Brian Cowen

Brian Cowen TD
Taoiseach
Incumbent
Assumed office  7 May 2008
President	Mary McAleese
Tánaiste	Mary Coughlan
Preceded by	Bertie Ahern
Tánaiste
In office 14 June 2007 – 7 May 2008
Taoiseach	Bertie Ahern
Preceded by	Michael McDowell
Succeeded by	Mary Coughlan
Minister for Finance
In office 29 September 2004 – 7 May 2008
Taoiseach	Bertie Ahern
Preceded by	Charlie McCreevy
Succeeded by	Brian Lenihan, Jnr
Minister for Foreign Affairs
In office 27 January 2000 – 29 September, 2004
Taoiseach	Bertie Ahern
Preceded by	David Andrews
Succeeded by	Dermot Ahern
Minister for Health and Children Minister for Health (1997)
In office 26 June 1997 – 27 January 2000
Taoiseach	Bertie Ahern
Preceded by	Michael Noonan
Succeeded by	Micheál Martin
Minister for Transport, Energy and Communications
In office 22 January 1993 – 15 December 1994
Taoiseach	Albert Reynolds
Preceded by	Charlie McCreevy
Succeeded by	Michael Lowry
Minister for Energy
In office 12 January, 1993 – January 22, 1994
Taoiseach	Albert Reynolds
Preceded by	Albert Reynolds
Succeeded by	Charlie McCreevy
Minister for Labour
In office 11 February 1992 – 12 January 1993
Taoiseach	Albert Reynolds
Preceded by	Michael O'Kennedy
Succeeded by	Mervyn Taylor
Teachta Dála
Incumbent
Assumed office  14 June 1984
Preceded by	Bernard Cowen
Constituency	Laois-Offaly
Born	10 January 1960 (1960-01-10) (age 49) Clara, County Offaly, Ireland.
Political party	Fianna Fáil
Spouse	Mary Molloy
Children	2
Alma mater	Cistercian College, Roscrea University College Dublin

Brian Cowen (Irish: Brian Ó Comhain, born 10 January 1960) is the current Taoiseach of Ireland. He took office on 7 May 2008, heading a coalition government led by his Fianna Fáil party that includes the Green Party and the Progressive Democrats, with the support of independent TDs.

He has been a Teachta Dála (TD) for the constituency of Laois-Offaly since 1984. He previously served as Minister for Labour (1992–1993), Minister for Energy (1993), Minister for Transport, Energy & Communications (1993–1994), Minister for Health & Children (1997–2000), Minister for Foreign Affairs (2000–2004) and Minister for Finance (2004–2008). He served as Tánaiste from 2007 to 2008. He became leader of Fianna Fáil on the resignation of Bertie Ahern. On 7 May 2008 following the resignation of Bertie Ahern as Taoiseach, Cowen was nominated in the Dáil and elected Taoiseach.

Early and private life

Brian Cowen was born in Clara, County Offaly^[1] on 10 January 1960 (1960-01-10) (age 49) . He grew up at the family home at Clara. He is the son of Bernard and May Cowen.^[2] His father, Bernard Cowen, was a former Fianna Fáil TD and Senator. Bernard Cowen died in 1984. The family owned a public house in Clara town, located adjacent to the family home. His father also worked as an auctioneer. From an early age, Brian Cowen frequently worked as a barman in his father's pub.^[3] He has two brothers — Christopher and Barry.^[2] His brother, Barry, is also involved in politics and is a Fianna Fáil Councillor on Offaly County Council.^[4][5][6] His other brother, Christopher, is a publican (whom Revenue discovered didn't pay his taxes^[7]), who runs the family Pub and is the oldest of the Cowen brothers. The old Cowen family home and Pub are soon to be demolished to make way for a new development.^[8][9]

Cowen was educated at Clara National School, Ard Scoil Naomh Chiaráin (St. Ciaran's High School), located at Clara, Co. Offaly, and the Cistercian College of Mount St. Joseph in Roscrea, Co. Tipperary. He was 12 years old when he entered Mount St Joseph College, as a boarder.^[10] After secondary school, he attended University College Dublin where he studied law. He subsequently qualified as a solicitor from the Incorporated Law Society of Ireland, Dublin.^[1]

Cowen is married to Mary Molloy and has two daughters.^[11][1][12]

