured three rocket attacks; visibility was so poor due to dust storms Rice had to take a ground convoy into the city rather than flying. Referring to Shiite cleric Muqtada al-Sadr, Rice said she recognized that the "Sadr trend" is a political movement as well as a militia. "Any Iraqi who's willing to lay down their arms and come into the political process and contest in the arena is welcome to do so," she said. "That would include the Sadrist trend."[112]
On June 9, 2008, Senators Carl Levin and John Warner, in a letter to Rice concerning U.S.-Iraqi negotiations on a strategic framework and status of forces agreement, demanded that the administration "be more transparent with Congress, with greater consultation about the progress and content of these deliberations." Levin and Warner also wrote that Congress, "in exercising its constitutional responsibilities, has legitimate concerns about the authorities, protections and understandings that might be made" in the agreements."[113]
China
Rice criticized the Chinese government April 3, 2008 for sentencing human rights activist Hu Jia to jail and said the United States will launch new human rights talks with Beijing.[114]
North Korea
Rice has focused international attention on North Korea's nuclear weapons program. Beginning in 2003, a series of talks featuring China, North Korea, South Korea, the United States, Russia, and Japan, dubbed "The Six Party talks," have been aimed at denuclearization.
On February 10, 2005, North Korea withdrew from the talks after President Bush's 2005 State of the Union Address, in which he stated that North Korea's nuclear program must be dismantled and pledged to go on the offensive against tyranny in the world.[115] North Korea complained that the United States harbored a "hostile policy" toward their country and stated that they were permanently withdrawing from the Six-party talks.[116] In the following months, there was uncertainty over whether Rice could convince Kim Jong-Il to re-enter the negotiations, but in July 2005, North Korea announced that they had been convinced to return to the discussion.
After the first phase of the 5th round of talks, which took place November 9–11, 2005, North Korea suspended its participations in the negotiations because the United States would not unfreeze some of its financial assets in a Macau bank.[117] Rice has consistently called for the regime to return to the talks. On May 1, 2006, Rice stated that North Korea needs "to return expeditiously to the talks without preconditions, to dismantle its nuclear programs in a complete, verifiable and irreversible manner, and to cease all illicit and proliferation activities."[118]
On June 19, 2006, matters with North Korea were further complicated when it finished fueling an intercontinental ballistic missile that the regime said it would test fire. North Korea had previously self-imposed a missile-firing moratorium, but threatened to launch the missile anyway. Rice stated that "it would be a very serious matter and indeed a provocative act" for the North to follow through on the act, and that if the North decided to do so, "it would be taken with utmost seriousness."[119]
On July 5, 2006, North Korea test-fired seven rockets, including the infamous Taepodong-2,[120] sparking international backlash. Rice, in a press conference held on the same day, stated that she couldn't even begin to try to judge what motivated the North Koreans to act in such a way. Rice felt that North Korea had "miscalculated that the international community would remain united [in their opposition to the missile test-firing]" and "whatever they thought they were doing, they've gotten a very strong reaction from the international community." Following the missile test, the United Nations Security Council held an emergency meeting and strongly condemned the actions, though no official sanctions resulted at the time.[121]
Then, in early October 2006, North Korea claimed that it was preparing to test a nuclear explosive device.[122] While the rumors could not be substantiated by satellite surveillance beforehand, the test was actually carried out on October 9, 2006 with only twenty minutes warning.[123] The nuclear detonation test was, purportedly, in response to the United States's decision to not hold direct bilateral talks with the regime, as well as America's increasing pressure on the government, which North Korea claims is evidence that the United States wishes to attack or invade their country. Rice disputes North Korea's claim that the nuclear test was committed to deter America from invading, saying, "We shouldn't even allow them such an excuse... It's just not the case... [T]here is no intention to invade or attack them. [T]hey have that guarantee."[124]
Rice has also repeatedly offered direct negotiations with North Korea in the context of the Six Party Talks, but she has held her ground in her decision not to hold bilateral talks with the dictatorship, stating, "We've been through bilateral talks with the North Koreans in the 1994 agreed framework. It didn't hold... The North Koreans cheated [by] pursuing another path to a nuclear weapon, the so-called 'highly enriched uranium' path... [I]f [Kim Jong-Il] wants a bilateral deal, it's because he doesn't want to face the pressure of other states [nearer to him] that have leverage. It's not because he wants a bilateral deal with the United States. He doesn't want to face the leverage of China or South Korea or others."[124]
Following the nuclear test, Rice made numerous calls to foreign leaders to consolidate support for taking punitive action against North Korea. Rice was able to draw condemnations from even some of North Korea's closest defenders, including China, who admitted the test was "flagrant" and "brazen."[125] On the same day as the nuclear detonation, the United Nations Security Council convened another emergency meeting, where a clear consensus was apparent in favor of sanctions against the regime, with even China saying that it supported punishing the regime,[126] changing its position from July, 2006, when it vetoed any sanctions on North Korea following its missile tests. On October 14, 2006, Rice worked with allies to pass a UN Security Council resolution against North Korea that demanded North Korea destroy all of its nuclear weapons, imposed a ban on tanks, warships, combat aircraft and missiles in the country, imposed an embargo on some luxury items that government officials enjoy while the general populace starves, froze some of the country's weapons-related financial assets, and allows for inspections of North Korean cargo.[127] Rice called the resolution "the toughest sanctions on North Korea that have ever been imposed" and hailed the unanimous passage of the sanctions, which even North Korean-friendly China supported.[128]
But Nobel Laureate and cold-war nuclear strategist Thomas Schelling criticized Rice for organizing a punitive response, when she should have encouraged Taiwan, South Korea and Japan to reaffirm the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty.[129]
While Rice consistently affirms that the United States will not preemptively invade, attack, or topple the North Korean regime, she emphatically assured Japan during an October 18, 2006, visit that "the United States has the will and the capability to meet the full range — and I underscore full range — of its deterrent and security commitments to Japan," which many have interpreted to mean that America would not hesitate to use its military might should North Korea attack one of America's allies.[130]
In mid-June 2008, Rice defended U.S. diplomacy toward North Korea, saying an agreement earlier in 2008 for Pyongyang to disable its nuclear reactor and provide a full accounting of its plutonium stockpile, "acknowledge" concerns about its proliferation activities and its uranium enrichment activity, and continue cooperation with a verification process to ensure no further activities are taking place, made Asia and the U.S. safer. Speaking at the Heritage Foundation, a conservative Washington think tank, Rice said that "North Korea will soon give its declaration of nuclear programs to China."[131]
Japan
Rice expressed hope February 27, 2008 that the arrest of a U.S. Marine on suspicion of raping a 14-year-old girl on the southern Japanese island of Okinawa would not damage Washington's relations with Tokyo.[132]
Russia
In April 2005, Rice went to Russia to meet President Vladimir Putin. On the plane trip over, she related comments critical of Russia's democratic progress to reporters. "Trends have not been positive on the democratic side," said Rice. "There have been some setbacks, but I do still think there is a considerable amount of individual freedom in Russia, which is important."[133] In person Rice told Putin: "We see Russia as a partner in solving regional issues, like the Balkans or the Middle East."
