Białystok

See also: Białystok, Lublin Voivodeship
Białystok
Białystok's railway station.
Białystok's railway station.
Flag of Białystok
Flag		 Coat of arms of Białystok
Coat of arms
Białystok (Poland)
Białystok
Białystok
Coordinates:
Country Flag of Poland.svg Poland
Voivodeship Podlaskie
County city county
Established 14th century
Town rights 1692
Government
 - Mayor Tadeusz Truskolaski
Area
 - City 102.12 km² (39.4 sq mi)
Highest elevation 160 m (525 ft)
Lowest elevation 120 m (394 ft)
Population (2006)
 - City 295,210
 - Density 2,890.8/km² (7,487.2/sq mi)
 - Metro 370,000
Time zone CET (UTC+1)
 - Summer (DST) CEST (UTC+2)
Postal code 15-001
Area code(s) +48 85
Car plates BI
Website: http://www.bialystok.pl

Białystok [bʲaˈwɨstɔk] (Ltspkr.png listen) (also known by alternative names) is the largest city in northeastern Poland. It is located near Poland's border with Belarus and is the historical capital of the Podlachia region. In 2006, its population was 294,830. From 1921 to 1998, it lay within Białystok Voivodeship; since 1999, it has been the capital of Podlaskie Voivodeship.

Contents

Names

According to legend, Białystok was given its name by the Grand Duke of Lithuania Gediminas ca. 1320. An English translation of Białystok would be "white slope" or "clean stream" (in Old Polish language). The city has been known in Belarusian as Беласток (Biełastok, IPA: [bʲeɫa'stok]), in Lithuanian as Balstogė (White roof in Lithuanian), and in Yiddish as ביאַליסטאָק (Byalistok, Bjalistok). It has been known in Russian as Белосток or Belostok, a variant also used sometimes in English.

History

Białystok Archcathedral.

The first mention of the place in historical sources dates from 1437 when the land around the Biala river (which is called "Bialka" by inhabitants) was given by Grand Duke of Lithuania Casimir IV Jagiellon to Raczko Tabutowicz, then in 1547 it passed to the Wiesiołowski family. They built a brick castle and a church here. It was then a part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. In 1645 after the death of Krzysztof Wiesiołowski, the last of the clan, Białystok became the property of the Commonwealth. In 1661 it was given to Stefan Czarniecki as a reward for his service in the victory over the Swedes. Four years later, as a dowry of his daughter Aleksandra, it passed to the Branicki family.

In the second half of the 18th century Field Crown Hetman Jan Klemens Branicki, a commander in chief, became the heir of the Białystok area. It was he who transformed the previously existing abode into the magnificent residence of a great noble. Several artists and scientists came to Białystok to take advantage of Branicki's patronage. Białystok received its city charter in 1749.

After the third partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1795 it first belonged to the Prussian Kingdom, then after the Peace of Tilsit signed in 1807 it passed to Russia. During the 19th century the city became a major centre of textile industry. Due to an industrial boom the population grew from 13,787 in 1857, and 56,629 in 1889, to 65,781 in 1901. At this time, the majority of the city's population was Jewish.

After the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, the first heavy bombing of the town took place on 20 April 1915. On 13 August 1915 German soldiers appeared in Białystok. The city was included in the Ober Ost occupational region. In March of 1918 it was declared part of the Belarusian National Republic; in July of 1918 it was made part of Lithuanian Province and became capital of the Southern Lithuania government precinct. On February 19, 1919 the city was taken by Poland. In 1920, when overrun by Soviet forces during the Polish-Soviet War, it briefly served as headquarters of the Polish Revolutionary Committee headed by Julian Marchlewski, which attempted to declare the Polish Soviet Socialist Republic.

Dojlidy Palace.

In the years 1920–1939, the city was again part of independent Poland. In September 1939, Białystok was occupied by the German army, but then passed on to the Soviet Union with respect to the secret protocol of the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact, when it was annexed into the Byelorussian SSR. The Belastok Voblast with the centre in Bielystok was created in 1939.

