Bonaventure
| Saint Bonaventure | |
|---|---|
 Saint Bonaventure |
|
| Bishop, Confessor, Doctor of the Church | |
| Born | 1221, Bagnoregio, Province of Viterbo, Latium, Papal States (now modern-day Italy) |
| Died | July 15, 1274, Lyon, Lyonnais, Kingdom of Arles (now modern-day France) |
| Venerated in | Roman Catholic Church |
| Canonized | April 14, 1482, Rome by Pope Sixtus IV |
| Feast | 15 July second Sunday in July (General Roman Calendar, 1482-1568) 14 July (General Roman Calendar, 1568-1969) |
| Attributes | Cardinal's hat; ciborium; Holy Communion; cardinal in Franciscan robes, usually reading or writing |
Saint Bonaventure of Bagnoregio (Italian: San Bonaventura) (1221 – July 15, 1274), born John of Fidanza (Italian: Giovanni di Fidanza), was the eighth Minister General of the Order of Friars Minor, commonly called the Franciscans. He was a medieval scholastic theologian and philosopher, a contemporary of Saint Thomas Aquinas, and a Cardinal Bishop of Albano. He was canonized on April 14, 1482 by Pope Sixtus IV and declared a Doctor of the Church in the year 1588 by Pope Sixtus V. He was known as the "Seraphic Doctor" (Latin: "Doctor Seraphicus"). Many writings believed to be his in the Middle Ages are now collected under the term Pseudo-Bonaventuran.
Contents |
Life
Divine Intervention
He was born at Bagnoregio in Latium, not far from Viterbo. He is said to have received his cognomen of Bonaventura when he was cured from a serious childhood illness through the intercession of Saint Francis of Assisi.
Working Life
He entered the Franciscan order in 1243 and studied at the University of Paris, possibly under Alexander of Hales, and certainly under Alexander's successor, John of Rochelle. In 1253 he held the Franciscan chair at Paris and was proceeded as master of theology. Unfortunately for Bonaventure, a dispute between secular and mendicants delayed his reception as master until 1257, where his degree was taken in company with St Thomas Aquinas.[1] Three years earlier his fame had gained for him the duty of lectoring on the "The Four Books of Sentences "--a book of theology written by Peter Lombard in the 12th century--and in 1255 he received the degree of master, the medieval equivalent of doctor. The year after he successfully defended his order against the reproaches of the anti-mendicant party, he was elected general of his order. On 24 November 1265, he was selected for the post of Archbishop of York; however, he was never consecrated and resigned the appointment in October 1266.[2] It was by his order that Roger Bacon, a Franciscan friar himself, was interdicted from lecturing at Oxford and compelled to put himself under the surveillance of the order at Paris.
Death
Bonaventure was instrumental in procuring the election of Pope Gregory X, who rewarded him with the titles of Cardinal and Bishop of Albano, and insisted on his presence at the great Council of Lyon in 1274. There, after his significant contributions led to a union of the Greek and Latin churches, Bonaventure died suddenly and in suspicious circumstances. The Catholic Encyclopedia has citations which suggest he was poisoned. The only extant relic of the saint is the arm and hand with which he wrote his great "Commentary on the Four Books of Peter Lombard," which is now conserved at Bagnoregio, in the parish Church of St. Nicholas.