In late 2005, there was a dispute between Russia and Ukraine after Russia decided to quadruple the price of energy being provided to the Ukrainian market[134] (Ukraine was receiving heavily subsidized prices for gas from Russia, the increase would have made the price equal to that of the current market price).[135] Rice subsequently criticised Russia's actions, accusing Russia of using its gas wealth as a political weapon. She called on Russia to behave as a responsible energy supplier and stated that the act did not show the international community "that it is now prepared to act ... as an energy supplier in a responsible way." Rice insisted, "When you say you want to be a part of the international economy and you want to be a responsible actor in the international economy, then you play by its rules ... I think that kind of behavior is going to continue to draw comment about the distance between Russian behavior and something like this and what would be expected of a responsible member of the G8."[136]
Though there was some question over whether or not Rice could convince Russia not to block the United States's move to refer Iran to the United Nations Security Council in early 2006 (because of Russia's economic and diplomatic ties to Iran), Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov eventually called Rice to confirm that Russia had agreed to allow the move.[137]
In February 2006, Rice described the United States's relationship with Russia as "very good," saying, "In general, I think we have very good relations with Russia. Probably the best relations that have been there for quite some time. We cooperate in the war on terror. We cooperate in a number of areas. Obviously we have some differences, too. But on the Iranian situation, we've actually had very good cooperation with the Russians."
In February 2007, Putin criticized US plans to expand European missile defenses. “Who needs the next step of what would be, in this case, an inevitable arms race?” Putin also characterized US military action as illegitimate, indicating “They bring us to the abyss of one conflict after another. 'Political solutions are becoming impossible.[138] Rice soon responded “"Everybody understands that with a growing Iranian missile threat, which is quite pronounced, that there need to be ways to deal with that problem and that we are talking about long lead times to be able to have a defensive counter to offensive-missile threats”[139] In April 2007, Rice indicated that Russia’s concerns over the missile defense system were “ludicrous;” Putin responded by suggesting imposing a moratorium on an arms control treaty that NATO countries had long refused to ratify.[140]
India
Under Secretary Rice, and President George W. Bush, the long strained relationship between the United States and India, has strengthened. Even her and President Bush's critics, credit Secretary Rice, and President Bush, with stabilizing and improving the relationship between these two countries. From 2005, India and the US, negotiated about a civilian nuclear energy partnership. This deal was controversial, because India is not a signatory of the NPT, despite possessing nuclear weapons. However it was endorsed by Mohammed ElBaradei, head of the nuclear watchdog, IAEA. After overcoming domestic opposition, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, won the 2008 Lok Sabha Vote of Confidence. The Indo-US civilian nuclear agreement, was then passed by the IAEA board of governors and by the Nuclear Suppliers Group. It was then passed with bipartisan support in the United States House of Representatives and the United States Senate, and Secretary Rice, and Foreign Minister Pranab Mukherjee, signed it in October 2008. This has been one of the more popular foreign policy initiatives of the Bush Administration.
Secretary Rice was scheduled to travel to India on December 3, 2008, at the request of President Bush in the wake of the November 2008 Mumbai attacks, the White House said. "Secretary Rice's visit to India is a further demonstration of the United States' commitment to stand in solidarity with the people of India as we all work together to hold these extremists accountable," White House spokeswoman Dana Perino said in a statement.[141]
Equatorial Guinea
Rice has worked to support and expand relations with the oil-rich African nation. In April 2006, Rice welcomed dictator-President Obiang to a press conference and stated, "You are a good friend and we welcome you." The welcome was extended 35 days after the State Department issued a report noting instances of "torture, arbitrary arrest, judicial corruption, child labor, forced labor, and ‘severe restrictions' on freedoms of speech and press."[142]
Kenya
During a six-day tour of the African continent in February 2008, President Bush directed Rice, who was with him, to break off to go to Kenya, where Kofi Annan, the former United Nations secretary general, was trying to broker a power-sharing deal. A senior administration official said that the main purpose of Rice’s trip would be to step up pressure on Kenya’s president, warning him that he risked losing American support if he did not compromise. The message, the official said, was, “If you can’t make a deal, you’re not going to have good relations.”[143]
Malaysia
At the sidelines of the ASEAN regional forum in Singapore Secretary of State Rice reiterated the U.S. view that transparency and rule of law must be followed in Anwar's case. Anwar Ibrahim, a former deputy premier and current opposition leader, faces an allegation that he engaged in a homosexual act with a former aide that could derail his political plans. He has not been charged with sodomy, a crime punishable by up to 20 years imprisonment in Malaysia. But the claim mirrors events in 1998, when his rise was halted by a jail term for sodomy and corruption.
She said the United States had long spoken out in cases deemed to be political in nature and would continue to do so. "We are always going to speak up on human rights cases, political cases, but again we do so in a spirit of respect for Malaysia," Rice told a news briefing.[144][145]
Venezuela
The Bush administration has been particularly critical of the leadership of Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez, and brands the country an "outlaw country in the drug war."[146] During Rice's confirmation hearings, she commented on Chávez: "We are very concerned about a democratically elected leader who governs in an illiberal way, and some of the steps he's taken against the media, against the opposition, I think are really very deeply troubling."
Venezuela actively campaigned for a non-permanent seat in the 2006 United Nations Security Council election. Rice, however, directed a global lobbying campaign by US envoys in foreign capitals, contending that Venezuela did not belong on the Security Council.[147] On November 1, after 47 rounds of deadlocked voting, Panama was selected as a compromise.[148]
On February 7, 2007, Ms. Rice declared that she believed Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez "was destroying his country economically and politically".[149][150] to which Chávez later replied that Rice "is an illiterate in need of a husband".[151]
Pakistan
Condoleezza Rice played an important role in bringing democracy to Pakistan. When President Pervez Musharaff imposed a state of emergency in November 2007, it was rumored that she called General Musharaff and asked him not to impose a state of emergency. For the time being the General listened to the advice. However, on November 3, 2007 General Musharaff imposed a state of emergency despite opposition from Condoleezza Rice.[152]
In the aftermath of the defeat of Musharaff's own PML-Q in the election of February 18, 2008, Condoleezza Rice stated the US position saying that "How they arrange their coalition is really a Pakistani affair. The President of Pakistan is Pervez Musharraf... And so, of course, we will deal with him. We will continue to pursue the American interests, which are for a stable and democratic Pakistan."[153]
Secretary Rice on December 1, 2008 urged Pakistan to give its "absolute, total" cooperation in finding those responsible for the previous week's attacks on Mumbai, India.[154]
Zimbabwe
Condoleezza Rice has been tough on Zimbabwe, calling Zimbabwe dictator Robert Mugabe "a disgrace to the people of Zimbabwe and a disgrace to southern Africa and to the continent of Africa as a whole."[155] She has also accused Mugabe of taking a country that was once considered the jewel of Africa and "turning it into a failed state that threatens not only the lives of Zimbabweans but the security and stability of all southern Africa."[156]
Speculation on bid for 2008 Presidential Campaign
There had been previous speculation that Rice would run for the Republican nomination in the 2008 primaries, which she ruled out on Meet the Press. On February 22, 2008, Rice played down any suggestion that she may be on the Republican vice presidential ticket, saying, "I have always said that the one thing that I have not seen myself doing is running for elected office in the United States."[157] During an interview with the editorial board of the Washington Times on March 27, 2008, Rice said she was "not interested" in running for vice president.[158] However, in a Gallup poll from March 24 to 27, 2008, Rice was mentioned by eight percent of Republican respondents to be their first choice to be Senator John McCain's Republican Vice-Presidential running mate, slightly behind Mike Huckabee and Mitt Romney.[159]
Republican strategist Dan Senor said on ABC's This Week on April 6, 2008, that "Condi Rice has been actively, actually in recent weeks, campaigning for" the vice presidential nomination. He based this assessment on her attendance of Grover Norquist's Americans for Tax Reform conservative leader's meeting on March 26, 2008.[160] In response to Senor's comments, Rice's spokesperson denied that Rice is seeking the vice presidential nomination, saying, "If she is actively seeking the vice presidency, then she's the last one to know about it."[161]
In August 2008 the speculation about a potential McCain-Rice ticket finally ended when Governor Sarah Palin was selected as McCain's running-mate.
