Abbas I of Persia
Shāh ‘Abbās the Great or Shāh ‘Abbās I (Persian: شاه عباس بزرگ) (born January 27, 1571; died January 19, 1629) was Shah of Iran, and the most eminent ruler of the Safavid Dynasty of the Persian Empire. He was the third son of Shah Mohammad.
The dedication reads: "May life grant all that you desire from three lips, those of your lover, the river, and the cup". Tempera and gilt; Muhammad Qasim, 1627; Louvre, Paris.
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Biography
Accession to throne and war against the Uzbeks
‘Abbās was born in Herat to a Georgian mother[1] from Mazandaran Province, in Northern Iran. The Safavid empire had substantially weakened during the reign of his semiblind father, allowing usurpations and the inner feuds of the Kizilbash amīrs, leaders of the Turcoman tribes constituting the backbone of the Safavid army. Furthermore, Ottoman and Uzbek inroads were harassing the West and Eastern provinces, respectively. In the midst of such upheaval, he was proclaimed ruler of Khorāsān in 1581.
In October 1588 he attained the Persian throne by revolting against his father Mohammad, whom he imprisoned. He accomplished the coup with the help of Murshid Quli Ustādjlu, whom he later killed in July, 1589. Determined to raise the fallen fortunes of his country, he signed a separate peace with the Ottomans (1589-90, including the cession of large areas of west and northwest Persia) and then directed his efforts against the predatory Uzbeks, who occupied and harassed Khorāsān. 'Abbās needed some ten years to launch a decisive offensive: this was caused by his decision to form a standing army. Cavalry consisted of (ex-)Christian Armenians, Georgians, and also descendants of Circassian ex-prisoners of war, instead of the mistrustful Kizilbash tribal cavalry levies of former times; Persian peasantry formed the infantry. Budgetary problems were resolved by restoring to the Shah's control the provinces formerly governed by the Kizilbash chiefs, the revenues of which supplemented the royal treasury. The new Ghulāms were often appointed as governors of the provinces.
After a long and severe struggle, 'Abbās regained Mashhad, and defeated the Uzbeks in a great battle near Herat in 1597, driving them beyond the Oxus River. In the meantime, taking advantage of tsar Ivan the Terrible's death in 1584, he had gained the homage of the provinces on the southern Caspian Sea, which had depended on Russia till then.
He moved his capital from Qazvin to the more central and more Persian Isfahan in 1592. Embellished by a magnificent series of new mosques, baths, colleges, and caravansaries, Isfahan became one of the most beautiful cities in the world.
Copper engraving by Dominicus Custos, from his Atrium heroicum Caesarum pub. 1600-1602.
Wars against the Ottomans and conquest of the Persian Gulf
A few years later, in 1599, the English gentleman of fortune Robert Shirley and the shah's favorite ghulam and chancellor Allahverdi Khan directed a major army reform. The massive introduction of muskets and artillery marked a great improvement from former times. With his new army, 'Abbās launched a campaign against the Ottomans in 1603. In the following year he obtained a first pitch victory, which forced them to give back the territory they had seized, including Baghdad. In 1605, following a victory at Basra, he extended his empire beyond the Euphrates; Sultan Ahmed I was compelled to cede Shirvan and Kurdistan in 1611. Hostilities ceased momentarily in 1614 with the Persian army at its peak.
In 1602, the Iranian army under the command of Imam-Quli Khan Undiladze managed to expel the Portuguese from Bahrain.[2] In 1614-15, he suppressed a rebellion in Kakheti which resulted in many deaths, while a large number of Georgians were resettled into other parts of his empire, notably Fars, Esfahan and Mazandaran. The united armies of the Turks and Tatars were completely defeated near Sultanieh in 1618, and Abbas made peace on very favorable terms. A few years later, in 1621, with the support of British ships, his forces captured Hormuz from the Portuguese. Determined to control the trade routes of the Persian Gulf, much of the trade was diverted to the town of Bandar 'Abbās which he had taken from the Portuguese in 1615 and had named after himself. The Persian Gulf was therefore opened to a flourishing commerce with Portuguese, Dutch, French, Spanish and British merchants, which were granted particular privileges. Agents treating with the Westerners were mostly of Armenian nationality. Trades and travel were boosted in all the Empire.
