Beaux-Arts architecture

Beaux Arts architecture[1] denotes the academic neoclassical architectural style that was taught at the École des Beaux Arts in Paris. The style "Beaux Arts" is above all the cumulative product of two and a half centuries of instruction under the authority, first of the Académie royale d'architecture, then, following the Revolution, of the Architecture section of the Académie des Beaux-Arts. The organization under the Ancien Régime of the competition for the Grand Prix de Rome in architecture, offering a chance to study in Rome, imprinted its codes and esthetic on the course of instruction, which culminated during the Second Empire (1850-1870) and the Third Republic that followed. The style of instruction that produced Beaux-Arts architecture continued without a major renovation until 1968.[2]

The Beaux-Arts style heavily influenced US architecture in the period 1885–1920. Other European architects of the period 1860–1914 tended to gravitate towards their own national academic centers rather than fixating on Paris. British architects of Imperial classicism, in a development culminating in Sir Edwin Lutyens's New Delhi government buildings, followed a somewhat more independent course, owing to the cultural politics of the late 19th century.

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Training

The Beaux-Arts training emphasized the mainstream examples of Imperial Roman architecture between Augustus and the Severan emperors, Italian Renaissance and French and Italian Baroque models especially, but the training could then be applied to a broader range of models: Quattrocento Florentine palace fronts or French late Gothic. American architects of the Beaux-Arts generation often returned to Greek models, which had a strong local history in the American Greek Revival of the early 19th century. For the first time, repertories of photographs supplemented meticulous scale drawings and on-site renderings of details.

The last major American building constructed in the Beaux-Arts style, the San Francisco War Memorial Opera House, completed 1932

Beaux-Arts architecture depended on sculptural decoration along conservative modern lines, employing French and Italian Baroque and Rococo formulas combined with an impressionistic finish and realism. In the facade below, Diana grasps the cornice she sits on in a natural action that is typical of Beaux-Arts integration of sculpture with architecture. Slightly overscaled details, bold scuptural supporting consoles, rich deep cornices, swags and sculptural enrichments in the most bravura finish the client could afford gave employment to several generations of architectural modellers and carvers of Italian and Central European backgrounds. A sense of appropriate idiom at the craftsman level supported the design teams of the first truly modern architectural offices. Some aspects of Beaux-Arts approach could degenerate into mannerisms. Beaux-Arts training made great use of agrafes, clasps that links one architectural detail to another; to interpenetration of forms, a Baroque habit; to "speaking architecture" (architecture parlante) in which supposed appropriateness of symbolism could be taken to literal minded extremes.

Beaux-Arts building decoration presenting images of the Roman goddesses Pomona and Diana. Note the naturalism of the postures and the rustication of the stonework.

Beaux-Arts training emphasized the production of quick conceptual sketches, highly-finished perspective presentation drawings, close attention to the program, and knowledgeable detailing. Site considerations tended towards social and urbane contexts.[3]

Characteristics

Though Beaux-Arts style embodies an approach to a regenerated spirit within the grand traditions rather than a set of motifs, the principal characteristics of Beaux-Arts architecture may be summarized:

Alternating male and female mascarons decorate keystones on the San Francisco City Hall

At the eve of World War I, the style began to find major competitors among the architects of Modernism and the nascent International Style (architecture). The prestige of the École gave the style "Beaux-Arts" a second wind in compromising the new manner with the traditional training. All architects-in-training passed through the obligatory stages, studying antique models, constructing analos, analyses reproducing Greek or Roman models, "pocket" studies and other conventional steps in the long competition for the few desirable places at the Académie de France à Rome (housed in the Villa Medici) with traditional requirements of sending at intervals the presentation drawings called envois de Rome.

Beaux-Arts in France

Pont Alexandre III and Grand Palais in Paris.

Parisian buildings in the Beaux-Arts style

Beaux-Arts in the United States

Grand Central Station, New York City
999 North Lake Shore Drive, Chicago

The first American architect to attend the École des Beaux-Arts was Richard Morris Hunt, followed by Charles Follen McKim. They were followed by an entire generation. Henry Hobson Richardson absorbed Beaux-Arts lessons in massing and spatial planning, then applied them to Romanesque architectural models that were not characteristic of the Beaux-Arts repertory. His Beaux-Arts training taught him to transcend slavish copying and recreate in the essential, fully digested and idiomatic manner of his models. Richardson evolved a highly personal style (Richardsonian Romanesque) freed of historicism that was influential in early Modernism.[4]

