Caracalla
| Caracalla | |
| Emperor of the Roman Empire | |
|---|---|
 |
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| Reign | 198 - 209 (with Severus); 209 - February 4 211 (with Severus & Geta); February - December 211 (with Geta); December 211 - 8 April 217 (alone) |
| Full name | Lucius Septimius Bassianus (from birth to 195); Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Caesar (195 to 198); Caesar Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus (198 to 211); Caesar Marcus Aurelius Severus Antoninus Pius Augustus (211 to death) |
| Born | April 4, 188 |
| Birthplace | Lugdunum |
| Died | April 8, 217 (aged 29) |
| Place of death | Near Harran |
| Predecessor | Septimius Severus (alone) |
| Successor | Macrinus |
| Wife | Fulvia Plautilla |
| Dynasty | Severan |
| Father | Septimius Severus |
| Mother | Julia Domna |
| Roman imperial dynasties | |||
| Severan dynasty | |||
 The Severan Tondo |
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| Chronology | |||
| Septimius Severus | 193 – 198 | ||
| -with Caracalla | 198 – 209 | ||
| -with Caracalla and Geta | 209 – 211 | ||
| Caracalla and Geta | 211 – 211 | ||
| Caracalla | 211 – 217 | ||
| Interlude: Macrinus | 217 – 218 | ||
| Elagabalus | 218 – 222 | ||
| Alexander Severus | 222 – 235 | ||
| Dynasty | |||
| Severan dynasty family tree Category:Severan Dynasty |
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| Succession | |||
| Preceded by Year of the Five Emperors |
Followed by Crisis of the Third Century |
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Caracalla (April 4 188 – April 8, 217), born Lucius Septimius Bassianus and later called Marcus Aurelius Antoninus and Marcus Aurelius Severus Antoninus, was the eldest son of Septimius Severus and Roman Emperor from 211 – 217.[1] He was one of the most nefarious of Roman emperors.[2][3] Caracalla's reign was notable for:
- the Constitutio Antoniniana, granting Roman citizenship to freemen throughout the Roman Empire, according to Cassius Dio in order to increase taxation;
- debasing the silver content in Roman coinage by 25 percent in order to pay the legions; and
- the construction of a large thermae outside Rome, the remains of which, known as the Baths of Caracalla, can still be seen today.
"Caracalla was the common enemy of all mankind," wrote Edward Gibbon.[4] He spent his reign traveling from province to province so that each could experience his "rapine and cruelty."[4]
Contents |
Rise to power
Caracalla, of mixed Phonecian/Berber[5][6] and Syrian descent,[7] was born Lucius Septimius Bassianus in Lugdunum, Gaul (now Lyon, France), the son of the later Emperor Septimius Severus and Julia Domna. At the age of seven, his name was changed to Marcus Aurelius Septimius Bassianus Antoninus to solidify connection to the family of Marcus Aurelius. He was later given the nickname Caracalla, which referred to the Gallic hooded tunic he habitually wore and which he made fashionable.
His father, who had taken the imperial throne in 193, died in 211 while touring the northern marches at Eboracum (York), and Caracalla was proclaimed co-emperor with his brother Publius Septimius Antoninius Geta. However since both of them wanted to be the sole ruler, tensions between the brothers were evident in the few months they ruled the empire together (they even considered dividing the empire in two, but were persuaded not to do so by their mother). In December 211, Caracalla had Geta, the family of his former father-in-law Gaius Fulvius Plautianus, his wife Fulvia Plautilla (also his paternal second cousin), and her brother assassinated. He persecuted Geta's supporters and ordered a damnatio memoriae by the Senate against his brother.
Reign
In 213 Caracalla went north to the German frontier to deal with the Alamanni who were causing trouble in the Agri Decumates. The emperor managed to win the sympathy of the soldiers with generous pay rises and popular gestures, like marching on foot among the ordinary soldiers, eating the same food, and even grinding his own flour with them.
Caracalla defeated the Alamanni in a battle near the river Rhine, but failed to win a decisive victory over them. After a peace agreement was brokered, the senate conferred upon him the title "Germanicus Maximus". In the next year the emperor traveled to the East.
When the inhabitants of Alexandria heard Caracalla's claims that he had killed Geta in self-defense, they produced a satire mocking this claim, as well as Caracalla's other pretensions. Caracalla responded to this insult savagely in 215 by slaughtering the deputation of leading citizens who had unsuspectingly assembled before the city to greet his arrival, and then unleashed his troops for several days of looting and plunder in Alexandria. According to historian Cassius Dio, over 20,000 people were killed.
