Zrenjanin

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Zrenjanin
Зрењанин
Image:Zrenjanin coa.svg
Coat of arms
Location of Zrenjanin within Serbia
Location of Zrenjanin within Serbia
Coordinates: 45°22′N 20°23′E / 45.367, 20.383
Country Serbia
District Central Banat
Settlements 22
Government
 - Mayor Goran Knežević (DS)
Area [1]
 - Municipality 1,324 km² (511.2 sq mi)
Population (2002 census)[2]
 - Total 79,773
 - Municipality 132,051
Time zone CET (UTC+1)
 - Summer (DST) CEST (UTC+2)
Postal code 23000
Car plates ZR
Area code +381 23
Website: http://www.zrenjanin.org.yu
City Hall and monument of king Peter I of Yugoslavia
City Hall and monument of king Peter I of Yugoslavia
Court House
Court House

Zrenjanin (Serbian Cyrillic: Зрењанин) is a city and a municipality located in Serbia. It is situated in the northern Serbian province of Vojvodina at 45° 22' North, 20° 23' East. It is the administrative centre of the Central Banat District of Serbia. In 2002, the city's population was 79,773, while the Zrenjanin municipality had 132,051 inhabitants.

Zrenjanin is the largest city in the Serbian Banat, the third largest city in the Vojvodina province (after Novi Sad and Subotica) and the sixth largest city in Serbia.

Contents

[edit] Name

Zrenjanin got its present name in 1946 in honour of the revolutionary hero Žarko Zrenjanin Uča (1902-1942). Žarko Zrenjanin was a leader of the Vojvodina Communists and wartime Partisans who during the World War II endured torture and months of incarceration by the Nazis, was released and later killed while trying to escape recapture.

Old Serbian name for the city was Bečkerek (Бечкерек) or Veliki Bečkerek (Велики Бечкерек). In Hungarian, the city is known as Nagybecskerek, in German as Großbetschkerek or Betschkerek, in Romanian as Becicherecul Mare or Zrenianin, in Slovak as Zreňanin, in Rusin as Зрењанин, in Croatian as Zrenjanin, and in Turkish as Beştelek (meaning five melons) or Beçkerek.

It is assumed that Zrenjanin's original name, Bečkerek/Becskerek, comes from Hungarian word kerek ("forest, grove") and the surname of the 14th century nobleman, Imre Becsei, who had large estates in the area. Therefore the name would be translated into English as "Becsei's Forest". The original name gained a modificated meaning "great/big/major" in the languages of the Banat (Serbian: Veliki or Велики, Danube Swabian: Groß, Hungarian: Nagy, Romanian: Mare), as opposed to a village of the same name in the Romanian Banat, that is usually referred to as small Bečkerek (cf. Serbian: Mali Bečkerek or Мали Бечкерек, Danube Swabian: Kleinbetschkerek, Romanian: Becicherecu Mic, Hungarian: Kisbecskerek).

In 1935 the city was renamed to Petrovgrad in honour of king Peter I of Yugoslavia.

[edit] History

The town of (Veliki) Bečkerek / (Nagy) Becskerek was first settled in the 14th century, the first mention of it dates from 1326. The merchant town on the Begej river became a property of the Serbian prince Stefan Lazarević in the 14th century. The town was ruled by the Kingdom of Hungary until 1551 when it was conquered by the Ottoman Empire.

Mehmed-paša Sokolović, the founder of the vakuf of Bečkerek
Mehmed-paša Sokolović, the founder of the vakuf of Bečkerek

The Ottoman army that conquered Bečkerek was led by Mehmed-paša Sokolović, an Ottoman statesman of Serb origin, hence the local Serbs from Bečkerek helped him to conquer the town. After the town fell, Mehmed-paša met with the leaders of local Serbs, and nominated beg Malković for administrator of Bečkerek. As a gratitude to Serbs for their help, Mehmed-paša later (in 1570) turned the town into his vakuf (foundation), built there many beautiful buildings, and granted local autonomy to it. During the Ottoman rule, the town of Bečkerek was divided into two parts (mahalas) - one Serb and another Muslim.