In 1623, 'Abbās launched another attack on the Ottomans, capturing Baghdad and much of Iraq. As long as the Ottomans were involved in wars with the Habsburgs in Europe, the Persians held on to their gains. In 1638 however, the Ottomans retook Baghdad, and the Persian–Ottoman border became finalized.
Reforms and assessment
'Abbās' reign, with its military successes and efficient administrative system, raised Iran to the status of a great power. 'Abbās was a skilled diplomat, tolerant of his Christian subjects in Armenia and Georgia (Kakheti and Kartli). He sent Shirley to Italy, Spain and England in order to create a pact against the Ottomans. According to the Encyclopedia of World Biography,
| “ | His power was more absolute than that of the sultan of Turkey. While the sultan was limited by the dictates of the Moslem religious laws as interpreted by the chief religious leader of the realm, the Shii Safavids were not so limited. Theirs was a theocracy in which the shah, as representative of the hidden imam, had absolute temporal and spiritual powers. He was called the Morshed-e Kamel ("most perfect leader") and as such could not do wrong. He was the arbiter of religious law. Later, when Persian kings became weak, the interpreters of religious law, Mujtaheds, dominated the religious as well as the temporal scene. | ” |
Mistrusting the once ruling class of the Qizilbash, 'Abbās gained a strong support from common people. Sources report him spending much of his time among them, personally visiting bazaars and other public places in Isfahan.
Isfahan became the center of Safavid architectural achievement, with the mosques Masjed-e Shah and the Masjed-e Sheykh Lotfollah and other monuments like the Ali Qapu, the Chehel Sotoun palace, and the Naghsh-i Jahan Square. His painting ateliers (of the Isfahan school established under his patronage) created some of the finest art in modern Persian history, by such illustrious painters as Reza Abbasi, Mohammed Qasim and others. Despite the ascetic roots of the Ṣafavid dynasty and the religious injunctions restricting the pleasures lawful to the faithful, the art of Abbas' time denotes a certain relaxation of the strictures. Historian James Saslow interprets the portrait by Muhammad Qasim as showing that the Muslim taboo against wine, as well as that against male intimacy, "were more honored in the breach than in the observance". Contemporary European observers at the Shah's court reflected similarly on prevalent customs. Among them was Thomas Herbert, the nineteen-year-old secretary to the British ambassador, who later related that he saw "Ganymede boys in vests of gold, rich bespangled turbans, and choice sandals, their curled hair dangling about their shoulders, with rolling eyes and vermilion cheeks."
'Abbās died in Mazandaran in 1629. His dominions extended from the Tigris to the Indus, even overcoming the Persian borders of pre-Islamic times. He is still today a popular figure in Iran, featuring in numerous traditional tales. His fame is tarnished, however, by numerous deeds of tyranny and cruelty, particularly against his own family. Afraid of a coup by his family (as he had done to his father), he locked them up in palaces in order to keep them without knowledge of the outside world. This resulted in weak successors. He killed his eldest son, Safi Mirza, leaving his throne to his grandson Safi. It is believed that Safi Mirza was killed because the Shah had learned the story of king Absalom who rebelled against his own father as depicted in the illustrations of the Morgan Crusader's Bible which was sent to him as a gift by Cardinal Maciejowski in 1604.
See also
- Safavid
- History of Persia
- Isfahan
- Ottoman Empire
- Shiism
- Iranian Georgians
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Abbas I of Persia
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| Preceded by Mohammed Khodabanda |
Shah of Iran 1587–1629 |
Succeeded by Safi |
References
- H. Nahavandi, Y. Bomati, Shah Abbas, empereur de Perse (1587-1629), ed. Perrin, Paris, 1998.
- The Persian Encyclopedia's entries on "Abbas I of Safavid" and "Mohammad of Safavid"
- Encyclopedia of World Biography
- Iran Chamber
- Dimdim.
- This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.