Political positions
Terrorism
Rice's policy as Secretary of State views counterterrorism as a matter of being preventative, and not merely punitive. In an interview that took place on December 18, 2005, Rice stated: "We have to remember that in this war on terrorism, we're not talking about criminal activity where you can allow somebody to commit the crime and then you go back and you arrest them and you question them. If they succeed in committing their crime, then hundreds or indeed thousands of people die. That's why you have to prevent, and intelligence is the long pole in the tent in preventing attacks."[162]
Rice has also been a frequent critic of the intelligence community's inability to cooperate and share information, which she believes is an integral part of preventing terrorism. In 2000, one year after Osama bin Laden told Time “[h]ostility toward America is a religious duty,”[23] and a year before the September 11 terrorist attacks, Rice warned on WJRDetroit: "You really have to get the intelligence agencies better organized to deal with the terrorist threat to the United States itself. One of the problems that we have is a kind of split responsibility, of course, between the CIA and foreign intelligence and the FBI and domestic intelligence." She then added: "There needs to be better cooperation because we don't want to wake up one day and find out that Osama bin Laden has been successful on our own territory."[163]
Rice also has promoted the idea that counterterrorism involves not only confronting the governments and organizations that promote and condone terrorism, but also the ideologies that fuel terrorism. In a speech given on July 29, 2005, Rice asserted that "[s]ecuring America from terrorist attack is more than a matter of law enforcement. We must also confront the ideology of hatred in foreign societies by supporting the universal hope of liberty and the inherent appeal of democracy."[164]
In January 2005, during Bush's second inaugural ceremonies, Rice first used the term "outposts of tyranny" to refer to countries felt to threaten world peace and human rights. This term has been called a descendant of Bush's phrase, "Axis of Evil," used to describe Iraq, Iran and North Korea. She identified six such "outposts" in which she said the United States has a duty to foster freedom: Cuba, Zimbabwe, Burma and Belarus, as well as Iran and North Korea.
Abortion
Rice said "If you go back to 2000 when I helped the president in the campaign. I said that I was, in effect, kind of libertarian on this issue. And meaning by that, that I have been concerned about a government role in this issue. I am a strong proponent of parental choice -of parental notification. I am a strong proponent of a ban on late-term abortion. These are all things that I think unite people and I think that that's where we should be. I've called myself at times mildly pro-choice."[165] She would not want the federal government "forcing its views on one side or the other."[166]
Rice said she believes President Bush "has been in exactly the right place" on abortion, "which is we have to respect the culture of life and we have to try and bring people to have respect for it and make this as rare a circumstance as possible" However, she added that she has been "concerned about a government role" but has "tended to agree with those who do not favor federal funding for abortion, because I believe that those who hold a strong moral view on the other side should not be forced to fund" the procedure.[166]
Public perception and criticisms
Rice has been criticised for her involvement in the George W. Bush administration both in the United States and abroad. Protesters have sought to exclude her from appearing at schools such as Princeton University[167] and Boston College,[168] which prompted the resignation of an adjunct professor at Boston. There has also been an effort to protest her public speeches abroad.[169]
Time and Forbes magazines
Rice has appeared on Time magazine's list of the world's 100 most influential people four times. Rice is one of only seven people in the entire world considered influential enough to have made the list so frequently. However, Time magazine has also accused her of squandering her influence, stating in February 1, 2007, that her "accomplishments as Secretary of State have been modest, and even those have begun to fade" and that she "has been slow to recognize the extent to which the U.S.'s prestige has declined."[170] However, in its March 19, 2007 issue it followed up stating that Rice was "executing an unmistakable course correction in U.S. foreign policy."[171]
In 2004 and 2005, she was ranked as the most powerful woman in the world by Forbes magazine and number two in 2006 (following the Chancellor of Germany, Angela Merkel).[172]
Criticisms from Senator Barbara Boxer
California Democratic Senator Barbara Boxer has also criticized Rice in relation to the war in Iraq: "I personally believe — this is my personal view — that your loyalty to the mission you were given, to sell the war, overwhelmed your respect for the truth."[173]
On January 11, 2007, Boxer, in a debate over the war in Iraq, said, "Now, the issue is who pays the price, who pays the price? I’m not going to pay a personal price. My kids are too old, and my grandchild is too young. You’re not going to pay a particular price, as I understand it, within immediate family. So who pays the price? The American military and their families, and I just want to bring us back to that fact.”
The New York Post and White House Press Secretary Tony Snow considered this an attack on Rice's status as a single, childless female and referred to Boxer's comments as "a great leap backward for feminism."[174] Rice later echoed Snow's remarks, saying "I thought it was okay to not have children, and I thought you could still make good decisions on behalf of the country if you were single and didn’t have children." Boxer responded to the controversy by saying "They’re getting this off on a non-existent thing that I didn’t say. I’m saying, she’s like me, we do not have families who are in the military."[175]
Criticisms from John R. Bolton
According to the Washington Post in late July 2008, former Undersecretary of State and U.N. Ambassador John R. Bolton was referring to Rice and her allies in the Bush Administration who he believes have abandoned earlier hard-line principles when he said: "Once the collapse begins, adversaries have a real opportunity to gain advantage. In terms of the Bush presidency, this many reversals this close to the end destroys credibility... It appears there is no depth to which this administration will not sink in its last days."[176]
Views within the black community
Rice's ratings saw decreases following a heated battle for her confirmation as Secretary of State and following Hurricane Katrina in August 2005. Rice's rise within the George W. Bush administration initially drew a largely positive response from many in the black community. In a 2002 survey, then National Security Advisor Rice was viewed favorably by 41% of black respondents, but another 40% did not know Rice well enough to rate her and her profile remained comparatively obscure.[177] As her role increased, some black commentators began to express doubts concerning Rice's stances and statements on various issues. In 2005, Washington Post columnist Eugene Robinson asked, "How did [Rice] come to a worldview so radically different from that of most black Americans?"[178]
Other writers have also noted what they perceive to be a distance between Rice and the black community. The Black Commentator magazine described sentiments given in a speech by Rice at a black gathering as "more than strange — they were evidence of profound personal disorientation. A black woman who doesn’t know how to talk to black people is of limited political use to an administration that has few black allies."[179] When Rice invoked the civil rights movement to clarify her position on the invasion of Iraq, Margaret Kimberley, another writer for The Black Commentator, felt that her use of the rhetoric was "offensive." Stan Correy, an interviewer from the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, characterized many blacks involved with civil rights and politics as viewing this rhetoric as "cynical."[180] Rice was also described by Bill Fletcher, Jr., the former leader of the TransAfrica Forum, a foreign policy lobbying organization in Washington, D.C., as "very cold and distant and only black by accident."[177] In August 2005, American musician, actor, and social activist Harry Belafonte, who serves on the Board of TransAfrica, referred to blacks in the Bush administration as "black tyrants."[181] Belafonte's comments received mixed reactions.[177]
Rice has defended herself from such criticisms on several occasions. During a September 14, 2005 interview, she said, "Why would I worry about something like that? ... The fact of the matter is I've been black all my life. Nobody needs to tell me how to be black."[182]
Notable black commentators have defended Rice from across the aisle, including Mike Espy,[183] Andrew Young, C. Delores Tucker (chair of the National Congress of Black Women),[184] Clarence Page,[185] Colbert King,[186] Dorothy Height (chair and president emerita of the National Council of Negro Women)[186] and Kweisi Mfume (former Congressman and former CEO of the NAACP).[187]
As an April fool story in 2006, The British Independent newspaper reported that the University of Birmingham’s twinned status with its Alabama namesake led to a liaison between the comedian Jasper Carrott and Condoleezza Rice, whom he described as "a ferocious kisser" [7]. The story was subsequently featured as a University Challenge bonus round question on spoof news items.