In 1716, Bečkerek was conquered by the Habsburg Monarchy and it developed significantly by Maria Theresia's order of 1769. According to the 1753 data, the town was mostly populated by Serbs and Germans. According to the 1773 data, the population of the town numbered 721 houses, of which 625 were Orthodox Christian, and 96 Roman Catholic.

In 1779, Bečkerek became a seat of Torontal county.

Since great fire destroyed almost whole town in 1807, county seat was temporarly moved to Sânnicolau Mare, until new county building was finished in 1820.

Bečkerek got a theatre hall in 1839 and a gymnasium in 1846, as well as a City Hall in 1820 and the Palace of Justice in 1908.

During the Revolution of 1848-1849, the town was one of de facto capitals of Serbian Vojvodina, a Serbian autonomous region within Habsburg Empire. Between 1849 and 1860, it was part of a separate Austrian crownland known as the Vojvodina of Serbia and Tamiš Banat. After the abolishment of this province, the town was included into Torontal County, and was the administrative center of this county. After 1867, Bečkerek was located within the Hungarian part of Austria-Hungary.

Small bridge, Reformation church and Court House
Small bridge, Reformation church and Court House
Monument of Žarko Zrenjanin
Monument of Žarko Zrenjanin

According to the 1910 census, the city had 26,006 inhabitants, of which 9,148 most frequently spoke Hungarian language, 8,934 Serbian language, 6,811 German language, 456 Slovak language, and 339 Romanian language. The municipal area of the city had 54,715 inhabitants, of which 16,485 most frequently spoke German language, 14,445 Serbian language, 10,581 Romanian language, 8,573 Hungarian language, and 3,265 Slovak language. It is not certain whether Hungarians or Serbs were largest ethnic group in the city in this time, since 1910 census is considered partially inaccurate by most historians because this census did not recorded the population by ethnic origin or mother tongue, but by the "most frequently spoken language", thus the census results overstated the number of Hungarian speakers, since this was official language at the time and many non-Hungarian native speakers stated that they most frequently speak Hungarian language in everyday communication. The city was also home to 1,232 Jews, of whom many were native Hungarian speakers. Another problem is that the city and its municipal area were administered separatelly, thus the total population of the city and its municipal area counted together was 80,721 people, of whom 23,379 most frequently spoke Serbian language, 23,296 German language, 17,721 Hungarian language, 10,920 Romanian language, and 3,721 Slovak language.

After World War I, the city became part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later renamed to Yugoslavia). In 1921, the population of the city included 39% Serbs and Croats, 28% Germans, 27% Hungarians, and 6% Romanians. Between 1918 and 1922, it was a centre of a county within the Kingdom, between 1922 and 1929, it was part of the Belgrade oblast, and between 1929 and 1941 part of the Danube Banovina.

Between 1941 and 1944, it was under Axis occupation, and was part of the autonomous Banat within German-occupied Serbia. Beginning in 1945, Zrenjanin was part of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina within the new Socialist Yugoslavia, and from 1992 to 2003 it was part of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, which was then transformed into the state union of Serbia and Montenegro. Since the 2006 independence of Montenegro, Zrenjanin has been part of an independent Serbia.

[edit] Inhabited places

Begej River in Zrenjanin (the bridge shown on the picture is located at same place were the former Eiffel Bridge used to stand)
Begej River in Zrenjanin (the bridge shown on the picture is located at same place were the former Eiffel Bridge used to stand)
Central square and Catholic church in Zrenjanin
Central square and Catholic church in Zrenjanin
Small bridge, Protestant church and Court House
Small bridge, Protestant church and Court House

Zrenjanin municipality includes the city of Zrenjanin and the following villages:

[edit] City quarters

[edit] Demographics (2002 census)

[edit] Ethnic groups in the municipality

The population of the Zrenjanin municipality is composed of:

[edit] Settlements by ethnic majority

Settlements with Serb ethnic majority are: Zrenjanin, Banatski Despotovac, Botoš, Elemir, Ečka, Klek, Knićanin, Lazarevo, Lukićevo, Melenci, Orlovat, Perlez, Stajićevo, Taraš, Tomaševac, Farkaždin, and Čenta. Settlements with Hungarian ethnic majority are: Lukino Selo and Mihajlovo. Settlement with Romanian ethnic majority is Jankov Most. Ethnically mixed settlements are: Aradac (with relative Serb majority) and Belo Blato (with relative Slovak majority).

