Clear Channel Communications

CC Media Holdings, Inc.
Type Private
Founded 1972
Headquarters San Antonio, TX
Key people Mark Mays, CEO & President
Industry Entertainment, Advertising
Products radio, billboards
Revenue ▲$6.82 billion USD (2007)[1]
Net income ▲$938.5 million USD (2007)[1]
Owner Bain Capital
Thomas H. Lee Partners
Employees 35,200 full-time, 60,000 total
Website www.clearchannel.com

Clear Channel Communications is a media conglomerate company based in the United States. Clear Channel, founded in 1972 by Lowry Mays and Red McCombs, wields considerable influence in radio broadcasting, concert promotion and hosting, and fixed advertising in the United States through its subsidiaries. Clear Channel is the largest owner of full-power AM, FM, and shortwave radio stations and twelve radio channels on XM Satellite Radio, and is also the largest pure-play radio station owner and operator. The group previously was in the television business until it sold all of its TV stations to Newport Television in 2008. The present head of the company is Mark Mays, and its headquarters is located in San Antonio, Texas.

The term "clear channel" comes from AM broadcasting, referring to a channel (frequency) on which only one station transmits. In U.S. and Canadian broadcasting history, "clear channel" (or class I-A) stations had exclusive rights to their frequencies throughout most of the continent at night, when AM stations travel very far due to skywave. WOAI in San Antonio, Clear Channel's flagship station, was such a station.

Contents

History

Clear Channel Communications purchased its first FM station in San Antonio in 1972. The company purchased the second "clear channel" AM station WOAI in 1975. In 1976, the company purchased its first stations outside of San Antonio. KXXO AM and KMOD FM in Tulsa were acquired under the name "San Antonio Broadcasting" (same as KEEZ). Stations were also added in Port Arthur, TX (KPAC-AM-FM from Port Arthur College) and El Paso, TX (KELP AM (now KQBU AM) from John Walton, Jr.). In 1992, the U.S. Congress relaxed radio ownership rules slightly, allowing the company to acquire more than 2 stations per market. By 1995, Clear Channel owned 43 radio stations and 16 television stations. In 1996, the Telecommunications Act of 1996 became law. This act deregulated media ownership, allowing a company to own more stations than previously. Clear Channel went on a buying spree, purchasing more than 70 other media companies, plus individual stations.

In a few cases, following purchase of a competitor, Clear Channel was forced to divest some of its stations, as it were above the legal thresholds in some cities. In 2005, the courts ruled that Clear Channel must also divest itself of some "border blaster" radio stations in international border cities. One such instance was that of the nation's first alternative rock radio station, 91X in Tijuana, Baja California/San Diego.

In 1997 Clear Channel moved out of pure broadcasting when it purchased billboard firm Eller Media [1] which was led by Karl Eller.

In 1998 it made its first move outside of the United States when it acquired the leading UK outdoor advertising company More Group plc which was led by Roger Parry; Clear Channel went on to buy many other outdoor advertising, radio broadcasting, and live events companies around the world, which were then re-branded Clear Channel International. These included a 51% stake in Clear Media Ltd. in China [2].

In 1999, the company acquired Jacor Communications, a radio corporation based in Cincinnati, Ohio.

In 2005 Clear Channel Communications split into three separate companies. Clear Channel Communications was a radio broadcaster; Clear Channel Outdoor was out-of-home advertising; and Live Nation was live events. The Mays family remained in effective control of all three, and held key executive roles in each (with Mark Mays as CEO of both radio and outdoor and Randall Mays as Chairman of Live Nation).

On November 16, 2006, Clear Channel announced plans to go private, being bought out by two private-equity firms, Thomas H. Lee Partners and Bain Capital Partners for $18.7 billion, which is just under a 10 percent premium above its closing price of $35.36 a share on November 16 (the deal values Clear Channel at $37.60 per share).[2][3] The new ownership of Clear Channel has also announced that all of its TV stations were for sale, as well as 448 radio stations that were outside of the top 100 markets.[4] All of the TV stations and 161 of the radio stations were sold to a Providence Equity Partners, a private-equity firm, on April 23, 2007, pending FCC approval.[5]

On July 24, 2008, Clear Channel held a special shareholder meeting, during which the majority of shareholders accepted a revised $36-per-share offer from Bain Capital and Thomas H. Lee Partners.[6] The company announced on July 30 that it would offer shareholders either $36 in cash or one share of CC Media Class A common stock for each share of Clear Channel common stock held.[7]

Businesses

Clear Channel has purchased interest in, or outright acquired, companies in a number of media or advertising related industries. This is not an exhaustive list.