Discrimination
Rice experienced firsthand the injustices of Birmingham's discriminatory laws and attitudes. She was instructed to walk proudly in public and to use the facilities at home rather than subject herself to the indignity of "colored" facilities in town. As Rice recalls of her parents and their peers, "they refused to allow the limits and injustices of their time to limit our horizons."[188]
However, Rice recalls various times in which she suffered discrimination on account of her race, which included being relegated to a storage room at a department store instead of a regular dressing room, being barred from going to the circus or the local amusement park, being denied hotel rooms, and even being given bad food at restaurants.[2] Also, while Rice was mostly kept by her parents from areas where she might face discrimination, she was very aware of the civil rights struggle and the problems of Jim Crow Birmingham. A neighbor, Juliemma Smith, described how "[Condi] used to call me and say things like, 'Did you see what Bull Connor did today?' She was just a little girl and she did that all the time. I would have to read the newspaper thoroughly because I wouldn’t know what she was going to talk about."[2] Rice herself said of the segregation era: "Those terrible events burned into my consciousness. I missed many days at my segregated school because of the frequent bomb threats."[2]
During the violent days of the Civil Rights Movement, Reverend Rice armed himself and kept guard over the house while Condoleezza practiced the piano inside. According to J.L. Chestnut, Reverend Rice called local civil rights leader Fred Shuttlesworth and his followers "uneducated, misguided Negroes."[189][190] Also, Reverend Rice instilled in his daughter and students that black people would have to prove themselves worthy of advancement, and would simply have to be "twice as good" to overcome injustices built into the system.[191] Rice said “My parents were very strategic, I was going to be so well prepared, and I was going to do all of these things that were revered in white society so well, that I would be armored somehow from racism. I would be able to confront white society on its own terms.”[192] While the Rices supported the goals of the civil rights movement, they did not agree with the idea of putting their child in harm's way.[2]
Rice was eight when her schoolmate Denise McNair, aged 11, was killed in the bombing of the primarily black Sixteenth Street Baptist Church by white supremacists on September 15, 1963. Rice has commented upon that moment in her life:
I remember the bombing of that Sunday School at 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham in 1963. I did not see it happen, but I heard it happen, and I felt it happen, just a few blocks away at my father’s church. It is a sound that I will never forget, that will forever reverberate in my ears. That bomb took the lives of four young girls, including my friend and playmate, Denise McNair. The crime was calculated to suck the hope out of young lives, bury their aspirations. But those fears were not propelled forward, those terrorists failed.[193]
– Condoleezza Rice, Commencement 2004, Vanderbilt University, May 13, 2004
Rice states that growing up during racial segregation taught her determination against adversity, and the need to be "twice as good" as non-minorities.[194] Segregation also hardened her stance on the right to bear arms; Rice has said in interviews that if gun registration had been mandatory, her father's weapons would have been confiscated, leaving them defenseless against Ku Klux Klan nightriders.[2]
April Fool
As an April fool story in 2006, The British Independent newspaper reported that the University of Birmingham’s twinned status with its Alabama namesake led to a liaison between the comedian Jasper Carrott and Condoleezza Rice, whom he described as "a ferocious kisser" [195]The story was subsequently featured as a University Challenge bonus round question on spoof news items.
Family and personal life
Condoleezza Rice is an only child. Her mother, Angelena Rice, died of breast cancer in August 1985, aged 61. In July 1989, Condoleezza's father, John Wesley Rice, married Clara Bailey,[196] to whom he remained married to until his death, in December 2000, aged 77.[197]
Rice has never married, and has no children. She has been engaged once, to Rick Upchurch, in the 1970s.[198]
Notes
- ↑ http://www.millennium.az:8101/mcaccount.htm
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 "Condi: The girl who cracked the ice", The Sunday Times (2004-11-21). Retrieved on 2008-10-26.
- ↑ "Condoleezza Rice". Encyclopedia of World Biography. Retrieved on 2008-10-26.
- ↑ Hawkins, B. Denise (September/October 2002). "Condoleezza Rice's Secret Weapon". Today's Christian. http://www.christianitytoday.com/tc/2002/005/1.18.html. Retrieved on 2008-10-26.
- ↑ "Condoleezza Rice". Mad About Music. 2005-01-02. Transcript. Retrieved on 2008-10-26.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Tommasini, Anthony (2006-04-09). "Condoleezza Rice on Piano", The New York Times. Retrieved on 2008-11-03.
- ↑ Dobbs, Michael (2000-12-28). "Josef Korbel's Enduring Foreign Policy Legacy; Professor Mentored Daughter Albright and Student Rice", The Washington Post. Retrieved on 2008-11-02.
- ↑ Rice, Condoleezza (1981). The Politics of Client Command: Party-Military Relations in Czechoslovakia, 1948–1975.. PhD dissertation. University of Denver. http://130.253.4.23/record=b2587932~S3.
- ↑ Becker, Maki (2004-04-04). "20 Things You Probably Didn't Know About Condeleezza Rice", Daily News. Retrieved on 2008-11-02.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Condoleezza, Rice (2000-08-01). "Text: Condoleezza Rice at the Republican National Convention", The Washington Post. Retrieved on 2008-10-27.
- ↑ Solomon, Deborah (2006-01-06). "Over Life on the Hill", The New York Times. Retrieved on 2008-10-27.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 Baker, Russell (2008-04-03). "Condi and the Boys". New York Review of Books 55 (5): pp. 9–11. ISSN 0028-7504. http://www.nybooks.com/articles/21192. Retrieved on 2008-03-19.
- ↑ "Condoleezza Rice", Forbes (2001-10-18). Retrieved on 2008-10-27.
- ↑ "Condoleezza Rice: U.S. national security adviser", CNN (February 2002). Retrieved on 2008-10-27.
- ↑ Stanford University (1993-05-19). "Casper selects Condoleezza Rice to be next Stanford provost". Press release. Retrieved on 2008-10-27.
- ↑ Robinson, James (1999-06-09). "Velvet-glove forcefulness: Six years of provostial challenges and achievements". Stanford Report (Stanford University). http://news-service.stanford.edu/news/1999/june9/rice-69.html. Retrieved on 2008-10-27.
- ↑ Barabak, Mark Z. (2005-01-16). "Not Always Diplomatic in Her First Major Post; Condoleezza Rice, about to become secretary of State, was a divisive figure while at Stanford", Los Angeles Times, pp. A1. Retrieved on 2008-10-27.
- ↑ Condoleezza Rice plays piano for the Queen, Daily Telegraph, 1 December 2008
- ↑ Rice performs recital for the Queen, BBC News, 2 December 2008
- ↑ Marinucci, Carla (2001-05-05). "Chevron redubs ship named for Bush aide", San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved on 2008-10-13.
- ↑ "Condoleezza Rice to visit program she started", Palo Alto Online News (2007-05-22). Retrieved on 2008-10-27.
- ↑ Kettmann, Steve (2000-05-20). "Bush's secret weapon", Salon.com. Retrieved on 2008-11-03.
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 "Exclusive Interview: Conversation with Terror", Time (1999-01-11). Retrieved on 2008-11-03.