The "White City" of the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893 in Chicago was a triumph of the movement and a major impetus for the short-lived City Beautiful movement in the United States. Beaux-Arts city planning, with its Baroque insistence on vistas punctuated by symmetry, eye-catching monuments, axial avenues, uniform cornice heights, a harmonious "ensemble" and a somewhat theatrical nobility and accessible charm, embraced ideals that the ensuing Modernist movement decried or just dismissed.[5] The first US university to institute a Beaux-Arts curriculum was MIT in 1893, when the French architect, Constant-Désiré Despradelles was brought to MIT to teach. Subsequently the Beaux-Arts curriculum was begun at Columbia University, The University of Pennsylvania, and elsewhere.[6] The best known architectural firm specializing in Beaux-Arts style was McKim, Mead, and White[7] Among universities designed in the Beaux-Arts style there are, most notably: Columbia University, (commissioned in 1896), designed by McKim, Mead, and White; the University of California, Berkeley (commissioned in 1898), designed by John Galen Howard; the campus of MIT (commissioned in 1913), designed by William W. Bosworth, and the University of Texas (commissioned in 1931), designed by Paul Philippe Cret.

Though Beaux-Arts architecture of the twentieth century might on its surface appear out of touch with the modern age, steel-frame construction and other modern innovations in engineering techniques and materials were often embraced, as in the 1914–1916 construction of the Carolands Chateau south of San Francisco (which was built with a consciousness of the devastating 1906 earthquake). The noted Spanish structural engineer, Rafael Guastavino (1842–1908), famous for his vaultings, known as Guastavino tile work, designed vaults in dozens of Beaux-Arts buildings in the Boston, New York and elsewhere. Beaux-Arts architecture also brought a civic face to the railroad. (Chicago's Union Station and Detroit's Michigan Central Station are famous American examples of this style.) Two of the best American examples of the Beaux-Arts tradition stand within a few blocks of each other: Grand Central Terminal and the New York Public Library.

American architects working in the Beaux-Arts style

Roosevelt Hall, National War College, Ft McNair, Washington, DC (1907, McKim, Mead and White)
Grand Central Terminal, New York City (1903)

The following individuals were seminal in the assimilation of the Beaux-Arts style in the United States:

Beaux-Arts in Canada

Beaux-Arts was very prominent in public buildings in Canada in the early 20th Century. Notably all three prairie provinces' legislative buildings are in this style.

Canadian architecture in the Beaux-Arts style

Commemorative Arch, Royal Military College, Kingston

Canadian architects working in the Beaux-Arts style

Government Conference Centre, Ottawa

Beaux Arts in Australia

Port Authority building in Melbourne

Both Sydney and Melbourne have some significant examples of the style, where it was typically applied to large solid looking public office buildings and banks during the 1920s.

Notes

  1. ↑ The phrase Beaux Arts is usually translated as "Fine Arts" in non-architectural English contexts.
  2. ↑ Robin Middleton, Editor. The Beaux-Arts and Nineteenth-century French Architecture. (London: Thames and Hudson, 1982).
  3. ↑ Arthur Drexler, Editor, The Architecture of the École des beaux-arts. (New York: Museum of Modern Art, 1977).
  4. ↑ James Philip Noffsinger. The Influence of the École des Beaux-arts on the Architects of the United States (Washington DC., Catholic University of America Press, 1955).
  5. ↑ Chafee, Richard. The Architecture of the École des Beaux-Arts. New York: Museum of Modern Art, 1977.
  6. ↑ Mark Jarzombek. Designing MIT: Bosworth’s New Tech. Northeastern University Press, 2004.
  7. ↑ Richard Guy Wilson. McKim, Mead & White, Architects (New York: Rizzoli, 1983)

External links

Further reading

Revival styles in 19th-century architecture and decorative arts
Neo-Classicism
Directoire · Empire · Regency · Egyptian Revival · Greek Revival and Neo-Grec
Neo-Romanesque and Byzantine Revival
Richardsonian Romanesque · Neo-Byzantine · Russo-Byzantine · Russian Revival
Gothic Revival
Carpenter Gothic · Scottish Baronial · Tudorbethan · Moorish Revival · Indo-Saracenic
Neo-Renaissance
Italianate · Second Empire · Châteauesque · Jacobethan
Neo-Baroque and 18th century
Beaux-Arts · Edwardian Baroque · Queen Anne · Georgian Revival · Colonial Revival