Apollo 7
| Apollo 7 | |||||
Mission insignia |
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| Mission statistics | |||||
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| Mission name | Apollo 7 | ||||
| Command Module | CM-101 mass 14,781 kg |
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| Service Module | SM-101 | ||||
| Crew size | 3 | ||||
| Booster | Saturn IB SA-205 | ||||
| Launch pad | LC-34 Cape Canaveral AFS Florida, USA |
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| Launch date | October 11, 1968 15:02:45 UTC |
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| Landing | October 22, 1968 11:11:48 UTC |
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| Mission duration | 10 d 20 h 09 m 03 s | ||||
| Number of orbits | 163 | ||||
| Apogee | 297 km | ||||
| Perigee | 231 km | ||||
| Orbital period | 89.78 m | ||||
| Orbital inclination | 31.63° | ||||
Crew photo Left to right: Eisele, Schirra, Cunningham |
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Apollo 7 was the first manned mission in the Apollo program to be launched. It was an eleven-day Earth-orbital mission, the first manned launch of the Saturn IB launch vehicle, and the first three-man American space mission.
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Crew
Number in parentheses indicates number of spaceflights by each individual prior to and including this mission.
- Walter M. Schirra (3) - Commander
- Donn F. Eisele (1) - Command Module Pilot
- R. Walter Cunningham (1) - Lunar Module Pilot
This crew was originally the backup crew of the ill-fated Apollo 1.
Backup Crew
- Thomas P. Stafford - Commander
- John W. Young - Command Module Pilot
- Eugene Cernan - Lunar Module Pilot
This crew flew on Apollo 10.
Support Crew
- Ronald E. Evans, Jr
- Edward G. Givens, Jr
- John L. Swigert, Jr
- William R. Pogue
Flight directors
- Glynn Lunney (Lead), Black Team
- Gene Kranz, White Team
- Gerry Griffin, Gold Team
Mission highlights
Apollo 7 was a test flight, and confidence-builder. After the January 1967 Apollo launch pad fire, the Apollo command module had been extensively redesigned. Schirra, who would be the only astronaut to fly Mercury, Gemini and Apollo missions, commanded this Earth-orbital shakedown of the command and service modules. Since it was not carrying a lunar module, Apollo 7 could be launched with the Saturn IB booster rather than the much larger and more powerful Saturn V. Schirra wanted to give Apollo 7 the callsign "Phoenix" (the mythical bird rising from its own ashes) in memory of the loss of the Apollo 1 crew, but NASA management was against the idea.
The Apollo hardware and all mission operations worked without any significant problems, and the Service Propulsion System (SPS), the all-important engine that would place Apollo in and out of lunar orbit, made eight nearly perfect firings.
Even though Apollo's larger cabin was more comfortable than Gemini's, eleven days in orbit took its toll on the astronauts. Tension with Commander Schirra began with the launch decision, when flight managers decided to launch with a less than ideal abort option for the early part of the ascent. Once in orbit, the spacious cabin may have induced some crew motion sickness, which had not been an issue in the earlier, smaller spacecraft. The crew also found the food to be bad. But the worst problem occurred when Schirra developed a bad head cold. As a result, he became irritable with requests from Mission Control and all three began "talking back" to the Capcom. An early example was this exchange after Mission Control requested that a TV camera be turned on in the capsule:
SCHIRRA: You've added two burns to this flight schedule, and you've added a urine water dump; and we have a new vehicle up here, and I can tell you this point TV will be delayed without any further discussion until after the rendezvous.
CAPCOM: Roger. Copy.
SCHIRRA: Roger.
CAPCOM: Apollo 7 This is CAP COM number 1.
SCHIRRA: Roger.
CAPCOM: All we've agreed to do on this is flip it.
SCHIRRA: ... with two commanders, Apollo 7
CAPCOM: All we have agreed to on this particular pass is to flip the switch on. No other activity is associated with TV; I think we are still obligated to do that.
SCHIRRA: We do not have the equipment out; we have not had an opportunity to follow setting; we have not eaten at this point. At this point, I have a cold. I refuse to foul up our time lines this way.[1]
Exchanges such as this would lead to the crew members being passed over for future missions.[2] But the mission successfully proved the space-worthiness of the basic Apollo vehicle, and led directly to the bold decision to launch Apollo 8 to the moon two months later.
Beyond a shakedown of the spacecraft, goals for the mission included the first live television broadcast from an American spacecraft (Gordon Cooper had broadcast slow scan television pictures from Faith 7 in 1963) and testing the lunar module docking maneuver with the launch vehicle's discarded upper stage.
First orbit: perigee 231 km, apogee 297 km, period 89.78 min, inclination 31.63 deg., weight: CSM 14,781 kg.
The splashdown point was 27 deg 32 min N, 64 deg 04 min W, 200 nautical miles (370 km) SSW of Bermuda and 13 km (8 mi) north of the recovery ship USS Essex.
Apollo 7 was the only manned Apollo launch to take place from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station's Launch Complex 34, as all subsequent Apollo (including Apollo-Soyuz) and Skylab missions were launched from Launch Complex 39 at the nearby Kennedy Space Center.
As of 2008, Cunningham is the only surviving member of the crew. Eisele died in 1987 and Schirra in 2007.
Belated Recognition
In October 2008, NASA administrator Michael Griffin awarded the crew of Apollo 7 NASA's Distinguished Service Medal, in recognition of their crucial contribution to the Apollo Program. They had been the only Apollo and Skylab crew not granted this award. Cunningham was present to accept the medal, as were representatives of his deceased crew members, and other Apollo astronauts including Neil Armstrong, Bill Anders, and Alan Bean. Former Mission Control Flight Director Chris Kraft, who was in conflict with the crew during the mission, also sent a conciliatory video message of congratulations, saying: "We gave you a hard time once but you certainly survived that and have done extremely well since...I am frankly, very proud to call you a friend."
Mission insignia
The insignia for the flight showed a command and service module with its SPS engine firing, the trail from that fire encircling a globe and extending past the edges of the patch symbolizing the Earth-orbital nature of the mission. The Roman numeral VII appears in the South Pacific Ocean and the crew's names appear on a wide black arc at the bottom.
Capsule location
For nearly 30 years the Apollo 7 module was on loan (renewable every two years) to the National Museum of Science and Technology of Canada, in Ottawa, along with the space suit worn by Wally Schirra. In November 2003 the Smithsonian Institution in Washington D.C. requested them back for display at their new annex at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center. Currently, the Apollo 7 CM is on loan to the Frontiers of Flight Museum located next to Love Field in Dallas, Texas.
Depiction in fiction
Portions of the Apollo 7 mission are dramatized in the miniseries From the Earth to the Moon episode entitled "We Have Cleared the Tower".
References
- ↑ "Apollo 7 Air-to-Ground Voice Transcriptions" 117-118. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved on 2008-10-24.
- ↑ Wade, Mark. "Apollo 7". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Retrieved on 2008-10-24.
- NASA NSSDC Master Catalog
- APOLLO BY THE NUMBERS: A Statistical Reference by Richard W. Orloff (NASA)
- Lattimer, Dick (1985). All We Did was Fly to the Moon. Whispering Eagle Press. ISBN 0-9611228-0-3.
- Schirra, Wally with Richard Billings (1988). Schirra's Space. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-792-9.
Pictures
External links
- NASA Apollo 7 Mission Report - Dec. 1, 1968 (PDF format)
- Apollo 7 entry in Encyclopedia Astronautica
- The Apollo Spacecraft: A Chronology
- Apollo Program Summary Report
- Apollo 7 Launch ApolloTV.net Video
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