Feast Day
Saint Bonaventure's feast day was included in the General Roman Calendar immediately on his canonization in 1482. It was at first celebrated on the second Sunday in July, but was moved in 1568 on 14 July: 15 July, the anniversary of his death, was at that time taken up with the feast of Saint Henry. It remained on that date, with the rank of "Double", until 1962, when it was given the new classification of "Third-Class Feast". In 1969 it was classified as an obligatory "Memorial" and assigned to the date of his death, 15 July.[3]
Philosophy and works
Bonaventure's character seems not unworthy of the eulogistic title, "Doctor Seraphicus," bestowed on him by his contemporaries, and of the place assigned to him by Dante Alighieri in his "Paradiso." He was formally canonized in 1482 by the Franciscan Pope Sixtus IV, and ranked along with St Thomas Aquinas as the greatest of the Doctors of the Church by another Franciscan Pope Sixtus V, in 1587. His works, as arranged in the most recent Critical Edition of his works by the Quaracchi Fathers (Collegio S. Bonaventura), consist of a "Commentary on the Sentences of Lombard," in four volumes, and eight other volumes, among which are a "Commentary on the Gospel of St Luke" and a number of smaller works; the most famous of which are "Itinerarium Mentis ad Deum," "Breviloquium," "De Reductione Artium ad Theologiam," "Soliloquium," and "De septem itineribus aeternitatis," in which most of what is individual in his teaching is contained. Nowadays German philosopher Hattrup denies that "De Reductione Artium ad Theologiam" might be written by Bonaventure. The style of thinking does not match the original style; this is ecstatic, but "De Reductione" works comprehending. (Dieter Hattrup: Ekstatik der Geschichte. Die Entwicklung der christologischen Erkenntnistheorie Bonaventuras. Paderborn: Schöningh, 1993. – p. 341 ISBN 3-506-76273-7)
In philosophy Bonaventure presents a marked contrast to his contemporaries, Roger Bacon and St Thomas Aquinas. While these may be taken as representing, respectively, physical science yet in its infancy, and Aristotelian scholasticism in its most perfect form, he brings before us the mystical and Platonizing mode of speculation which had already, to some extent, found expression in Hugo and Richard of St. Victor, and in Saint Bernard of Clairvaux. To him, the purely intellectual element, though never absent, is of inferior interest when compared with the living power of the affections or the heart. He used the authority of Aristotle in harmony with Scriptural and Patristic texts, and attributed much of the heretical tendency of the age to the attempt to divorce Aristotelian philosophy from Catholic Theology. Like St. Thomas Aquinas, with whom he shared numerous profound agreements in matters theological and philosophical, he combated the Aristotelian notion of the eternity of the world vigorously. St Augustine, who had imported into the west many of the doctrines that would define scholastic philosophy, was an incredibly important source of Bonaventure's Platonism. Augustine himself had engaged Neoplatonism, a school of Platonism distinct from that of Plato, mostly through Plotinus but possibly through Iamblichus as well; it is likely that Augustine had never encountered a work written by Plato himself. Another prominent influence was that of a mystic passing under the name of Dionysius the Areopagite.
Bonaventure accepts the Platonic doctrine that ideas do not exist in rerum natura, but as ideals exemplified by the Divine Being, according to which actual things were formed; and this conception has no slight influence upon his philosophy. Like all the great scholastic doctors he starts with the discussion of the relations between reason and faith. All the sciences are but the handmaids of theology; reason can discover some of the moral truths which form the groundwork of the Christian system, but others it can only receive and apprehend through divine illumination. In order to obtain this illumination, the soul must employ the proper means, which are prayer, the exercise of the virtues, whereby it is rendered fit to accept the divine light, and meditation which may rise even to ecstatic union with God. The supreme end of life is such union, union in contemplation or intellect and in intense absorbing love; but it cannot be entirely reached in this life, and remains as a hope for futurity. The mind in contemplating God has three distinct aspects, stages or grades—the senses, giving empirical knowledge of what is without and discerning the traces (vestigia) of the divine in the world; the reason, which examines the soul itself, the image of the divine Being; and lastly, pure intellect (intelligentia), which, in a transcendent act, grasps the Being of the divine cause.
To these three correspond the three kinds of theology-"theologia symbolica," "theologia propria" and "theologia mystica." Each stage is subdivided, for in contemplating the outer world we may use the senses or the imagination; we may rise to a knowledge of God per vestigia or in vestigiis. In the first case the three great properties of physical bodies—weight, number, measure,--in the second the division of created things into the classes of those that have merely physical existence, those that have life, and those that have thought, irresistibly lead us to conclude the power, wisdom and goodness of the Triune God. So in the second stage we may ascend to the knowledge of God, per imaginem, by reason, or in imagine, by the pure understanding (intellectus); in the one case the triple division—memory, understanding and will,--in the other the Christian virtues--faith, hope and charity,--leading again to the conception of a Trinity of divine qualities--eternity, truth and goodness.