He is a member of the Gaelic Athletic Association and continues to serve as president of Clara GAA club. He also lined out with the Offaly Gaelic football team in the early 1980s. Cowen likes to socialise with his constituents in some of the local pubs in his native Offaly.^[13] In May 2003 he took part in a charity CD project organised by 'The Brewery Tap' pub in Tullamore. All proceeds from the CD went to charity and featured 28 songs, including Cowen singing the Phil Coulter song, "The Town I Loved So Well".^[14]

In May 2007, Cowen told Jason O'Toole of Hot Press that, as a student, "I would say there were a couple of occasions when marijuana was passed around – and, unlike President Clinton, I did inhale! There wasn’t a whole lot in it really".^[15][16]

Early political life

Cowen was elected to Dáil Éireann in the Laois-Offaly by-election of 1984, caused by the death of his father. At the time Cowen, at the age of 24, became the youngest member of the 24th Dáil. He was also elected to Offaly County Council in the same year, taking over the seat vacated by his late father. He served on that authority until 1992.

Cowen remained on the backbenches of Dáil Éireann for the next seven years. Following the 1989 general election when Fianna Fáil entered into a coalition government with the Progressive Democrats for the first time, Cowen was one of a number of TDs who were vehemently opposed to the move. Two years later in November 1991 the then Minister for Finance, Albert Reynolds, challenged Charles Haughey for the leadership of the party. Cowen firmly aligned himself behind Reynolds and quickly became associated with the party's so-called '"Country & Western" wing. Reynolds's supporters earned this nickname due to the fact that the vast majority were rural deputies and that Reynolds had made a lot of money in the dance hall business in the 1960s. Reynolds became leader on his second attempt, when Haughey was forced to retire as Taoiseach in 1992.

Reynolds appointed Cowen, then just turned 32, to his first cabinet position as Minister for Labour. In spite of being a member of the cabinet his attitude to his coalition partners, the Progressive Democrats, was hostile. This was evident at the Fianna Fáil party's Ardfheis in March 1992. In the main warm-up to the leader's address, Cowen was even more blunt regarding his attitude to coalition, making the statement, "What about the PDs? When in doubt leave them out." Cowen's career has featured contention, argument and conflict. He rowed with the PDs, being furious at their interference with Fianna Fail's view that, as majority partner, they should have wielded the power. ^[17]

The 1992 general election produced a hung Dáil and resulted in negotiations getting underway between all the main parties. Cowen, along with Noel Dempsey and Bertie Ahern, negotiated on behalf of Fianna Fáil in an attempt to form a government with the Labour Party. A deal was reached between the two parties, and Cowen was again appointed Minister for Transport, Energy and Communications. In that role he implemented the controversial decision to relax the so-called stopover at Shannon Airport, which allowed limited direct trans-Atlantic flights from Dublin Airport. The decision proved divisive and saw one Fianna Fáil TD, Síle de Valera, resign from the party in protest.

In October 1994 it was revealed that Cowen had 1,000 shares in Arcon, a company to which he was in the process of awarding a mining licence. He quickly sold the shares and apologised in the Dáil for causing himself and his colleagues "some embarrassment".^[18]

Later in 1994 Albert Reynolds resigned as Taoiseach and leader of Fianna Fáil. Bertie Ahern became the new leader; however the party was now in opposition. Cowen was appointed to the front bench, first as spokesperson on Agriculture, Food and Forestry (1994) and later as spokesperson on Health (1997).

Cabinet career: 1997–present

Minister for Health & Children

When Fianna Fáil returned to power following the 1997 general election, Cowen was appointed to the newly expanded position of Minister for Health & Children. Cowen himself described his period there as like being in Angola because landmines can go off without any warning.^[19] During his tenure he had to deal with problems of bed shortages and overcrowding in hospitals, as well as a prolonged nurses strike in 1999. It came as a relief to Cowen when he vacated the Ministry for Health & Children on being appointed Minister for Foreign Affairs in January 2000.