[edit] Ethnic groups in the town

The population of the Zrenjanin town is composed of:

  • Serbs = 56,560 (70.9%)
  • Hungarians = 11,605 (14.55%)
  • Yugoslavs = 1,948 (2.44%)
  • Roma = 1,577 (1.98%)
  • others.

[edit] Religion

According to the 2002 census, most of the inhabitants of the Zrenjanin municipality are Orthodox Christians (77.28%). Other religions include Roman Catholic (12.01%), Protestant (2.13%), and other. Orthodox Christians in Zrenjanin belong to the Eparchy of Banat of the Serbian Orthodox Church with seat in Vršac. Zrenjanin is also the centre of the Roman Catholic diocese of the Banat region belonging to Serbia.

[edit] Architectural monuments

View of synagogue, which was demolished in 1941 by Nazis
View of synagogue, which was demolished in 1941 by Nazis
Main facade of the National museum building
Main facade of the National museum building
Trade academy decorated with sgraffito technique
Trade academy decorated with sgraffito technique

[edit] Tourism

Zrenjanin has many places of interest like City Hall, the Cathedral, Freedom Square, King Aleksandar I Street, etc.

Hotel "Vojvodina" is situated on Liberty Square (**** category). There is a Tourist Information Office in the building of National Museum (Subotićeva 1).

[edit] Sports

Zrenjanin has a long sports tradition. First clubs were established during 1880s.

Zrenjanin was the home town of Proleter football club from 1947 until 2005. Today, FK Banat plays it's games at Karađorđev Park Stadium in Serbian Premier League.

[edit] Transportation

Taxi station in Petrovgrad (today Zrenjanin) in 1938, nearby Cathedral
Taxi station in Petrovgrad (today Zrenjanin) in 1938, nearby Cathedral

Zrenjanin has a public transport which consists of buses. "Autobanat" operates as a public transport company and between nearby cities (Novi Sad, Belgrade, Kikinda, Vršac). Trasport has a long tradition in Zrenjanin. In the past river traffic on the Begej river used to be most developed sort of goods transport. Veliki Bečkerek got railway in 1883, when it had been connected to Velika Kikinda. There are many taxi operators in Zrenjanin. Main taxi station is located just across "Vojvodina" hotel.

[edit] Notable citizens

[edit] Twin towns

[edit] Trivia

  • Zrenjanin has the oldest operating post office in Serbia - it was founded in 1737.
  • During World War II, Zrenjanin could be bombed by Allies by mistake, because pilot thought it was Timişoara (both cities lye on the Begej river).
  • Zrenjanin is often called "Town of the bridges" - it has 10 bridges.

[edit] References

  • Milan Tutorov, Banatska rapsodija - istorika Zrenjanina i Banata, Novi Sad, 2001.

[edit] See also

[edit] External links

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ Municipalities of Serbia, 2006. Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia.
  2. ^ (2003) Popis stanovništva, domaćinstava i Stanova 2002. Knjiga 1: Nacionalna ili etnička pripadnost po naseljima (in Serbian). Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia. ISBN 86-84443-00-09. 
  3. ^ Joe Penner biography (in Hungarian)
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Cities, towns and villages in the Central Banat District

Municipalities and cities of Serbia
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Central Serbia
City of Belgrade: (Barajevo • Čukarica • Grocka • Lazarevac • Mladenovac • Novi Beograd • Obrenovac • Palilula • Rakovica • Savski Venac • Sopot • Stari Grad • Surčin • Voždovac • Vračar • Zemun • Zvezdara)• City of Čačak • City of Jagodina • City of Kragujevac: (Aerodrom • Pivara • Stanovo • Stari Grad • Stragari)
• City of Kraljevo • City of Kruševac • City of Leskovac • City of Loznica • City of Niš:(Crveni Krst • Medijana • Niška Banja • Palilula • Pantelej) • City of Novi Pazar • City of Požarevac • City of Smederevo • City of Šabac • City of Užice • City of Valjevo • City of Vranje • City of Zaječar

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Autonomous Province of Vojvodina
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Municipalities of Kosovo1