- ↑ Serafin, Tatiana (November 2005). "#1 Condoleezza Rice". The Most Powerful Women. Forbes. Retrieved on 2008-11-03.
- ↑ 25.0 25.1 Shenon, Philip; Mark Mazzetti (2006-10-02). "Records Show Tenet Briefed Rice on Al Qaeda Threat", The New York Times. Retrieved on 2008-11-03.
- ↑ Landay, Jonathan S.; Warren P. Strobel, John Walcott, Matt Stearns and Drew Brown (2006-10-02). "Rumsfeld, Ashcroft said to have received warning of attack", The McClatchy Company. Retrieved on 2008-11-03.
- ↑ Rice, Condoleezza (2003-01-23). "Why We Know Iraq Is Lying", The New York Times. Retrieved on 2008-11-03.
- ↑ "Transcript of Rice's 9/11 commission statement", CNN (2004-05-19). Retrieved on 2008-11-03.
- ↑ "Rice says Saddam questions answered", The Washington Times (2007-04-26). Retrieved on 2008-11-03.
- ↑ Associated Press (2004-10-22). "Rice defends decision to go to war in Iraq", CNN. Retrieved on 2008-11-03. Archived from the original on 2004-11-17.
- ↑ "Rice says race can be 'one factor' in considering admissions", CNN (2003-01-18). Retrieved on 2008-11-03.
- ↑ Blitzer, Wolf (2003-01-10). "Search for the 'smoking gun'", CNN. Retrieved on 2008-11-03.
- ↑ "Report: No WMD stockpiles in Iraq", CNN (2004-10-07). Retrieved on 2008-11-03.
- ↑ Morris, Roger (2005-07-27). "Condoleezza Rice at the Center of the Plame Scandal". CounterPunch. http://www.counterpunch.org/morris07272005.html. Retrieved on 2008-11-03.
- ↑ Milbank, Dana; Mike Allen (2003-07-27). "Iraq Flap Shakes Rice's Image", The Washington Post, p. A0. Retrieved on 2008-11-03.
- ↑ "Excerpts from April 8, 2004 Testimony of Dr. Condoleezza Rice Before the 9/11 Commission Pertaining to The President's Daily Brief of August 6, 2001". National Security Archive. Retrieved on 2008-11-03.
- ↑ Wilentz, Sean (2004-04-13). "Don't know much about history", Salon.com. Retrieved on 2008-11-03.
- ↑ Robert Byrd (2005-01-25). "Standing for the Founding Principles of the Republic: Voting No on the Nomination of Dr. Rice as Secretary of State". Press release. Retrieved on 2008-11-04.
- ↑ United Church of Christ (2005-11-01). "Rosa Parks honored, to be laid to rest in Detroit". Press release. Retrieved on 2008-11-04.
- ↑ "Travels With the Secretary". United States Department of State. Retrieved on 2008-11-04.
- ↑ Mohammed, Arshad (2007-10-01). "Rice questioned about her sleep, fears and dreams", Reuters. Retrieved on 2008-11-04.
- ↑ "Biography of Shirin Tahir-Kheli – Senior Advisor to the Secretary of State". Whitehouse.gov. Retrieved on 2008-11-04.
- ↑ 43.0 43.1 United States Department of State (2005-09-30). "Princeton University's Celebration of the 75th Anniversary Of the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs". Press release. Retrieved on 2008-11-03.
- ↑ 44.0 44.1 44.2 44.3 44.4 United States Department of State (2006-01-18). "Transformational Diplomacy". Press release. Retrieved on 2008-11-03. United States Department of State (2006-01-18). "Georgetown University address". Press release. Retrieved on 2008-11-03.
- ↑ 45.0 45.1 Kessler, Glenn; Bradley Graham (2006-01-19). "Diplomats Will Be Shifted to Hot Spots", The Washington Post, p. A01. Retrieved on 2008-11-03.
- ↑ Shanker, Thom (2007-02-20). "Pentagon to Fill Iraq Reconstruction Jobs Temporarily", The New York Times. Retrieved on 2008-11-03.
- ↑ Gollust, David (2005-04-12). "Rice Conducts Telephone Diplomacy on Israel's Gaza Withdrawal Plans", Voice of America. Retrieved on 2008-11-04.
- ↑ 48.0 48.1 Kessler, Glenn (2005-07-25). "Rice Mediates Gaza Disputes", The Washington Post, p. A19. Retrieved on 2008-11-04.
- ↑ Rice, Condoleezza (2005-09-12). "Completion of Israeli Withdrawal From Gaza". United States Department of State. Retrieved on 2008-11-04.
- ↑ "Rice: Gaza Border-Crossings Deal 'In Sight'", Newsmax Media (2005-11-14). Retrieved on 2008-11-04.
- ↑ Wright, Robin; Scott Wilson (2005-11-16). "Rice Negotiates Deal to Open Gaza Crossings", The Washington Post, p. A12. Retrieved on 2008-11-04.
- ↑ Levy, Gideon (2006-10-10). "The mystery of America", Haaretz. Retrieved on 2008-11-04.
- ↑ "Rice on Palestinian Elections", Voice of America (2006-01-18). Retrieved on 2008-11-04.
- ↑ United States Department of State (2006-01-30). "Rice Lauds Peaceful Palestinian Elections, Decries Terrorism". Press release. Retrieved on 2008-11-04.
- ↑ Aronson, Geoffrey (2006-10-16). "A Bush policy of 'Apres moi, le deluge'", Daily News Egypt. Retrieved on 2008-11-04.
- ↑ Soros, George (2007-04-12). "On Israel, America and Aipac". New York Review of Books 54 (6). http://www.nybooks.com/articles/20030. Retrieved on 2008-11-04.
- ↑ http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/254A8588-3089-495E-9D54-FE87479080DB.htm Hamas 'willing' to recognise Israel. April 12, 2006.
- ↑ http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/9424469/ "Hamas: We could one day recognize Israel", MSNBC, September 21, 2005.
- ↑ http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/02/27/rice.mideast.ap/index.html "Rice: Hamas rockets need to stop", CNN, February 27, 2008.
- ↑ 60.0 60.1 "Israel returns to Gaza; Rice urges return to talks", CNN (2008-03-04). Retrieved on 2008-11-04.
- ↑ "Actions in Northern Israel and Southern Lebanon", United States Department of State, online posting, state.gov, July 12, 2006.
- ↑ "US's Rice urges Israel to exercise restraint", July 14, 2006, oneindia.
- ↑ Rice holds key talks in Lebanon. July 24, 2006.
- ↑ "Special Briefing on Travel to the Middle East and Europe", United States Department of State, online posting, state.gov, July 21, 2006.
- ↑ Israel strike kills at least 54, Lebanon shuns Rice. July 30, 2006.
- ↑ "Israel Leaves Lebanon to UN", online posting, metro.co.uk, July 24, 2006.
- ↑ 67.0 67.1 "Progress as Rice talks to Syria and chats with Iran", Times Online, May 3, 2007.
- ↑ Kessler, Glenn (2005-02-26). "Rice Drops Plans for Visit to Egypt", The Washington Post, p. A14. Retrieved on 2008-11-04.
- ↑ Williams, Daniel (2005-03-13). "Egypt Frees An Aspiring Candidate", The Washington Post, p. A16. Retrieved on 2008-11-04.
- ↑ Kaplan, Fred (2007-01-16). "Waking Up to Reality: Condi makes nice in the Middle East", Slate. Retrieved on 2008-11-04.
- ↑ Spolar, Christine (2006-03-06). "Egypt Reformer Feels Iron Hand of the Law", The Chicago Tribune. Retrieved on 2008-11-04.