Minister for Foreign Affairs

Cowen's tenure as Foreign Minister saw extensive negotiations continue regarding the Northern Ireland peace process and other international activities, particularly when Ireland gained a place on the United Nations Security Council. In 2003 Cowen, as Minister for Foreign Affairs, was the victim of a bizarre personal attack by the leader of Northern Ireland's Democratic Unionist Party, Ian Paisley, a former outspoken critic of the Republic of Ireland and its government. In front of a crowd of party supporters and in the presence of television cameras and radio reporters, Paisley launched into a diatribe about Cowen's personal appearance before also insulting his mother.^[13] In 2004 Cowen played a key role during Ireland's Presidency of the European Council and the simultaneous expansion of the European Union.

Cowen with then United States Secretary of State, Colin Powell (2001).

Minister for Finance

Following the departure of Charlie McCreevy in September 2004 Cowen became Minister for Finance. On 1 December 2004 Cowen announced his first budget, a budget that was generally seen as a give-away budget in which spending was increased by 9%.^[20]

Cowen's second budget in 2005 was dominated by a new childcare package, and measures to take 'tax-free millionaires' back into the tax net from 2007 by restricting tax breaks. A readjustment of income-tax measures were designed to take 52,000 low earners out of the tax net and remove 90,000 middle earners from the higher tax band.^[21]

Cowen's third budget in 2007, in anticipation of the 2007 general election, was regarded as one of the biggest spending sprees in the history of the state. The €3.7 billion package included increases in pension and social welfare allowances, a marked green agenda, as well as a reduction in the top rate of income tax from 42% to 41%. Cowen has been criticised for being allegedly complacent during the economic turmoil in January 2008.^[22]

Leader of Fianna Fáil and Taoiseach

During his ministerial career, Cowen was often touted in the media as the front-runner to succeed Bertie Ahern as leader of Fianna Fáil.^[23] Cowen's position was strengthened when he succeeded Mary O'Rourke as deputy-leader of the party in 2002. Subsequently he was appointed Minister for Finance, seen as an almost mandatory position for any aspiring Taoiseach.

Cowen was confirmed as the sole nominee for the position of Leader of Fianna Fáil on 5 April,^[24] having been nominated by Brian Lenihan and by Mary Coughlan on 4 April.^[25] He was elected as the seventh leader of Fianna Fáil on 9 April 2008^[26], and assumed office on 6 May.

On 7 May 2008 Cowen was nominated by Dáil Éireann as Taoiseach. He was elected by 88 votes to 76, and was appointed by President Mary McAleese. He then formed the 28th Government of Ireland

Cowen's selection of Tánaiste and Finance Minister has been seen as inappropriate:
To have compounded that mistake by appointing Mary Coughlan Tánaiste was a blunder. The position of Tánaiste has now come to mean something because of the succession of coalition governments. Also because of the ordering of Dáil business which brings the Tánaiste centre stage at least once a week. Coughlan simply does not have the experience across several Government departments to get away with this.^[27] In an opinion poll released in the Irish Times on 14 November 2008, "satisfaction with the Government has dropped to a record low of 18 per cent, a drop of 28 points since the last Irish Times poll in June, while satisfaction with Taoiseach Brian Cowen has fallen to 26 per cent, a drop of 21 points." This is the lowest level recorded since Irish Times polling began more than a quarter of a century ago. [1]

Cowen's first Budget as Taoiseach

Cowan's first budget as Taoiseach in October 2008, met with unprecedented hostility from the public, forcing complete reversals of proposed tax increases in several areas, weakening the authority and perceived confidence in his Government.^[28][29][30]
The grey army of pensioners was the first to descend on the gates. The numbers swelled quickly to an estimated 15,000 thanks to specially organised trains and buses, as well as taxis who were offering free journeys to the over-70s.^[31]
A further protest on education cuts saw a large protest group gather outside the Dáil:
The teachers began gathering outside Buswells Hotel as darkness fell. It was bitterly cold. Given the plummeting temperature, it didn't look like there would be a big crowd. But by 7pm, numbers were estimated at about 10,000. In the Dáil, as the debate on the education cuts got under way, Sinn Féin's Caoimhghín Ó Caoláin was telling the house that 20,000 teachers were protesting outside.^[32]
Subsequent to the Budget and the public reaction to it on the street, an opinion poll on October 26 2008, showed Cowen's party, Fianna Fáil, plummeting to a historic low and opposition Fine Gael leading the main government party by seven percentage points.^[33][34] Cowen admitted, that his authority has been damaged by the unraveling of the Budget and is facing barely concealed disaffection from within his Cabinet. A senior political source said: "The Budget was an accident waiting to happen." ^[35]