Radio

With 900 stations, Clear Channel is the largest radio station group owner in the United States, both by number of stations and by revenue. According to BIA Financial Network, Clear Channel Radio recorded more than $3.5 billion in revenues in as of 2005, more than $1 billion more than the number-two group owner, CBS Radio.[8]

Clear Channel has purchased stations from or acquired the following radio companies:

Outdoor advertising

Billboards at Dundas Square in Toronto, owned by Clear Channel.

Television

The first television station Clear Channel purchased was WPMI in Mobile, Alabama in 1988. It owned more than 40 additional stations, a few of which are independent (non-network affiliates). In 2007, the company entered into an agreement to sell all its television stations to Providence Equity Partners for $1.2 billion, a deal which eventually closed in March, 2008. All former Clear Channel television stations are now owned by Newport Television.

Live events

On December 21, 2005, Clear Channel completed the spin-off of Live Nation, formerly known as Clear Channel Entertainment. Live Nation is an independent company (NYSE: LYV) and is no longer owned by Clear Channel. Live Nation UK was also included in the spin off.

Note that post-spinoff, there is overlap the board between Clear Channel and Live Nation, specifically: L. Lowry Mays, Mark P. Mays (Former Vice Chairman of Live Nation), and Randall T. Mays (Former Chairman of Live Nation).[9]

News and information

Worldwide

Vertical Real Estate

In 2003, Clear Channel created the Vertical Real Estate division and hired Scott Quitadamo to promote its tower portfolio. Clear Channel owns and operates approximately 1,500 broadcast transmission towers across the US. many of which are available for co-location by third parties such as cellular and PCS companies, wireless internet, fixed wireless, and other broadcasters.

Corporate governance

Current members of the board of directors of Clear Channel Communications are: Alan Feld, Perry Lewis, Lowry Mays, B.J.(Red) McCombs, Phyllis Riggins, Theodore Strauss, J.C. Watts, and John H. Williams.

Tom Hicks and Vernon Jordan were formerly members of Clear Channel's board of directors. Jordan was a close friend and advisor to President Bill Clinton and was accused of lying to investigators during the investigations into perjury and obstruction of justice charges against Clinton. Hicks, Clear Channel's former vice-chairman, is a past donor to George W. Bush's political campaigns and a close associate of the Bush family. Hicks is the founder of Hicks, Muse, Tate & Furst, the private-equity firm which funded many of Clear Channel's antecedent companies, including most significantly CapStar and Chancellor Media.

Top executives

Lowry Mays
company founder, chairman;
Mark Mays
son of Lowry Mays, chief executive officer, president and chief operating officer;
Randall Mays
son of Lowry Mays, executive vice president and chief financial officer;
John Hogan
chief executive officer of Clear Channel radio

Sources: [11], [12]

Programming on Clear Channel radio stations

Clear Channel operates a the country's largest syndication service, Premiere Radio Networks. In addition, Clear Channel syndicates a number of its homegrown talk and music shows without the aid of Premiere. While Premiere actively sells its shows to stations, the non-Premiere syndicated shows are often used as a cost-cutting measure and do not have a large sales staff. Those shows also do not carry network-wide advertising (unless distributed by a third party), and allow the affiliates to keep all local spots, which increases their appeal. These networks carry many program hosts of various political ideologies and distribute a variety of programs to both Clear Channel-owned and non-Clear Channel-owned stations.

Main article: Premiere Radio Networks
Main article: List of shows syndicated by Clear Channel

Not all programming heard on Clear Channel's radio stations are produced in house; however, most of Clear Channel's stations share many similarities to each other in branding and programming.

