Chinese art
Chinese art (Chinese: 中國藝術/中国艺术) has varied throughout its ancient history, divided into periods by the ruling dynasties of China and changing technology. Different forms of art have been influenced by great philosophers, teachers, religious figures and even political leaders. Chinese art encompasses fine arts, folk arts and performance arts.
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History
A Early forms of art in China were made from pottery and jade in the Neolithic period, to which was added bronze in the Shang Dynasty. The Shang are most remembered for their blue casting, noted for its clarity of detail. Early Chinese music and poetry was influenced by the Book of Song, Confucius and the Chinese poet and statesman Qu Yuan. Early Chinese music was based on percussion instruments, which later gave away to string and reed instruments. Chinese furniture began its development around 202 AD, generally made of softwood or bamboo.
In early imperial China, porcelain was introduced and was refined to the point that in English the word china has become synonymous with high-quality porcelain. Around the 1st century AD, Buddhism arrived in China, though it did not become popular until the 4th century. At this point, Chinese Buddhist art began to flourish, a process which continued through the 20th century. It was during the period of Imperial China that calligraphy and painting became highly appreciated arts in court circles, with a great deal of work done on silk until well after the invention of paper.
Buddhist architecture and sculpture thrived in the Sui and Tang dynasty. Of which, the Tang Dynasty was particularly open to foreign influence. Buddhist sculpture returned to a classical form, inspired by Indian art of the Gupta period. Towards the late Tang dynasty, all foreign religions were outlawed to support Taoism.
In the Song Dynasty, poetry was marked by a lyric poetry known as Ci (詞) which expressed feelings of desire, often in an adopted persona. Also in the Song dynasty, paintings of more subtle expression of landscapes appeared, with blurred outlines and mountain contours which conveyed distance through an impressionistic treatment of natural phenomena. It was during this period that in painting, emphasis was placed on spiritual rather than emotional elements, as in the previous period. Kunqu, the oldest extant form of Chinese opera developed during the Song Dynasty in Kunshan, near present-day Shanghai. In the Yuan dynasty, painting by the Chinese painter Zhao Mengfu (趙孟頫) greatly influenced later Chinese landscape painting, and the Yuan dynasty opera became a variant of Chinese opera which continues today as Cantonese opera.
Late imperial China was marked by two specific dynasties: Ming and Qing. Of Ming Dynasty poetry, Gao Qi was acknowledged as the most popular poet of the era. Artwork in the Ming dynasty perfected color painting and color printing, with a wider color range and busier compositions than Song paintings. In the Qing dynasty, Beijing opera was introduced; it is considered the one of the best-known forms of Chinese opera. Qing poetry was marked by a poet named Yuan Mei whose poetry has been described as having "unusually clear and elegant language" and who stressed the importance of personal feeling and technical perfection. Under efforts of masters from the Shanghai School during the late Qing Dynasty, traditional Chinese art reached another climax and continued to the present in forms of the "Chinese painting" (guohua, 國畫). The Shanghai School challenged and broke the literati tradition of Chinese art, while also paying technical homage to the ancient masters and improving on existing traditional techniques.
Contemporary
New forms of Chinese art was heavily influenced by the New Culture Movement, which adopted Western techniques, and employed socialist realism. The Cultural Revolution would shape Chinese art in the 20th century like no other event in history with the Four Olds destruction campaign. Contemporary Chinese artists continue to produce a wide range of experimental works, multimedia installations, and performance "happenings" which have become very popular in the international art market.
