ZX Spectrum graphic modes
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The ZX Spectrum is generally considered to have limited graphical capabilities in comparison to other home computers of the same era such as the Commodore 64, largely due to its lack of a dedicated graphics chip. Nevertheless, throughout its commercial life and later activity on the demoscene, various techniques have been developed to provide (or emulate) improvements to the Spectrum's graphical output.
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[edit] Color palette
The ZX Spectrum (and compatibles) computers uses a variation of the 4-bit RGBI palette philosophy. This results in each of the colors of the 3-bit palette having a basic and bright variant, with the exception of black. The bright half of the palette is generated using the video display's maximum voltage levels for each of the three R/G/B color components that a color uses. The basic half of the palette is displayed by simply reducing these voltages.
Unlike most RGBI palettes, the ZX Spectrum swaps the color components around a bit: Blue has a binary weight of 1, Red has a weight of 2, while Green has a weight of 4. As with any binary number, these weights add up to produce a single decimal number that matches the displayed color, the effect of which can be seen in the table below (pay special attention to the "binary value" column).
For any value of n from 0 to 7, the following commands can be used to set or alter the screen's colors:
- BORDER n, the color for surrounding area outside the main bitmap.
- PAPER n, the background (pixel bit value of 0) color for the color cell to be altered.
- INK n, the foreground (pixel bit value of 1) color for the color cell to be altered.
Furthermore, the BRIGHT command can be used to change the setting of the PAPER and INK commands' "bright" flag (the I in RGBI), giving them access to the entire 15-color palette. Settings of "0" and "1" turn bright mode off and on (respectively). Since only one bit within a color attribute byte is used to select the brightness for both foreground and background colors in a color cell, it is not possible to select both bright and basic color modes in the same color cell. The BORDER command does not use a bright flag, thus only the eight basic colors are supported.
Counting from least to most significant bit, an attribute byte dedicates three bits for the foreground color, three bits for the background color, one bit for the bright flag, and one bit for the flashing effect (which causes the video display to alternate foreground and background colors periodically).
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Color number Binary value BRIGHT 0 BRIGHT 1 0 000 black black 1 001 basic blue bright blue 2 010 basic red bright red 3 011 basic magenta bright magenta 4 100 basic green bright green 5 101 basic cyan bright cyan 6 110 basic yellow bright yellow 7 111 basic white bright white
[edit] Standard mode
The original ZX Spectrum has a screen resolution of 256×192 pixels. Colour information is overlaid onto this as a grid of 8x8 pixel regions known as attribute blocks; within each attribute block, only two colours may be used out of a palette of 8 (black, blue, red, magenta, green, cyan, yellow and white). Additionally, the entire attribute block may be designated as 'bright', resulting in a total of 16 possible colours (although strictly speaking, both bright and dark black appear as the same shade when viewed on a conventional TV set). In many programs this limitation was evident as attribute clash.
- Details:
- Pixels: 256 x 192
- Attributes: 32 x 24
- Colors: 16
[edit] Hicolour
Several third-party Spectrum clones, including the Timex Sinclair machines and the Pentagon, support a screen mode in which attribute blocks are 8x1 pixels in size rather than the usual 8x8. A screen in this mode takes 12 KB RAM. In the case of the Timex, this mode is activated through the command OUT 255,2. In addition, this screen mode can be generated through the use of the MB-02 disk system's DMA hardware (where the technique is known as Multitech), and is also available as Mode 2 on the SAM Coupé.
[edit] "8x1" attributes
On other Spectrum models, this effect can be replicated by exploiting the fact that the ULA re-reads the attribute information on every pixel row when generating the video output; it is possible to write a new value to the relevant memory location in between successive lines, and thus cause a different pair of colours to be shown. However, the Spectrum's processor is not fast enough to write to an entire row of attribute bytes in one scanline, so 8x1 attributes can only be achieved over half of the screen width. This technique is variously known as Hicolour, Multicolour, FLI or Rainbow Processor mode.
- Details:
- Pixels: 256 x 192
- Attributes: 32 x 192
- Colors: 16
[edit] "8x2" attributes
A variation on this method is to change the complete row of attributes over the course of two scanlines, resulting in 8x2 pixel attribute blocks over the full width of the screen. In this situation the 128K Spectrum's shadow screen (see below) is commonly used as a back-buffer to ensure that the colour change happens simultaneously across all the attribute bytes.