- ↑ Cohen, Roger; International Herald Tribune (2006-11-15). "TimesSelect Confronting Democracy as an Era Ends in Egypt", The New York Times. Retrieved on 2008-11-04.
- ↑ "Egypt torture centre, report says", BBC News (2007-04-11). Retrieved on 2008-11-04.
- ↑ McMahon, Robert (2007-05-03). "Transforming U.S. Foreign Aid". Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved on 2008-11-04.
- ↑ Levinson, Charles (2004-04-12). "$50 billion later, taking stock of US aid to Egypt", The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved on 2008-11-04.
- ↑ United States Department of State (2006-08-29). "Interview on KSL-TV With Bruce Lindsay". Press release. Retrieved on 2008-11-04.
- ↑ Rice, Condoleezza. htm Remarks at the American Israel Public Affairs Committee's Annual Policy Conference Published May 23, 2005. Retrieved April 25, 2007.
- ↑ After Saudis’ First Steps, Efforts for Reform Stall New York Times. Published April 26, 2007. Retrieved April 26, 2007.
- ↑ Paraipan, Manuela. Religious Freedom: A Taboo in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Worldpress.org Published December 6, 2005. Retrieved April 25, 2007.
- ↑ Saudi police 'stopped' fire rescue BBC. Published March 15, 2002. Retrieved April 25, 2007.
- ↑ Iran human rights record 'to be loathed' – Rice. Iran Focus. February 3, 2005. Retrieved July 11, 2006.
- ↑ Ahmadinejad: Wipe Israel Off Map. Al Jazeera. October 26, 2005. Retrieved July 11, 2006.
- ↑ Rice denounces Iranian president's call for Israel to be 'wiped off the map'. Iran Focus. October 29, 2005. Retrieved July 11, 2006.
- ↑ Anne Gearan. Rice asks for $75M for democracy in Iran. Iran Focus. February 15, 2006. Retrieved July 11, 2006.
- ↑ Tully, Andrew. U.S.: Senators Ask Rice Tough Questions On Iraq, Iran, Hamas Radio Free Europe. Published February 15, 2006. Retrieved April 23, 2007.
- ↑ "Nuclear Power Plants Will Generate 6,000MW by 2010" (PDF). Iran Daily. Retrieved on 2006-04-25.
- ↑ Iran at a Crossroads: An Historic Opportunity for A Better Future. U.S. State Department. June 20, 2006.
- ↑ World Powers Agree on Deal, Wait on Iran. Deutsche Welle. June 2, 2006. Retrieved June 2, 2006.
- ↑ On-the-Record Briefing by Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice. U.S. State Department. January 12, 2006.
- ↑ 90.0 90.1 Hirsh, Michael. "Diplo-Dancing With Iran." Newsweek. June 12, 2006: 32.
- ↑ P5 + 1 Statement: Negotiations With Iran. July 12, 2006.
- ↑ CHAPTER VII: ACTION WITH RESPECT TO THREATS TO THE PEACE, BREACHES OF THE PEACE, AND ACTS OF AGGRESSION. Retrieved July 12, 2006.
- ↑ "Rice Offers Humanitarian Aid to Quake-hit Iran", IranMania March 31, 2006. Retrieved July 11, 2006.
- ↑ Rice 'not ruling out Iran talks'. BBC News. April 30, 2007. Retrieved April 30, 2007.
- ↑ Rosa-Marbrell, Nestor (2007-11-20). "PR Gov Accuses US of Lying to the World", Prensa Latina. Retrieved on 2008-11-03.
- ↑ http://espanol.news.yahoo.com/s/19112007/54/eeuu-gobernador-pide-rice-enmiende-informe-estatus-pol-tico-p.html El Gobernador pide a Rice que enmiende el informe sobre el estatus político de P.Rico Yahoo News November 19, 2007. Retrieved December 1, 2007.
- ↑ Leopold, Jason (2006-09-14). "Iraq and 9/11: The Truth is Out". The Black Commentator (197). http://www.blackcommentator.com/197/197_iraq_and_911_leopold.html. Retrieved on 2008-11-03.
- ↑ King, Colbert I. (2003-09-20). "Baghdad, Birmingham and True Believers", The Washington Post, p. A31. Retrieved on 2008-11-03.
- ↑ Sanger, David E. (2003-10-06). "White House to Overhaul Iraq and Afghan Missions", The New York Times. Retrieved on 2008-11-03.
- ↑ Benjamin, Daniel (2003-08-29). "Condi's Phony History", Slate. Retrieved on 2008-11-03.
- ↑ United States Department of State (2005-06-19). "Interview on ABC's This Week with George Stephanopoulos". Press release. Retrieved on 2008-11-03.
- ↑ "Rice makes clear US objectives in Iraq", Xinhua News Agency (2005-10-20). Retrieved on 2008-11-03.
- ↑ "Senator Barbara Boxer and Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice", The New York Times (2007-01-11). Retrieved on 2008-11-03.
- ↑ Rice, Condoleezza (2005-12-11). "The Promise of Democratic Peace", The Washington Post. Retrieved on 2008-11-03.
- ↑ http://www.bet.com/News/condoleezzarice.htm Rice: Being Anti-War Is Being Pro-Slavery Posted September 6, 2006. Retrieved March 12, 2007.
- ↑ Kornblut, Ann E. (2007-01-12). "The Reach of War, Devastating Criticism by Both Parties", The New York Times. Retrieved on 2008-11-03.
- ↑ http://12.170.145.161/search/basic.asp?ResultStart=1&ResultCount=10&BasicQueryText=Hearing+with+Sec.+State+Rice&image1.x=20&image1.y=10 Senate Foreign Relations Committee Hearing with Secretary of State Rice Cspan.org January 11, 2007. Retrieved April 10, 2007.
- ↑ The Analysis: On the 'Polarization' of Iraqis and Their 'Ready Recourse to Violence' New York Times February 3, 2007. Retrieved March 24, 2008
- ↑ "Rice: Congress Shouldn't Micromanage War", NewsMax.com, February 25, 2007.
- ↑ "Rice pushes "roadmap" as Turkish troops enter Iraq", Reuters (2007-12-18).
- ↑ "News Summary for January 15, 2008", PBS Online NewsHour, January 15, 2008. Retrieved February 1, 2008.
- ↑ "Rice Praises 'Coalescing Center' in Iraqi Politics", Washington Post, April 21, 2008, p. A12. Retrieved May 28, 2008.
- ↑ "Iraqis Condemn American Demands", Washington Post, June 11, 2008, p. A11. Retrieved June 12, 2008.
- ↑ "Rice criticizes China for sentencing rights activist", CNN, April 3, 2008. Retrieved April 4, 2008.
- ↑ State of the Union Address. February 2, 2005.
- ↑ "N. Korea Agrees To Rejoin Talks", The Washington Post, July 10, 2005.
- ↑ N Korea offers nuclear talks deal. April 13, 2006.
- ↑ "Joint Statement by Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice, Secretary of Defense Rumsfeld, Japanese Minister of Foreign Affairs Taro Aso, and Japanese Minister of State for Defense Fukushiro Nukaga", United States Department of State, online posting, state.gov, May 1, 2006.
- ↑ "U.S.: North Korea Readies Missile for Test", FOX News, June 19, 2006.
- ↑ North Korea test-fires 7th missile. July 5, 2006.
- ↑ "Remarks with Deputy Prime Minister Abdullah Gul After Their Meeting", United States Department of State, online posting, state.gov, July 5, 2006.
- ↑ "North Korea Threatens Nuke Test", The National Post, online posting, Canada.com, October 3, 2006.