Art market
Today, the market of Chinese art is widely reported to be among the hottest and fastest-growing in the world, attracting buyers all over the world.[1][2][3] The Voice of America reported in 2006 that Modern Chinese art is raking in record prices both internationally and in domestic markets, some experts even fearing the market might be overheating.[4] The Economist reported that Chinese art has become the latest darling in the world market according to the record sales from Sotheby's and Christie's, the biggest fine-art auction houses.[5] The International Herald Tribune reported that Chinese porcelains were fought over in the art market as "if there was no tomorrow".[6] A 14th century porcelain vase was easily sold by the Christie's with a staggering £15.68 million.[7][8] In terms of buying-market, China recently overtook France becoming the world's third-largest art market, after the United States and the United Kingdom, due to the growing middle-class in the country.[9][10] Sotheby's noted that Contemporary Chinese art has rapidly changed the Contemporary Asian art world into one of the most dynamic sectors on the international art market.[11]
Types
| Art type | Main art | Major category | Start era |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese folk art | Papercutting | Chinese paper cutting | Eastern Han Dynasty |
| Chinese paper folding | Eastern Han Dynasty | ||
| Puppetry | Glove puppetry | - | |
| Chinese shadow theatre | Han Dynasty | ||
| Handicraft | Chinese knot | Tang Dynasty | |
| Literature | Chinese literature | Chinese classic texts | Spring and Autumn Period |
| Chinese poetry | Spring and Autumn Period | ||
| Chinese historiography | Spring and Autumn Period | ||
| Chinese dictionary | Zhou Dynasty | ||
| Visual art | |||
| Pottery | Chinese ceramics | Palaeolithic | |
| Embroidery | Chinese embroidery | Neolithic | |
| Chinese painting | Ming Dynasty painting | Ming Dynasty | |
| Tang Dynasty painting | Tang Dynasty | ||
| Ink and wash painting | Tang Dynasty | ||
| Shan Shui painting | Song Dynasty | ||
| East Asian calligraphy | Oracle bone script | Shang Dynasty | |
| Cursive script | Han Dynasty | ||
| Comics | Lianhuanhua | 1880s | |
| Manhua | 1880s, termed in 1920s | ||
| Film | Cinema of China | 1890s | |
| Chinese animation | 1920s | ||
| Chinese music | |||
| Traditional | Instrumental | Zhou Dynasty | |
| Yayue | Western Zhou Dynasty | ||
| Modern | National music | 1910s | |
| C-pop | 1920s | ||
| Chinese rock | 1980s | ||
| Performing arts | Variety art | Chinese variety art | Han Dynasty |
| Chinese opera | Beijing opera | - | |
| Kunqu | - | ||
| Cantonese opera | - | ||
| Theatre | Xiangsheng | Ming Dynasty | |
| Shuochang narrative | Quyi | Dynastic times, termed in 1940s | |
| Dances | Dragon Dance | - | |
| Lion Dance | - | ||
| Architecture | Landscape architecture | Chinese architecture | - |
| Gardening | Chinese Garden | Scholar's Garden | Zhou Dynasty |
| Bonsai | Penjing | - |
See also
- Culture of China
- Culture of Hong Kong
- Longmen Grottoes
- Four Olds
- Eastern art history
References
- ↑ Christie's Going, Going to China to Hold Auctions. The New York Times
- ↑ Booming Chinese Art Market - Report. The New York Times
- ↑ Chinese Art - Report. The New York Times
- ↑ Market Red Hot for Modern Chinese Art. Voice of America.
- ↑ The over-heating art market. The Economist.
- ↑ Disregarded yesterday; pricey Chinese art today. International Herald Tribune.
- ↑ Chinese jar sets record for Asian art. International Herald Tribune.
- ↑ Chinese Jar Sets Record for Asian Art. The New York Times.
- ↑ Culture and art Beijing style. Emirates Business-24
- ↑ China way ahead of India in Contemporary art. The Economic Times
- ↑ Sotheby's - Specialist Department Overview
Further reading
- Lee Yuan-Yuan and Shen, Sinyan. Chinese Musical Instruments (Chinese Music Monograph Series). 1999. Chinese Music Society of North America Press. ISBN 1-880464039
- Shen, Sinyan. China: A Journey into Its Musical Art (Chinese Music Monograph Series). 2001. Chinese Music Society of North America Press. ISBN 1-880464071
- Shen, Sinyan. Chinese Music in the 20th Century (Chinese Music Monograph Series). 2001. Chinese Music Society of North America Press. ISBN 1-880464047
- Watson, W., The Arts of China to AD 1900 (Yale University Press, 1995).
External links
- Chinese Sumi-e by Artist Sheng Kuan Chung
- Chinese Landscape Paintings (pictures)
- The Canadian Museum of Civilization - Masterpieces of 20th-century Chinese painting
- 88 mocca - The Museum of Chinese Contemporary Art on the web
- ShangART Gallery Shanghai
- The Saatchi Gallery
- Yan Gallery - Modern and Chinese Contemporary Art
- Gallery of China Traditional Chinese Art
- Chinese Contemporary Art
- Chinese Paper Cut Art
- Portraits paintings - Picture
- Art Realization China - Contemporary and Traditional Chinese Art
- Chinese Calligraphy, Visual Art
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