- Details:
- Pixels: 256 x 192
- Attributes: 32 x 96
- Colors: 16
[edit] "4x1" attributes
A special case of the Hicolour mode involves alternating between the two available colours per attribute cell for 4 pixels each, allowing each 4x1 region to be treated as an independently colourable 'pixel' (although the limitation of one brightness level per 8x1 cell is still in effect).
- Details:
- Pixels: 64 x 192
- Attributes: 64 x 192
- Colors: 16
[edit] Multitech monochrome
By reducing the colour settings of the TV or monitor, it is possible to take advantage of the differences in intensity over the Spectrum's colour range to generate a 16-shade grayscale image at 256x192 resolution.
This technique is most commonly associated with the MB-02's Multitech capabilities, although it would work equally well with any other hicolour method as described above.
- Details:
- Pixels: 256 x 192
- Attributes: 32 x 192
- Colors: 16 grayscale
[edit] 512×192, Highres monochrome
This mode was mainly used to display 64×24 or 80×24 columns text screen and only Timex Sinclair computers and some Russian clones can display it. There are two graphics editors for this mode and it is supported by BASIC64 and some CP/M implementations. It also takes 12 kB (12 KiB) RAM.
- Details:
- Pixels: 512 x 192
- Attributes: none
- Colors: 2
[edit] Interlace
By alternating between two screens on every frame interrupt (50 Hz), it is possible to simulate a doubling of the vertical display resolution from 192 to 384 lines. The Timex clones and ZX Spectrum 128K implement a 'shadow' screen area which can be switched into place through the use of a single OUT command, and this is often utilised to rapidly switch between two images for this purpose (although this can also be achieved with a standard block copy, albeit not over the entire screen). When viewed on a television screen, the flicker is less noticeable than on a monitor. The image is linked to here (warning: the linked image flickers very rapidly, which could potentially cause seizures in people with photosensitive epilepsy).
The technique does not in fact achieve a true interlaced display, as the Spectrum lacks the ability to synchronise with the display hardware at such a low level. Rather, the effect is more akin to anti-aliasing, with certain pixels appearing at half intensity.
- Details:
- Pixels: 256 x 384
- Attributes: 32 x 24
- Colors: 16
[edit] GigaScreen
Two specially prepared images are displayed on the screen rapidly after each other. The palette is increased to approximately 64 colors due to the color-mixing effects of the rapid flipping between images.
For Pentagon machines, a hardware modification is available which directly combines the two alternate screen areas into the video signal, thus eliminating the flicker associated with this method. Furthermore, the gigascreen and hicolour techniques may be employed together to produce even richer-coloured images; this format has been named DithVIDE and BZither, both names referring to the dithering methods employed when converting true-colour images to the format.
- Details:
- Pixels: 256 x 192
- Attributes: 32 x 24
- Colors: 64
[edit] 3colour / Multichrome / RGB-3 / Interchrome
Three separate images, comprising a red, green and blue layer, are displayed on the screen rapidly, one after the other, relying on persistence of vision effects to merge the three layers into a single coloured image. The result is an 8-colour image where each pixel may be coloured independently.
This effect is simulated in another image linked to here (warning: the linked image flashes colors very rapidly, which could potentially cause seizures in people with photosensitive epilepsy); the flashing is less noticeable when viewed on a television screen.
- Details:
- Pixels: 256 x 192
- Attributes: 256 x 192
- Colors: 8
[edit] Emulated
[edit] 256×192, 256 colors, "256 Colour Mode", no attributes
The SPEC256 and EmuZWin emulators have a screen mode 256×192 pixels where each pixel can be in one of 256 colors. This is achieved by extending the word size of the emulated Z80 from 8 bits to 64, making eight bits of data available for each pixel; the screen thus takes 48 kB of memory. This mode only exists on the emulator and software graphics must be modified to use it.
- Details:
- Pixels: 256 x 192
- Attributes: 256 x 192
- Colors: 256
[edit] 128×192, 64 colors, "TV blur", 32×24 attributes
Due to the limitations of displaying a computer image on a regular TV, adjacent pixels were in fact blurred out horizontally. This effect was used to increase the number of displayed colours on screen by almost all of the graphic designers, by use of dithering techniques. Some emulators provide some sort of "blur" image processing trying to simulate this effect.
- Details:
- Pixels: 128 x 192
- Attributes: 16 x 24
- Colors: 64