- ↑ http://www.thedailystar.net/2006/10/10/d61010013418.htm Defiant North Korea conducts nuke test]. October 10, 2006.
- ↑ 124.0 124.1 Transcript of Interview with Wolf Blitzer of CNN, United States Department of State, online posting, state.gov, October 10, 2006.
- ↑ China backs punishing N. Korea. October 11, 2006.
- ↑ "U.S. Aircraft Keeps Watch for N. Korean Nuke Test", Fox News, October 11, 2006.
- ↑ U.N. Adopts Resolution Against N. Korea October 14, 2006.
- ↑ Transcript of Interview on Fox News Sunday with Chris Wallace, United States Department of State, online posting, state.gov, October 15, 2006.
- ↑ Michael Spence, "Mr. Counterintuition", The Wall Street Journal, February 17, 2007.
- ↑ "Remarks With Japanese Foreign Minister Taro Aso After Their Meeting", United States Department of State, online posting, state.gov, October 18, 2006.
- ↑ Amanpour, Christiane (2008-06-23). "N. Korea invites media to nuclear plant blast", CNN International.com/Asia, CNN. Retrieved on 2008-06-23.
- ↑ "Rice tries to soothe Japan outrage", CNN, February 27, 2008.
- ↑ "Rice Attacks Russia On Democracy", Herald Sun, April 21, 2005. Retrieved February 29, 2008.
- ↑ "Russia-Ukraine Gas Row Heats Up", BBC News, December 27, 2005.
- ↑ Ukraine warms to Putin gas deal - CNN.com
- ↑ "Rice: Russia Uses Energy Wealth as Political Weapon", Fox News, January 5, 2006.
- ↑ "Russia Won't Block U.S. on Iran", The Washington Post, January 12, 2006.
- ↑ Speech at the 43rd Munich Conference on Security Policy 02/10/2007. Retrieved February 21, 2007.
- ↑ "Rice Deplores Russian Comment On Missile Shield", The Washington Post, February 21, 2007. Retrieved February 23, 2007.
- ↑ Danilova, Maria. Putin Threatens Pullout From Arms Pact Los Angeles Times. Published April 26, 2007. Retrieved April 27, 2007.
- ↑ "Rice to visit India on Wednesday, White House says", Reuters (2008-12-01). Retrieved on 2008-12-01.
- ↑ Silverstein, Ken. Our Friend Teodoro: DEPARTMENT Washington Babylon 2006-04-18. Retrieved 2007-04-18.
- ↑ Sheryl Gay Stolberg, "Bush, in Africa, Emphasizes Successes", New York Times online edition February 17, 2008. Accessed February 16, 2008.
- ↑ Reuters, "Rice says will continue to speak out on Anwar", Reuters July 28, 2008. Accessed July 28, 2008.
- ↑ TheStar, "US rejects claim that Anwar case is an internal affair", TheStar July 28, 2008. Accessed July 28, 2008.
- ↑ Jackson, Jesse Dilemma of horns: Stop calling people, or nations, the devil. Chicago Sun-Times. September 26, 2006.
- ↑ Varner, Bill Chavez's Push for UN Council Seat Sets Up a Showdown With U.S.. Bloomberg. October 11, 2006.
- ↑ "Panama agreement ends UN seat row", BBC News, November 2, 2006
- ↑ Condoleezza Rice: Hugo Chavez 'Destroying' Venezuela - NewsMax.com, February 7, 2007
- ↑ Voice of America - Rice: President Chavez Policies 'Destroying' Venezuela
- ↑ Chávez's Fix - Daniel Wilkinson (The Nation)
- ↑ "Musharraf imposes emergency rule", BBC News, November 3, 2007
- ↑ ", US to continue to keep in touch with Musharraf: Rice , February 23, 2008
- ↑ "Rice urges Pakistan to cooperate in Mumbai inquiry", Reuters (2008-12-01). Retrieved on 2008-12-01.
- ↑ Lee, Matthew (2008-03-30). "Rice: Zimbabwe President a 'disgrace'", The Huffington Post. Retrieved on 2008-11-02.
- ↑ Charbonneau, Louis (2008-06-19). "Zimbabwe vote can't be free or fair: Rice", Reuters. Retrieved on 2008-11-02.
- ↑ "Rice says has no plan to run for vice president", Reuters (2008-02-22). Retrieved on 2008-03-28. "I have always said that the one thing that I have not seen myself doing is running for elected office."
- ↑ "Transcript of Secretary Condoleezza Rice's Interview with the Washington Times Editorial Board", The Washington Times, United States Department of State (2008-03-28). Retrieved on 2008-03-28.Question: "And would you consider vice president?" Rice: "Not interested."
- ↑ "Gallup Polls on GOP VP Preferences", Gallup, 2008-04-04.
- ↑ "Dan Senor: Condoleezza Rice Is Pursuing the VP Spot", ABC News (2008-04-06).
- ↑ Kessler, Glenn (2008-04-07). "Rice: Still Not Running for VP", The Washington Post. Retrieved on 2008-11-03. "McCormack dismissed both as perfectly ordinary. 'I think if you look back at her tenure, in terms of her activities, you will find all of these activities perfectly normal and consistent with the way she has done her job over the past three years or so,' he said. 'If she is actively seeking the vice presidency, then she's the last one to know about it.'"
- ↑ U.S. State Department Interview on Fox News Sunday With Chris Wallace. December 18, 2005.
- ↑ Rice Quotes Contradict Clarke Account. NewsMax. March 24, 2004.
- ↑ U.S. State Department Remarks With Senator Richard Lugar on the U.S. Department of State and the Challenges of the 21st century. July 29, 2005.
- ↑ Washington Post, March 2005
- ↑ 166.0 166.1 Washington Times, March 2005
- ↑ Michael Juel-Larsen. Students, community members protest Rice's visit. Daily Princetonian, September 30, 2005.
- ↑ Steve Almond. Condoleezza Rice at Boston College? I quit. The Boston Globe, May 12, 2006.
- ↑ Rice visit meets with protests BBC News, March 31, 2006. February 9, 2006.
- ↑ "Rice's Toughest Mission", Time, February 1, 2007.
- ↑ "Cheney In Twilight", Time, March 19, 2007.
- ↑ MacDonald, Elizabeth and Chana R. Schoenberger."The World's Most Powerful Women", Forbes, September 1, 2006.
- ↑ Why the Crass Remarks About Rice?. The Washington Post, January 22, 2005.
- ↑ "White House Spokesman Blasts Sen. Boxer's Exchange With Secretary Rice", FOX News, January 12, 2006.
- ↑ "Exchange Turns Into Political Flashpoint", The New York Times, January 12, 2007
- ↑ Eggen, Dan (2008-07-20). "U.S. Talks With Iran Exemplify Bush's New Approaches", Washington Post, p. A4. Retrieved on 2008-07-21.
- ↑ 177.0 177.1 177.2 Jonathon Tilove. For Black America, The Thrill of Powell and Rice Is Gone. Newhouse News Service, March 11, 2004.
- ↑ Eugene Robinson. What Rice Can't See. The Washington Post, October 25, 2005.
- ↑ Condoleezza's Crimes. The Black Commentator, April 1, 2004.
- ↑ Stan Correy. Condoleezza, Condoleezza. ABC Radio National, April 3, 2005.
- ↑ Marc Merano. Harry Belafonte Calls Black Republicans 'Tyrants'. Cybercast News Service, August 8, 2005
- ↑ Interview with Bill O'Reilly of the O'Reilly Factor on Fox News. September 14, 2005.
- ↑ Mrs President. October 25, 2005.