On June 27, 1941, Białystok fell into Nazi hands as a result of the invasion of the Soviet Union. From the very beginning, the Nazis pursued a ruthless policy of pillage and extermination of the non-German population. The 56,000 Jewish members of the town were confined in a ghetto, which during August 1941 was exterminated. On the morning of June 27, 1941, Nazi troops from Order Police Battalion 309[1] surrounded the town square by the Great Synagogue (the largest wooden synagogue in Eastern Europe), and forced residents from their homes into the street. Some were shoved up against building walls and shot dead. Others – some 800 men, women and children – were locked in the synagogue, which was subsequently set on fire; there they burned to death. The Nazi onslaught continued with the grenading of numerous homes and further shootings. As the flames from the synagogue spread and merged with the grenade fires, the entire square was engulfed. On that day – June 27, 1941 – some 3,000 Jews lost their lives.[2]

In the last year of the occupation, a clandestine upper Commercial School came into existence. The pupils of the school also took part in the underground resistance movement. As a result, some of them were jailed, some killed and others deported to concentration camps.

A number of anti-fascist groups came into existence in Białystok during the first weeks of the occupation. In the following years, there developed a well-organized resistance movement.

On August 15, 1943, the Białystok Ghetto Uprising began, and several hundred Polish Jews started an armed struggle against the German troops who were carrying out the planned liquidation of the ghetto.

Ecclesiastical history

For most of its existence, Białystok was part of the diocese of Vilna, the Lithuanian capital.

Only on June 5, 1991, was the diocese of Białystok (Latin rite) bishopric established. On March 25, 1992, it was promoted as Metropolitan Archdiocese of Białystok with two Suffragan dioceses: Drohiczyn (also established in 1991) and Łomża (established on March 25, 1798 as the Diocese of Sejny / Augustów / Sejna).

Education

Branicki Palace.
Branicki Palace's garden.

Politics

Białystok constituency

City county of Białystok.

Members of Parliament (Sejm) elected from Białystok constituency:

Municipal politics

Administrative division

Districts of Białystok.

The City of Białystok is divided into 28 districts:

  1. Centrum
  2. Białostoczek
  3. Sienkiewicza
  4. Bojary
  5. Piaski
  6. Przydworcowe
  7. Młodych
  8. Antoniuk
  9. Jaroszówka
  10. Wygoda
  11. Piasta I
  12. Piasta II
  13. Skorupy
  14. Mickiewicza
  15. Dojlidy
  16. Bema
  17. Kawaleryjskie
  18. Nowe Miasto
  19. Zielone Wzgórza
  20. Starosielce
  21. Słoneczny Stok
  22. Leśna Dolina
  23. Wysoki Stoczek
  24. Dziesięciny I
  25. Dziesięciny II
  26. Bacieczki
  27. Zawady
  28. Dojlidy Górne

Monuments

Location of Białystok in Europe.

Historical population

Białystok's population (1921–2006) and gender composition (1921–2003).

Famous people

The official seal of Białystok.
Lipowa Street.

Birthplace

Sports

Cultural references

Twin towns

Białystok is twinned with the following cities and towns:

See also

Sources and external links

References

  1. ↑ Goldhagen, Daniel J. Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust New York, NY: Vintage Books, 1997
  2. ↑ ::::The Importance of World Peace: The Holocaust::::
Flag of Poland Principal cities of Poland
Administrative divisions of Poland since 1999
Counties of Podlaskie Voivodeship
City counties
Białystok (capital) • Łomża • Suwałki
 POL województwo podlaskie COA.svg
Land counties
Augustów • Białystok • Bielsk • Grajewo • Hajnówka • Kolno • Łomża • Mońki • Sejny • Siemiatycze • Sokółka • Suwałki • Wysokie Mazowieckie • Zambrów
Białystok County
Urban-rural gminas
Gmina Choroszcz • Gmina Czarna Białostocka • Gmina Łapy • Gmina Supraśl • Gmina Suraż • Gmina Tykocin • Gmina Wasilków • Gmina Zabłudów
 POL powiat białostocki COA.svg
Rural gminas:
Gmina Dobrzyniewo Duże • Gmina Gródek • Gmina Juchnowiec Kościelny • Gmina Michałowo • Gmina Poświętne • Gmina Turośń Kościelna • Gmina Zawady
Seat (not part of the county):
Białystok