In the last stage we have first "intelligentia," pure intellect, contemplating the essential being of God, and finding itself compelled by necessity of thought to hold absolute being as the first notion, for non-being cannot be conceived apart from being, of which it is but the privation. To this notion of absolute being, which is perfect and the greatest of all, objective existence must be ascribed. In its last and highest form of activity the mind rests in the contemplation of the infinite goodness of God, which is apprehended by means of the highest faculty, the "apex mentis" or "synderesis." This spark of the divine illumination is common to all forms of mysticism, but Bonaventura adds to it peculiarly Christian elements. The complete yielding up of mind and heart to God is unattainable without divine grace, and nothing renders us so fit to receive this gift as the meditative and ascetic life of the cloister. The monastic life is the best means of grace.
Bonaventure, however, is not merely a meditative thinker, whose works may form good manuals of devotion; he is a dogmatic theologian of high rank, and on all the disputed questions of scholastic thought, such as universals, matter, the principle of individualism, or the intellectus agens, he gives weighty and well-reasoned decisions. He agrees with Saint Albert the Great in regarding theology as a practical science; its truths, according to his view, are peculiarly adapted to influence the affections. He discusses very carefully the nature and meaning of the divine attributes; considers universals to be the ideal forms pre-existing in the divine mind according to which things were shaped; holds matter to be pure potentiality which receives individual being and determinateness from the formative power of God, acting according to the ideas; and finally maintains that the intellectus agens has no separate existence. On these and on many other points of scholastic philosophy the "Seraphic Doctor" exhibits a combination of subtlety and moderation, which makes his works particularly valuable.
Places, churches, schools, universities, etc. named in his honor
- In the United States, Ventura, California, Ventura County, California, St. Bonaventure Catholic High School in Ventura are named for Saint Bonaventure.
- St. Bonaventure University, the largest Franciscan university in the English-speaking world is located in Olean, New York.
- Bonaventure, Quebec, Bonaventure Highway in Quebec and the Bonaventure Metro Station in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
- There is a church in Toronto, Ontario, named for St. Bonaventure with a Catholic school next door of the same name. *There is also a residence hall named for Saint Bonaventure at Bellarmine University.
- St. Bonaventure's College is a private Roman Catholic school located in Newfoundland, Canada.
- In Calgary, Alberta, there is a church named St. Bonaventure with a Catholic Junior High next door of the same name.
- St Bonaventure's Catholic Comprehensive School is located in Forest Gate, London, England.
- In Bristol, England, there is a primary school and church named after him in Bishopston.
- St. Bonaventure College and High School is located in Hong Kong.
- In Star Trek: The Animated Series there is a starship named the USS Bonaventure.
- The character Friar Bonaventura in John Ford's 'Tis Pity She's a Whore is named for Bonaventure.
- There is a St Bonaventure's Catholic Church on Parkway, in Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom.
- Buenaventura, Colombia, an island off the coast of Colombia, is named after St. Bonaventure.
- In Mexico: San Buenaventura, Chihuahua; San Buenaventura, Coahuila; and San Buenaventura, State of Mexico
Notes
- ↑ Knowles, Davis. (1988). The Evolution of Medieval Thought (Second Edition, revised ed.). Edinburgh Gate: Longman Group. pp. p. 214. ISBN 0-582-4946-5.
- ↑ Fryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I. (1996). Handbook of British Chronology (Third Edition, revised ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. p. 282. ISBN 0-521-56350-X.
- ↑ Calendarium Romanum (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1969), pp. 97 and 130
References
- This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.
- Bonaventure. Ewert Cousins, translator (The Classics of Western Spirituality ed.). Mahwah, New Jersey: Paulist Press. 1978. ISBN 0-8091-2121-2.
External links
- Saint Bonaventure entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy by Tim Noone and R. E. Houser
- St Bonaventure
| Roman Catholic Church titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by John of Parma |
Minister General of the Order of Friars Minor 1257–1274 |
Succeeded by Jerome of Ascoli |
| Preceded by William Langton |
Archbishop of York 1265–1266 |
Succeeded by Walter Giffard |
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