Format Lab and HD2 Formats

Main article: Format Lab

The Format Lab is a think tank run by Clear Channel that produces over eighty channels of programming, varying from mainstream formats to the highly experimental. These channels are heard on most of Clear Channel's HD Radio subchannels on its stations across the country in a commercial-free format.

Only a few Clear Channel stations (such as KGB-FM and KLOU) produce locally originated HD2 channels, usually tape loops of programming heard on their regular channel.

Urban stations

Stations that carry programming catering to black Americans are a big part of many Clear Channel clusters, particularly Philadelphia, Chicago, and Detroit. In many clusters Clear Channel has two or more such stations. About half the Urban stations focus on Rap and Hip Hop along with younger R & B sounds. The other half blend some younger R & B along with some Soul from the 70's 80's, and 90's along with some current product. Some of the Hip Hop based Urban stations report as Rhythmic Top 40 stations rather than Urban stations because these stations also have some appeal to white and Hispanic listeners. In a cluster with multiple urban stations owned by Clear Channel, one is focused on Rap while the other is focused on Soul. Examples include Philadelphia, with WUSL's focus on hip hop while WDAS-FM focuses on Soul, and Chicago, where WGCI-FM focuses on rap while WVAZ is focused on Soul.

News talk stations

News talk stations owned by Clear Channel usually have a standard slate of hosts. The morning show is usually local, with other timeslots filled by local and syndicated hosts. Programs that appear on many Clear Channel talk stations include Glenn Beck Program, The Rush Limbaugh Show, Dr. Laura, and Coast to Coast AM, all of which are affiliated with Premiere Radio Networks in some fashion. The Sean Hannity Show, The Savage Nation, The Mark Levin Show and Dave Ramsey are non-Premiere shows that air on many (if not most) Clear Channel stations. Limbaugh is almost universally carried on Clear Channel stations in markets where the company has a news talk station, with the exception of markets such as Washington, DC and San Francisco, CA, where ABC Radio (which previously was Limbaugh's home network) has a news talk station in the market.

While most of Clear Channel's news/talk stations carry some combination of Beck, Limbaugh, Hannity, Savage and Noory (of Coast to Coast AM), this is not always the case. Many stations (particularly in the larger markets) like KFI, KFYI, KOA and WLW broadcast a lineup with significant local programming.

Clear Channel owns no all-news radio stations. Almost all of Clear Channel's primary talk stations are affiliated with Fox News Radio for national news

Liberal talk radio is heard on a few of Clear Channel's stations, primarily secondary to its main news talk stations, and usually feature at least one local host with a combination of Air America Radio and Jones Radio Networks programming.

Sports talk stations

Most sports talk stations owned by Clear Channel are affiliated with Fox Sports Radio and carry The Jim Rome Show; several have recently picked up The Dan Patrick Show. They are usually branded either Fox Sports or The Sports Animal.

Adult Standards

Most of Clear Channel's adult standards stations are turnkey operations, running a direct feed of the Music of Your Life network. Most of these stations have no local jocks or Web sites.

Adult Contemporary

Clear Channel's soft adult contemporary stations are usually branded as either "Lite FM" or "Sunny." Evenings are usually filled with Delilah, unless that show is already aired by another station, in which case the John Tesh Radio Show is often substituted.

Hot adult contemporary stations are usually branded as "Mix." Some Hot AC stations lean modern rock while others lean toward adult rock. Rhythmic adult contemporary stations are often branded as "The Party."

Contemporary hit radio

Clear Channel's CHR stations are usually branded as KISS FM or Z, or Q like in Z100 WHTZ Newark in New York & Z 100 KKRZ in Portland, OR and Q like in Q102 Philadelphia 102.1 WIOQ. Some have other branding, however, if the name to the format is owned by another company. Many run in-house syndicated morning shows (such as Florida's MJ Morning Show), especially in smaller markets. Middays (on the East Coast) on CHR stations have been adding On Air with Ryan Seacrest.

Country music

Country music stations owned by Clear Channel usually carry Blair Garner in overnights (and occasionally evenings), and many (although not all) carry Big D and Bubba in morning drive. There is no unified branding of Clear Channel's country stations.