- ↑ Susan Jones. Black Democrats Don't Like Senate's Treatment of Rice. CNS News, January 26, 2005.
- ↑ Page, Clarence (2006-01-10). "Why Condi's star is rising", Chicago Tribune. Retrieved on 2006-07-29.
- ↑ 186.0 186.1 King, Colbert (2005-01-22). "Why the Crass Remarks About Rice?", Washington Post, p. A17. Retrieved on 2006-08-29.
- ↑ Associated Press. NAACP: Calling Rice ‘Aunt Jemima’ is wrong. November 22, 2004.
- ↑ "Birmingham native Condoleezza Rice confirmation vote delayed as next U.S. Secretary of State" Birmingham Times January 20, 2005.
- ↑ Chestnut 2005. Chestnut, J. L., Jr. "Condi Rice's Disdain for the Civil Rights Movement." Black Commentator. Retrieved August 2, 2006.
- ↑ Chestnut, J.L. Jr.. Condi Rice's disdain for Civil Rights movement Catholic New Times, December 18, 2005. Retrieved April 12, 2007.
- ↑ Profile: Condoleezza Rice. BBC News. September 25, 2001. Retrieved August 2, 2006.
- ↑ Russakoff, Dale Lessons of Might and Right: How Segregation and an Indomitable Family Shaped National Security Adviser Condoleezza Rice Washington Post Magazine Published September 9, 2001. Retrieved April 2, 2007.
- ↑ Stan Correy. Condoleezza, Condoleezza. Australian Broadcasting Corporation's Radio National, April 3, 2005. Retrieved July 26, 2006.
- ↑ Derrick Z. Jackson. A lesson from Condoleezza Rice. November 20, 2002. Retrieved February 21, 2006.
- ↑ http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/the-odd-couples-472333.html
- ↑ New York Times
- ↑ Ancestry of Condoleezza Rice
- ↑ Race 4 2012
References
- Felix, Antonia. "Condi: The girl who cracked the ice". Times. (November 21, 2004)
- Nordlinger, Jay. "Star-in-waiting: meet George W.'s foreign-policy czarina". National Review. (August 30, 1999)
- Plotz, David. "Condoleezza Rice: George W. Bush's celebrity adviser". Slate. (May 12, 2000)
- author unknown. "Smart, savvy, strong-willed Rice charts her own course". CNN. (2001)
- Marinucci, Carla. "Critics knock naming oil tanker Condoleezza". San Francisco Chronicle. (April 5, 2001)
- Marinucci, Carla. "Chevron redubs ship named for Bush aide". San Francisco Chronicle. (May 5, 2001)
- Marinucci, Carla. "Security adviser Rice weighs run for governor". San Francisco Chronicle. (February 27, 2003)
- author unknown. "Rice says race can be 'one factor' in considering admissions". CNN. (January 18, 2003)
- Sullivan, Andrew. Bush-Rice 2004?. London Sunday Times. (March 24, 2002)
- Cornwell, Rupert From the axis of evil to the outposts of tyranny. The Independent. (January 20, 2005)
- Richter, Paul "Rice Reshaping Foreign Policy" Los Angeles Times. (March 15, 2005)
- Richter, Paul. "Under Rice, Powell's Policies Are Reborn". Los Angeles Times. (October 11, 2005)
- Lemann, Nicholas. "Without a Doubt: Has Condoleezza Rice changed George W. Bush, or has he changed her?" New Yorker. (October 14, 2002)
Bibliography
- Rice, Condoleezza with Zelikow, Philip D. Germany Unified and Europe Transformed: A Study in Statecraft. Harvard University Press. hardcover (1995), 520 pages, ISBN 0-674-35324-2; trade paperback, 1997, 520 pages, ISBN 0-674-35325-0.
- Rice, Condoleezza & Dallin, Alexander (eds.) (1986). The Gorbachev Era. Stanford Alumni Association, trade paperback (1986), ISBN 0-916318-18-4; Garland Publishing, Incorporated, hardcover (1992), 376 pages, ISBN 0-8153-0571-0.
- Rice, Condoleezza (1984). The Soviet Union and the Czechoslovak Army: Uncertain Allegiance. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-06921-2
- Rice, Condoleezza, "Campaign 2000: Promoting the national interest" in Foreign Affairs, 2000. [1]
Further reading
Academic studies
- John P. Burke; "Condoleezza Rice as NSC Advisor A Case Study of the Honest Broker Role" Presidential Studies Quarterly v 35 #3 pp 554+.
- James Mann. Rise of the Vulcans: The History of Bush's War Cabinet (2004)
Popular books and commentary
- Cunningham, Kevin (2005). Condoleezza Rice: U.S. Secretary Of State (Journey to Freedom) Child's World ISBN 1-59296-231-9
- Ditchfield, Christin (2003). Condoleezza Rice: National Security Advisor (Great Life Stories) middle school audience Franklin Watts ISBN 0-531-12307-3
- Felix, Antonia (2002). Condi: The Condoleezza Rice Story. Newmarket Press. ISBN 1-55704-539-9
- Flanders, Laura. (2004). Bushwomen: Tales of a Cynical Species (Verso) ISBN 978-1859845875
- Kessler, Glenn (2007). The Confidante: Condoleezza Rice and the Creation of the Bush Legacy. [2] ISBN 978-0312363802
- Kettmann, Steve. Bush's Secret Weapon Salon.com
- Morris, Dick with Eileen McGann. (2005) Condi vs. Hillary: The Next Great Presidential Race Regan Books ISBN 0-06-083913-9
- Ryan, Bernard, Jr. (2003). Condoleezza Rice: National Security Advisor and Musician (Ferguson Career Biographies) Facts on File ISBN 0-8160-5480-0
- Wade, Linda R. (2002). Condoleezza Rice: A Real-Life Reader Biography (Real-Life Reader Biography) Mitchell Lane Publishers ISBN 1-58415-145-5, middle school audience
- Wade, Mary Dodson (2003). Condoleezza Rice: Being The Best Millbrook Press Lerner Books ISBN 0-7613-1927-1, middle school audience
External links
- Biography from the U.S. Department of State
- Biography from the White House
- Biography from the Hoover Institution
- Profile from BBC News
- Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice discusses U.S. Policy in Northeast Asia at the Heritage Foundation on October 25, 2006
- Op-ed by Rice in The Australian
| Academic offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Gerald J. Lieberman |
Provost of Stanford University 1993–1999 |
Succeeded by John L. Hennessy |
| Legal offices | ||
| Preceded by Sandy Berger |
United States National Security Advisor 2001–2005 |
Succeeded by Stephen Hadley |
| Political offices | ||
| Preceded by Colin Powell |
United States Secretary of State Served Under: George W. Bush January 26, 2005 - January 20, 2009 |
Succeeded by Hillary Rodham Clinton |
| Order of precedence | ||
| Preceded by Robert Byrd President pro tempore of the Senate |
United States Presidential Line of Succession 4th in line |
Succeeded by Henry Paulson Secretary of the Treasury |
| Order of precedence in the United States of America | ||
| Preceded by U.S. ambassadors (while at their posts); otherwise Bill Clinton Former President of the United States |
United States order of precedence United States Secretary of State |
Succeeded by Ambassadors Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of foreign states (in order of tenure); otherwise Betty Ford Widowed Former First Lady |
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| NAME | Rice, Condoleezza |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Rice, Condi |
| SHORT DESCRIPTION | American Republican politician; U.S. Secretary of State; political scientist |
| DATE OF BIRTH | November 14, 1954 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Birmingham, Alabama |
| DATE OF DEATH | |
| PLACE OF DEATH | |