A further opinion poll, taken on 10 & 11 November 2008, found that satisfaction with Cowen's Government performance had collapsed, down to just 18 per cent, a massive fall of 28 percentage points, while support for the principal coalition party, Fianna Fáil, plummeted 15 percentage points to 27 per cent, while that of the alternative party of government, Fine Gael, jumped to 34 per cent, a gain of 11 percentage points. ^{[36] [37]}

Under the European Union stability and growth pact, EU states are required to keep their budget deficit to GDP ratio below a 3 per cent limit and maintain a debt/GDP ratio below 60 per cent. On October 31 2008 the European Commission opened an excessive deficit procedure against the Government for allowing its' budget deficit exceed those limits. The budget deficit is expected to be 5.5 per cent in 2008 and 6.5 per cent in 2009.^[38]

Public image

Cowen is often referred to in the Irish satirical and tabloid media as BIFFO, a pejorative nickname sometimes applied to people from the midlands county of Offaly.^[39][40] BIFFO is widely understood as an acronym for "Big Ignorant Fecker^[39]/Fucker^[41]/Fellow^[42] From Offaly". Cowen has said that 'BIFFO' stands for "Beautiful Intelligent Fellow From Offaly'.^[43] The Irish Independent has provided him with a further acronym GRUFFALO (Grumpy Rude Uncensored Fecker/Fucker/Fellow From Around Laois Offaly)^[44]

Cowen was accused of 'conduct unbecoming' in the Dáil, over comments that he made in the Dáil, when at the end of a heated exchange Cowen sat down, and turned to Tánaiste Mary Coughlan and Dáil microphones then picked up the Taoiseach using the word 'fuckers'.^[45] He subsequently apologised for this remark.^[44]

Cowen's reputation as an effective politician has suffered since he became Taoiseach.^[46]

Treaty of Lisbon

Main article: Twenty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland Bill, 2008

The Irish electorate's decision to reject the ratification of the Treaty of Lisbon on 12 June 2008 was viewed by some media and political observers as a protest against Cowen and his government.^[47] The Irish Independent called the failed referendum's aftermath the government's "biggest political crisis in decades." Columnist Brendan O'Connor called the outcome "a humiliating failure for Cowen and the people who put him there."^[48][49] The Taoiseach himself arguably dealt a damaging blow to his own side when, on 12 May 2008, he admitted in a radio interview that he had not read the Treaty of Lisbon in its entirety.^[50]

Quotations

• "I was reared in a pub – as a young fellow, serving in the pub I learnt far more there about human nature than I learnt in any university or school. I think it gave me a great insight into people."
  – Hot Press interview with Brian Cowen, 23 May 2007

• "I think it is fair to say that 2007 represents a turning point for the Irish economy".^[51]

• "However, we must not lose sight of the fact that the fundamentals of the economy are still good."^[52]
  Assertion on outlook on presentation of December 2007 budget.

• "Yeah, well, there's a mirror in the toilet if you want to go in there and talk to them."
  – Brian Cowen responding to Martin McGuinness stating "We'll have to consult the [IRA] army council on this" to certain proposals made during the peace talks concerning Northern Ireland.^[53]

• "We need to get a handle on this, will you ring those fuckers."
  – Brian Cowen to Mary Coughlan in the Dáil on 21 May 2008.^[54][55]

• Hopefully that will be seen as a response, a leadership responding to an issue and therefore one’s authority, while it’s not as high if you didn’t have the problem, it does mean that people say 'well he used his authority to come up with a solution in double-quick time that met with broader public acceptance'^[56]
  -Explaining why there were radical Government alterations to a budgetary position in October 2008, with the alterations forced by angry public reaction.

• We have seen already how resistant public opinion is, firstly to comprehension of the new paradigm in which we have to operate; and secondly, to the rationale behind the decisions we have had to take.^[57]
  -Cowen's reaction to widespread public opposition to the October 2008 budget and the public's questioning of the rationale behind the cuts and why certain sections of the community were initially targeted.