Oldies and Classic Hits

Clear Channel's Oldies station consists largely of FM stations with some AM stations. Nearly all of the FM stations play oldies spanning from 1964 to 1975, with a 500 song active playlist split nearly half 1960's and half 1970's. The playlist also includes approximately a dozen pre 1964 tracks and around 50 songs from the late 70's and early 80's. These stations generally have a few local live announcers; much of the time these stations are voicetracked either locally or from another market. Most run syndicated programming on weekends, such as Dick Bartley or Mike Harvey on Saturday nights, Steve Goddard's programs (Goddard's Gold and/or The 70s), and recently, Casey Kasem's American Top 40: The 70s. A handful of Clear Channel's outlets have picked up syndicated weeknight fare, such as Mike Harvey, Marty Thompson or Tom Kent.

The AM oldies stations' playlists skew somewhat older and span from 1955 to about 1975. About 60 percent of the time they play 1964 to 1969 oldies, 20 percent pre 1964 oldies, and 20 percent music from the 1970s. Some of these also run Dick Bartley or Mike Harvey on Saturday nights. Some of the AM stations also run adult standards several hours on the weekend as well as limited specialized programming focusing on the pre 1964 era. Most of the AM stations are in smaller markets.

Rock

These stations tend to play a blend of new rock and harder classic rock. Some carry Nights with Alice Cooper in the evenings. These stations tend to be live during the day and voicetracked at night. Some stations run Rockline with Bob Coburn and/or Little Steven's Underground Garage as well.

Clear Channel classic rock stations are usually branded as "The Fox." Often, they will carry Bob and Tom in morning drive.

Spanish

In a few markets Clear Channel has an FM station carrying Hispanic programming full-time. In some markets the format is a Contemporary Tropical format while in others the format carried is more of a Mexican format. In a few markets a Clear Channel FM station carries a rap based Spanish format known as Hurban, which blends Spanish dance music with R & B hits as well as some Hip Hop. The division is run by Spanish radio executive Alfredo Alonso, who joined Clear Channel in September 2004 as Senior Vice President Hispanic Radio.[13]

Religious

In a few markets, Clear Channel has a religious station on the AM band. Some of these sell blocks of time to outside organizations and have no local shows at all except where local churches buy time. These are formatted similarly to Salem Media stations.

The other type of religious format Clear Channel uses on AM in a few markets is a Gospel music based format. On these stations Gospel Music appealing to black Americans airs most of the time along with some block programming sold to religious groups. These stations are often programmed as urban stations that happen to be religious.

Clear Channel syndicated programs

See List of shows syndicated by Clear Channel

Clear Channel Sale

On Friday, November 17, 2006, Clear Channel announced that it was going private and selling off almost one-third of its radio assets, according to The Washington Post and DHM. The buyers, led by Bain Capital Partners and Thomas H. Lee Partners, agreed to pay $26.7 billion for the company. In a separate transaction also announced on November 16, 2006, Clear Channel said it would seek buyers for all of its television stations and 539 of its smaller radio stations, presumably because the private-equity buyers are not interested in owning television or small-market radio. Over a hundred stations have already been assigned to Aloha Station Trust, LLC upon the consummation of the merger. The television stations were ultimately sold to Newport Television.

On September 25, 2007, the shareholders approved of the buyout, allowing Clear Channel to proceed with being taken private.

Setbacks

Due to the recent credit market crunch of 2007, Clear Channel has ended up with rejected sales of its radio stations. Clear Channel's attempt to sell off over 100 stations to GoodRadio.TV, LLC was rejected by the equity firm backing the deal. The deal has since shifted to Frequency License LLC, but has yet to resolve itself as the two parties are engaged in lawsuits. On top of that, the sale of Clear Channel's television portfolio to Newport Television had also turned uncertain, as parent company Providence Equity Partners considered other options, although this transaction was ultimately completed.[14].

On December 4, 2007, Clear Channel announced that they had extended the termination date of the merger from December 12, 2007, to June 12, 2008.[15] The buyout finally closed in July 2008.

