Aramaic alphabet

Bilingual inscription (Greek and Aramaic) by the Indian emperor Ashoka the Great, 3rd century BCE.

The Aramaic alphabet is an abjad, a consonantal alphabet, used for writing Aramaic. It is akin to the Phoenician alphabet, and became distinctive from it by the eighth century BCE. As with other abjads, the letters all represent consonants, some of which are matres lectionis, which also indicate long vowels.

The Aramaic alphabet is historically significant since virtually all modern Indian and Middle Eastern writing systems use a script that can be traced back to it, as well as numerous Altaic languages of Central and East Asia. This is primarily due to the widespread usage of the Aramaic language as both a lingua franca and the official language of the Neo-Assyrian, Babylonian, and Persian Empire. The holy texts of Judaism and Islam, as well as certain Christian and Buddhist texts are written in scripts which are known descendants of Aramaic.

History

The earliest inscriptions in the Aramaic language use the Phoenician alphabet. Over time, the alphabet developed into the form shown below. Aramaic gradually became the lingua franca throughout the Middle East, with the script displacing cuneiform as the official writing system of the existing empires. Its widespread usage led to the gradual adoption of the Aramaic alphabet for writing the Hebrew language. Formerly, Hebrew had been written using an alphabet closer in form to that of Phoenician (the Paleo-Hebrew alphabet).

Legacy

The Hebrew and Nabataean alphabets are little changed in style from the Aramaic alphabet. The development of cursive versions of Aramaic led to the creation of the Syriac, Palmyrenean and Mandaic alphabets. These scripts formed the basis of the Arabic, Sogdian, Orkhon and Mongolian alphabets. The Aramaic alphabet is also the forebear of the Indic alphabets, on the basis of certain strong similarities between the Aramaic and Brāhmī script.

Today, Biblical Aramaic, Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialects and the Aramaic language of the Talmud are written in the Hebrew alphabet. Syriac and Christian Neo-Aramaic dialects are written in the Syriac alphabet. Mandaic is written in the Mandaic alphabet.

Imperial Aramaic alphabet

Redrawn from A Grammar of Biblical Aramaic, Franz Rosenthal; forms are as used in Egypt, 5th century BCE. Names are as in Biblical Aramaic.

Letter name	Letter form	Equivalent Hebrew	Equivalent Syriac	Sound value
Ālaph		א	ܐ	/ʔ/; /aː/, /eː/
Bēth		ב	ܒ	/b/, /v/
Gāmal		ג	ܓ	/ɡ/, /ɣ/
Dālath		ד	ܕ	/d/, /ð/
Hē		ה	ܗ	/h/
Waw		ו	ܘ	/w/; /oː/, /uː/
Zain		ז	ܙ	/z/
Ḥēth		ח	ܚ	/ħ/
Ṭēth		ט	ܛ	emphatic /tˁ/
Yudh		י	ܝ	/j/; /iː/, /eː/
Kāph		כ ך	ܟܟ	/k/, /x/
Lāmadh		ל	ܠ	/l/
Mim		מ ם	ܡܡ	/m/
Nun		נ ן	ܢܢ ܢ	/n/
Semkath		ס	ܣ	/s/
‘Ē		ע	ܥ	/ʕ/
Pē		פ ף	ܦ	/p/, /f/
Ṣādhē	,	צ ץ	ܨ	emphatic /sˤ/
Qoph		ק	ܩ	/q/
Rēsh		ר	ܪ	/r/
Shin		ש	ܫ	/ʃ/
Tau		ת	ܬ	/t/, /θ/

Matres lectionis

Main article: Mater lectionis

The letters Waw and Yudh, put following the consonants that were followed by the vowels u and i (and often also o and e), used to indicate the long vowels û and î respectively (often also ô and ê respectively). These letters, which stand for both consonant and vowel sounds, are known as matres lectionis. The letter Alaph, likewise, had some of the characteristics of a mater lectionis: in initial positions, it indicated a specific consonant called "glottal stop" (followed by a vowel), and in the middle of the word and word finally it often also stood for the long vowels â or ê. Among Jews, influence of Hebrew spelling often led to the use of He instead of Alaph in word final positions. The practice of using certain letters to hold vowel values spread to child writing systems of Aramaic, such as Hebrew and Arabic, where they are still used today.

References

• Daniels, Peter T., et al. eds. The World's Writing Systems Oxford. (1996)
• Coulmas, Florian. The Writing Systems of the World Blackwell Publishers Ltd, Oxford. (1989)

External links

• Comparison of Aramaic to related alphabets
• The Aramaic and Hebrew Alphabet
• Omniglot entry
• Michael Everson's Proposal to encode Aramaic in Unicode