During his reign as emperor, Caracalla raised the annual pay of an average legionary to 675 denarii and lavished many benefits on the army which he both feared and admired, as instructed by his father Septimius Severus who had told him to always mind the soldiers and ignore everyone else.[8]
Seeking to secure his own legacy, Caracalla also commissioned one of Rome's last major architectural achievements, the Baths of Caracalla, the largest public bath ever built in ancient Rome. The main room of the baths was larger than St. Peter's Basilica, and could easily accommodate over 2,000 Roman citizens at one time. The bath house opened in 216, complete with private rooms and outdoor tracks. Internally it was decorated with golden trim and mosaics.
Fall
While travelling from Edessa to begin a war with Parthia, he was assassinated while urinating at a roadside near Harran on April 8, 217 by Julius Martialis, an officer in the imperial bodyguard. Herodian says that Martialis' brother had been executed a few days earlier by Caracalla on an unproven charge; Cassius Dio, on the other hand, says that Martialis was resentful at not being promoted to the rank of centurion. The escort of the emperor gave him privacy to relieve himself, and Martialis ran forward and killed Caracalla with a single sword stroke. He immediately fled on horseback, but was killed by a bodyguard archer.
Caracalla was succeeded by the Praetorian Prefect of the Guard, Macrinus, who almost certainly was part of the conspiracy against the emperor.
His nickname
According to Aurelius Victor in his Epitome de Caesaribus, the cognomen "Caracalla" refers to a Gallic cloak that Caracalla adopted as a personal fashion, which spread to his army and his court.[9] Cassius Dio[10] and the Historia Augusta[11] agree that his nickname derived from his cloak, but do not mention its country of origin.
Legendary king of Britain
Geoffrey of Monmouth's legendary History of the Kings of Britain makes Caracalla a king of Britain, referring to him by his actual name "Bassianus", rather than the nickname Caracalla. After Severus's death, the Romans wanted to make Geta king of Britain, but the Britons preferred Bassianus because he had a British mother. The two brothers fought a battle in which Geta was killed, and Bassianus succeeded to the throne. He ruled until he was betrayed by his Pictish allies and overthrown by Carausius, who, according to Geoffrey, was a Briton, rather than the Menapian Gaul that he actually was.[12]
See also
- Severan dynasty family tree
References
- ↑ "Caracalla" The New Zealand Oxford Dictionary. Tony Deverson. Oxford University Press 2004. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press.
- ↑ "Caracalla" A Dictionary of British History. Ed. John Cannon. Oxford University Press, 2001. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press.
- ↑ "Caracalla" World Encyclopedia. Philip's, 2005. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Gibbon, Edward, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Chapter VI.
- ↑ Marcel Le Glay. Rome : T2, Grandeur et chute de l'Empire p336. Librairie Académique Perrin, 2005. ISBN 978-2262018986
- ↑ Gilbert Meynier. L’Algérie des origines :De la préhistoire à l’avènement de l’Islam p74. La découverte, 2007. ISBN 978-2707150882
- ↑ See Julia Domna for references
- ↑ [1]
- ↑ Aurelius Victor, Epitome de Caesaribus 21 (translation). For information on the caracallus garment, see William Smith Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities: "Caracalla"
- ↑ Cassius Dio, Roman History 79.3
- ↑ Historia Augusta: Caracalla 9.7, Septimius Severus 21.11
- ↑ Geoffrey of Monmouth, Historia Regum Britanniae 5.2-3
External links
- Life of Caracalla (Historia Augusta at LacusCurtius: Latin text and English translation)
| Preceded by Septimius Severus |
Roman Emperor 198 – 217 with Septimius Severus (198–211) and Geta (209–211) |
Succeeded by Macrinus |
| Preceded by Geta |
Legendary kings of Britain | Succeeded by Interregnum - Carausius |
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| NAME | Caracalla |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Lucius Septimius Bassianus; Marcus Aurelius Antoninus |
| SHORT DESCRIPTION | Roman emperor |
| DATE OF BIRTH | 4 April 186 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Lugdunum, Gaul |
| DATE OF DEATH | 8 April 217 |
| PLACE OF DEATH | near Harran |