Criticism of Clear Channel

Market share

In the late 1990s and early 2000s, the company became an object of persistent criticism. Critics claim that it has abused its market position and has operated in an unethical manner. FCC regulations were relaxed following the Telecommunications Act of 1996, allowing companies to own far more radio signals than before. After spending about $30 billion, Clear Channel owned over 1,200 stations nationwide, including as many as seven stations in certain markets. Competitors and listeners complained, but so far the company has been able to hold on to all of its stations after divesting a few following the acquisition of AMFM, although over 500 stations have since been sold or are in the process of being sold since the company announced plans to become privately held.

Other controversies have included changing many syndicated shows, most notably The Rush Limbaugh Show, from syndication to "network" status by flipping from well-known stronger news-talk stations to much weaker stations which are owned by Clear Channel, thereby making the show a "network" show instead of being syndicated.

Repeat songs and commercials

The company has been criticized for the multiple commercial breaks on its stations, and in response, it began its "Less Is More" campaign in November 2004. In contrast, however, the company recently won in an arbitration dispute with XM Satellite Radio over the right to air commercials on its XM music channels.

September 11, 2001

Main article: 2001 Clear Channel memorandum

Following the September 11 attacks on New York and The Pentagon, radio stations circulated a list of songs that were deemed inappropriate for broadcast during the time of national mourning following the attacks. A small list was initially generated by the Clear Channel office on Thursday, September 13, 2001,[16] though individual program directors added many of their own songs. A list containing about 150 songs was soon published on the Internet. Some critics suggested that Clear Channel's political preferences played a part in the list.[17] A number of songs were apparently placed on the list because they had specific words such as "plane", "fly", "burn," and "falling" in their titles. Clear Channel denies that this was a list of banned songs, claiming it was a list of titles that should be played only after great thought.[18] Songs on the list included Tom Petty's "Free Fallin'," Louis Armstrong's "What a Wonderful World" and the entire Rage Against the Machine discography.

Live music recordings

In 2004, Clear Channel acquired a key patent in the process of producing Instant Live recordings, in which a live performance is recorded directly from the sound engineer's console during the show, and then rapidly burned on CD so that audience members can buy copies of the show as they are leaving the venue. This had been intended to provide additional revenue to the artist, venue, and promoter, as well as stifle the demand for unauthorized bootleg concert recordings made by audience members for profit. However, some media critics, as well as smaller business rivals, believed that Clear Channel is using the patent (on the process of adding cues to the beginning and ending of tracks during recording, so that the concert is not burned as a single enormous track) to drive competitors out of business or force them to pay licensing fees, even if they do not use precisely the same process. The patent was transferred to Live Nation when Clear Channel Entertainment was spun off, but the patent was revoked on March 13, 2007[19], after it was found that this patent infringed on a prior patent granted for Telex.

Indecency zero tolerance

During the nationwide crackdown on indecent material following the 2004 Super Bowl, Clear Channel launched a "self-policing" effort, and declared that there would be no "indecent" material allowed on the air. This led to the company's dismissal of several of their own employees, including popular and high-profile hosts in a number of cities. Free-speech advocates cried foul. During this same period, Howard Stern was dropped from six Clear Channel owned stations in Florida, California, Pennsylvania, New York and Kentucky. By mid-year, rival Viacom (through radio division Infinity Broadcasting) brought Stern's show back to those six markets. In June, 2004, Viacom/Infinity Broadcasting Inc./One Twelve Inc. filed a $10 million lawsuit against Clear Channel for breaking of contracts and non-payment of licensing fees due to the dropping of Stern's show. (Viacom was Howard Stern's employer at the time, though he has since moved to Sirius Satellite Radio). The following July, Clear Channel filed a countersuit of $3 million. Meanwhile, Clear Channel has continued to battle salacious content on the airwaves. Every Programming employee is required to take online training and testing to ensure they understand the difference between indecency and obscenity.

Concerts

During the time that Clear Channel owned a live music division (then called SFX and later Clear Channel Entertainment, spun off in 2005 into a completely independent company, Live Nation), Clear Channel was involved in numerous controversies in live entertainment and promotions.

In the early 2000s, Clear Channel settled a lawsuit with a Denver, Colorado concert promoter, Nobody In Particular Presents (NIPP). In the lawsuit, NIPP alleged that Clear Channel halted airplay on its local stations for (NIPP) clients, and that Clear Channel would not allow NIPP to publicize its concerts on the air. The lawsuit was settled in 2004 with no monetary consideration, but Clear Channel has new rules regarding local concert promotion in Denver.