• That deterioration if you like has to be addressed in the context of the Government being prepared to look at further programmes to see what way we can ensure that going into next year, as challenging as it may be, to see in what way we can seek to help stabilise the finances further. ^[58]
  -Cowen's unwillingness to clarify in the Dáil, the post budget deficit
  

References

External links

• Brian Cowen's page on the Fianna Fáil website
• Brian Cowen's electoral history (ElectionsIreland.org)
• Oireachtas members database entry for Brian Cowen
• Brian Cowen feature from the Offaly Express

Brian Cowen   Oireachtas Preceded by Bernard Cowen (Fianna Fáil) Fianna Fáil Teachta Dála for Laois-Offaly 1984 – present Incumbent Political offices Preceded by Michael O'Kennedy Minister for Labour 1992 – 1993 Succeeded by Mervyn Taylor Preceded by Albert Reynolds Minister for Energy 1993 Succeeded by Charlie McCreevy Minister for Tourism and Trade Preceded by Charlie McCreevy Minister for Tourism, Transport and Communications Minister for Transport, Energy and Communications 1993 – 1994 Succeeded by Michael Lowry Preceded by Michael Noonan Minister for Health Minister for Health and Children Minister for Health (1997) 1997 – 2000 Succeeded by Micheál Martin Preceded by David Andrews Minister for Foreign Affairs 2000 – 2004 Succeeded by Dermot Ahern Preceded by Charlie McCreevy Minister for Finance 2004 – 2008 Succeeded by Brian Lenihan, Jnr Preceded by Michael McDowell Tánaiste 2007 – 2008 Succeeded by Mary Coughlan Preceded by Bertie Ahern Taoiseach 2008 – present Incumbent Party political offices Preceded by Mary O'Rourke Deputy Leader of the Fianna Fáil Party 2002 – 2008 Succeeded by TBD Preceded by Bertie Ahern Leader of the Fianna Fáil Party 2008 – present Incumbent Current members of the Government of Ireland Ahern · Coughlan · Cowen · Cullen · Dempsey · Gormley · Hanafin · Harney · Lenihan · Martin · Ó Cuív · O'Dea · O'Keeffe · Ryan · Smith Prime Ministers of Ireland Taoisigh na hÉireann Éamon de Valera · John A. Costello · Seán Lemass · Jack Lynch · Liam Cosgrave · Charles Haughey · Garret FitzGerald · Albert Reynolds · John Bruton · Bertie Ahern · Brian Cowen Previous prime ministerial offices under earlier constitutions: President of the Executive Council (1922–1937) W. T. Cosgrave · Éamon de Valera Chairman of the Provisional Government (1922) Michael Collins · W. T. Cosgrave President of the Irish Republic (1921–1922) Éamon de Valera · Arthur Griffith President of Dáil Éireann (1919–1921) Cathal Brugha · Éamon de Valera Deputy Prime Ministers of Ireland Tánaistí na hÉireann Seán T. O'Kelly · Seán Lemass · William Norton · Seán MacEntee · Frank Aiken · Erskine H. Childers · Brendan Corish · George Colley · Michael O'Leary · Ray MacSharry · Dick Spring · Peter Barry · Brian Lenihan, Snr · John Wilson · Bertie Ahern · Mary Harney · Michael McDowell · Brian Cowen · Mary Coughlan Vice-Presidents of the Executive Council Kevin O'Higgins · Ernest Blythe · Seán T. O'Kelly Leaders of Fianna Fáil Éamon de Valera (1926–1959) · Seán Lemass (1959–1966) · Jack Lynch (1966–1979) · Charles Haughey (1979–1992) · Albert Reynolds (1992–1994) · Bertie Ahern (1994–2008) · Brian Cowen (2008–) European Council President: Sarkozy (FR) · Faymann (AT) · Leterme (BE) · Stanishev (BG) · Topolánek (CZ) · Christofias (CY) · Merkel (DE) · Rasmussen (DK) · Ansip (ET) · Vanhanen (FI) · Karamanlis (GR) · Gyurcsány (HU) · Cowen (IE) · Berlusconi (IT) · Godmanis (LV) · Kubilius (LT) · Juncker (LU) · Gonzi (MT) · Balkenende (NL) · Tusk (PL) · Sócrates (PT) · Popescu-Tăriceanu (RO) · Fico (SK) · Pahor (SI) · Zapatero (ES) · Reinfeldt (SE) · Brown (UK) · Barroso (EC)