In 2002, Clear Channel was sued by the US Justice Department for not allowing people with diabetes to bring medically necessary supplies, including syringes used for insulin, into concert venues. Clear Channel changed their policy shortly afterward.

In 2004, Clear Channel was sued by a San Francisco, California man for charging a mandatory parking fee on every ticket sold for a venue, whether the person purchasing the ticket was driving alone, car-pooling, or using public transportation. This has not been resolved by Clear Channel or Live Nation, its successor.

Promotions

Women's health advocates heavily criticized a contest ("Breast Christmas Ever") conducted by The MJ Morning Show that went to air on Clear Channel's stations in Tampa, Jacksonville, St. Louis, and Detroit during late 2004. Contest prizes included breast enlargement surgery but provided for no legal recourse in the event of malpractice. The contest, now known as "Jingle Jugs," continues on the program to this day.

Clear Channel distanced itself from the contest, with spokesperson Jennifer Gery stating, "It's not a Clear Channel-sponsored contest; we empower our local manager to make programming decisions." This statement was met with some skepticism. Editor of 'The Radio Wave', Ian MacRae's responded, "Sure, but the concept was obviously floated to stations by the network [Clear Channel] in the first place. Either that or it's a hell of a coincidence that four Clear Channels thought of it at the same time."

Use of Non-Local DJs

Clear Channel utilizes technology (known as Prophet) that allows a DJ from anywhere in the country to sound as if he or she is broadcasting from anywhere else in the country, on any other station.[20] A technological outgrowth of earlier, tape-based automation systems dating back to the 1960s, this is called voice-tracking, and some smaller market stations are partially or completely staffed by these "cyber-jocks" who may have never visited the town they are broadcasting in. In some instances this allows the corporation to eliminate or reduce on-air staff positions. It's been stated that Clear Channel maintains a majority of its staff in hourly-paid, part-time positions. They may also voice track several other cities. Not all radio stations use Prophet; there are other systems available for broadcasters, especially when satellite-based programming is used.

Ed McMann is among Clear Channel's most prolific voice-track announcers and can be heard on six Clear Channel stations.

Rejection of anti-war billboard

In 2004, Project Billboard, a non-profit Democratic political advocacy group, filed a breach of contract suit against Clear Channel for the rejection by its outdoor advertising division of a billboard ad against the war in Iraq. The ad, intended for a 40-foot billboard in Times Square managed by Clear Channel, was to have the slogan, "Democracy is best taught by example, not by war," along with a red, white, and blue cartoon image of a bomb. Clear Channel's contract with Project Billboard only allowed the company to reject ads that were illegal or contrary to public morals; Clear Channel claimed that the image of the bomb was insensitive in New York City, the site of the most devastating of the 9/11 terrorist attacks. Project Billboard claimed that Clear Channel's rejection was instead for purely political reasons. Clear Channel settled the suit by agreeing to an alternative featuring an image of a peace dove instead of a bomb.

Censorship

Clear Channel has been criticized for censoring opinions critical of George W. Bush and other Republicans. Clear Channel-owned KTVX was the only local television station which refused to air the paid political message of Cindy Sheehan against the war in Iraq.[21] Some Utahns consider this to be another act of censorship of grass-roots free speech, a charge which appears to be countered by the fact that Clear Channel changed many of its AM talk/music stations to the progressive talk format (featuring the Air America Radio network) which is highly critical of President Bush. However, Clear Channel has begun flipping some of their progressive stations to other formats.

Official response to controversy

Clear Channel denies most of these allegations. An article titled Know the Facts on its corporate website addresses many of these concerns. It also mentions a radio company once owned by Viacom. In its previous corporate structure, Viacom had purchased the broadcast interests of Westinghouse, another major defense contractor. However, Viacom has split up, and today the company, called CBS Radio, is part of CBS Corporation.

Foreign Subsidiaries

Australia

New Zealand

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Clear Channel Investor Relations (2008-02-14). ""Clear Channel Announces Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2007 Results"". clearchannel.com. Clear Channel. Retrieved on 2008-05-04.
  2. ↑ Clear Channel Communications (2006-11-16). "Clear Channel Communications, Inc. Enters into Merger Agreement with Private Equity Group Co-Led By Bain Capital Partners, LLC and Thomas H. Lee Partners, L.P.". Press release. Retrieved on 2007-05-03.
  3. ↑ Frank Ahrens (2006-11-17). "Clear Channel Sale to End Era", The Washington Post, p. D1. Retrieved on 2007-05-03. 
  4. ↑ Clear Channel Communications (2006-11-16). "Clear Channel Announces Plan to Sell Radio Stations Outside the Top 100 Markets and Entire Television Station Group". Press release. Retrieved on 2007-05-03.
  5. ↑ Wall Street Journal newswire (2007-04-23). "Clear Channel sells TV assets to Providence Equity", The Boston Globe. Retrieved on 2007-05-03. 
  6. ↑ Clear Channel shareholders OK $17.9 billion buyout - (retrieved July 14, 2008)
  7. ↑ Yorke, Jeffrey (7/30/2008). "Clear Channel Privatization Deal Done", Radio and Records. 
  8. ↑ "The Top 25 Radio Groups By Revenue", Radio World (July 19, 2006), p. 28. 
  9. ↑ "Corporate Governance – Board of Directors". Live Nation. Retrieved on 2007-05-06.
  10. ↑ GPS For Avoiding Traffic Jams - Reviews by PC Magazine
  11. ↑ "Executives". Clear Channel Communications. Retrieved on 2007-05-06.
  12. ↑ "Clear Channel Radio Fact Sheet". Clear Channel Communications. Retrieved on 2007-05-06.
  13. ↑ www.bizjournals.com/seattle/stories/2004/09/13/daily25.html?jst=s_cn_hl - 100k -
  14. ↑ The Florida Times-Union, Sale of Clear Channel TV stations uncertain. 2007-11-09
  15. ↑ Radio-Info.com. Clear Channel now says it won't close the going-private deal this year, 2007-12-04
  16. ↑ In 2001, Jack Evans, regional senior VP of programming at Clear Channel, attributed the creation of the list to individual program directors rather than management, however the completed list was distributed to the program directors by management at Clear Channel. See also: Truitt, Eliza (2001-09-17). "It's the End of the World as Clear Channel Knows It". Chatterbox. Slate.com. Retrieved on 2007-09-14.
  17. ↑ LiP | Music Review | Bad Transmission: Clear Channel's Hit List
  18. ↑ Clear Channel Communications, Inc. (2001-09-18). "Clear Channel Says National "Banned Playlist" Does Not Exist". Press release. Retrieved on 2008-08-03.
  19. ↑ Electronic Frontier Foundation (2007-03-13). "EFF Kills Bogus Clear Channel Patent". Press release. Retrieved on 2007-05-06.
  20. ↑ Washburn, Mark (May 26, 2002). "The voice of Charlotte... and Huntsville... and Jackson...", The Charlotte Observer, p. 1H. Retrieved on November 25, 2008. 
  21. ↑ "TV station refuses to air anti-war ad days before Bush visit", USA Today (2005-08-20). Retrieved on 2007-01-13. 

Further reading

  1. Eric Boehlert, Radio's big bully, salon.com, April 30, 2001
  2. Eric Boehlert, Tough company, salon.com, May 30, 2001
  3. Group sues over anti-war billboard, CNN, July 12, 2004
  4. Salon.com article on Clear Channel

External links

Clear Channel Communications, Inc.
Corporate officers

Lowry Mays • Mark Mays • Randall Mays • Tom Hicks
Board of directors

Alan Feld • Perry Lewis • Lowry Mays • B.J. McCombs • Phyllis Riggins • Theodore Strauss • J. C. Watts • John H. Williams
Local radio, TV, and satellite radio assets
Further information: List of broadcast stations owned by Clear Channel
Radio Networks

Australian Radio Network (50%) • Fox Sports Radio • National Lampoon Comedy Radio (dist./sales)• Premiere Radio Networks • The Radio Network (50%)
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Clear Channel Outdoor • Clear Channel UK • Format Lab
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