Yongsan Garrison
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Yongsan Garrison, a facility which includes Camp Coiner, is a U.S. military base located in Seoul, South Korea. It contains the headquarters for the U.S. military presence in Korea, known as United States Forces Korea or USFK. The site had previously been the headquarters of the Imperial Japanese Army from 1910-1945.
The garrison comprises 2.5 km². (630 acres) in the heart of Korea's capital city, with a golf driving range, four-star hotel and 440,000 square m (4.7 million square ft) of floor space in hundreds of buildings. The garrison is made up of two main parts, Main Post (North Post) and South Post, which are physically divided by a four-lane boulevard that links two Seoul districts together. In January 2004 a major bridge was constructed over this boulevard to solve traffic congestion problems.
Camp Coiner, covering approximately 50 acres on Yongsan Garrison's northern edge, is named after 2nd Lt. Randall Coiner, a Korean War Silver Star recipient. Since the Korean War it has served as Korea's primary inprocessing facility for Army troops. Camp Coiner has been a self-sufficient compound with its own network of barracks, shopping, and entertainment, though in recent decades it has become more integrated with Yongsan Garrison.
Yongsan Garrison is located within the Yongsan-gu district of Seoul. East of the garrison is the commercial district of Itaewon, with westernized shopping and nightlife; at one time it was known for its brothels. To the west of Yongsan is the Samgakji subway station and Yongsan Electronics Market.
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[edit] History
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Yongsan Garrison was originally created as an Imperial Japanese Army garrison in the early decades of the 20th century. At that time the Japanese garrison was on the outskirts of the city in mostly undeveloped land. Since that time the city of Seoul has enveloped the Garrison. Several buildings built by the Japanese army, and located within Yongsan Garrison, are still utilized by US forces - most notably the Eighth army headquarters building. Located directly across from Eighth Army HQ is the UN command building, a structure built around 1970 that is home to the CINC of U.S. forces in Korea and command of all combined forces (i.e. UN, U.S. , Korea etc.).
The Korean War Memorial museum directly abuts the western edge of the north half of Yongsan Garrison. Before the construction of this museum the land was part of the Korean military command and was only slightly separated from the US army facility, both having been part of the original Japanese Garrison.
The South Korean government and U.S. Army official have agreed to relocate Yongsan Garrison 55 miles south, to Camp Humphreys near the metropolitan city of Pyeongtaek beginning in either 2012 or 2013, according to Stars and Stripes. South Korea had traditionally regarded this garrison as insurance against the U.S. Army abandoning Seoul, which is only about 65 km from the DMZ. As a result of this relocation and the planned withdrawal of U.S. troops near the DMZ, all American troops will be pulled back from north of the Han River.
The Embassy of the United States in Seoul may build a new Chancery on part of the land planned to be vacated by the U.S. Army, most probably Camp Coiner. Most of the U.S. Embassy officials live in an Embassy housing compound located in an area almost completely enveloped by the Yongsan Garrison, and with direct access to the Garrison.
Note: some 297,000 square meters (77 acres) of land, including a golf course, was given back to the City of Seoul in November of 1992 to become Yongsan Family Park and the site of the recently opened National Museum. The opening of the completed National museum was delayed by several years while the fate of a U.S. Army helicopter landing facility was decided (the landing area was directly in front of the museum). The single family suburban style housing areas, with yards and tree lined streets, plus the small wooded areas throughout the Garrison stand in stark contrast to the highly urbanized areas surrounding the facility. This contrast has, and still does contribute to some of the anti-American feelings by certain Seoulites.
[edit] Demonstrations at Yongsan Garrison
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Background
Yongsan Garrison and other USFK (United States Forces Korea) installations are sometimes the targets of demonstrations expressing anti-American sentiment. Most are held on the street in front of the main gate, usually during times of rush hour traffic. While the motivations of these protests has varied and included various social, political, cultural, and historical factors, as well as tensions in the overall US-ROK (Republic of Korea) bilateral relationship, military operations conducted by US forces have, on occasion, served to exacerbate this sentiment.
Incident
One incident that later prompted several demonstrations at the Yongsan Garrison occurred on June 13th, 2002 at a village near Uijongbu, approximately 18 miles (30 kilometers) south of the border separating North and South Korea.[1] On that day, a US military convoy subordinate to the US Army’s 8th Army, 2nd Infantry Division set out to undertake a training exercise at a range approximately 12 miles (19 kilometers) north of metropolitan Seoul.[2]
As the convoy passed along a narrow country road near Yangju City, Gyeonggi Province, one of the convoy’s armored vehicles, weighing approximately 57 tons, struck and killed two 14 year old Korean girls, Shim Mi-son and Shin Hyo-sun, as they walked along the side of the roadway on their way to a birthday party.[3]
Legal Proceedings & The Issue of Jurisdiction
On July 5th, 2002, as a result of this incident, and in accordance with the US-ROK Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA), which stipulates that US military personnel fall under the jurisdiction of US military courts should they commit crimes while performing official duties, both the driver of the vehicle, Sergeant Mark Walker, and the vehicle’s commander, Sergeant Fernando Nino, were charged with “negligent homicide” under the US military’s Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ) for “negligently failing to ensure the safe operation of the vehicle.”
Seeking to prosecute the two soldiers in civilian courts under Korean law, however, on July 10th, the South Korean Justice Ministry requested that the USFK command transfer jurisdiction in this case to the Korean legal system. While the SOFA stipulates that US military personnel performing official duties fall under the jurisdiction of US military courts, jurisdiction can be transferred to host countries at the discretion of the US military.
Citing concerns about setting a precedent in terms of allowing civilian proceedings against US military personnel, then Judge Advocate of the USFK, Colonel Kent Myers declined to do so, noting that the US Army had waived jurisdiction only once before in a case in which the act committed was intentional and not accidental. In a statement issued by the USFK, Col. Myers noted that Walker and Nino were clearly performing assigned duties in an official capacity and therefore subject to the UCMJ under the US-ROK SOFA.[4]
Although they refused the request of the Korean Justice Ministry, US officials did, however, invite more than 30 media representatives, representatives from the South Korean Justice Ministry, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, and from Korean Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) to observe the trials. In addition, additional rooms with closed circuit television (CCTV) coverage were provided to accommodate the increased level of interest. Moreover, families of the victims were invited to attend and, to protect their privacy, offered the use of a separate CCTV-equipped room staffed with an interpreter and military lawyer to explain the processes involved.[5] In addition to these actions, public statements made by US officials stressed the fair and impartial nature of the US military legal process.
During the proceedings, lawyers for Sgt. Nino contended that he attempted to alert Sgt. Walker to the presence of the two girls on the periphery of the road. Reports differ as to whether Sgt. Walker did not hear the order due to a defective communications device or because he had altered the frequency of his radio in order to communicate with others in the convoy.
Sergeants Nino and Walker were subsequently found not guilty of “negligent homicide” in verdicts issued independently by two separate panels on Wednesday, November 20th and Friday, November 22nd, 2002. While demonstrators questioned the legitimacy and objectivity of the US military court and its verdict, the South Korean Justice Ministry voiced dissatisfaction with the verdict, but respect for the process as employed.[6]
Acquittal & Expressions of Anti-American Sentiment
Full apologies were issued by US civilian and military officials at various levels of authority immediately after the incident and repeated throughout the course of the legal proceedings. In addition, visits were made to the families of the two victims, and compensation was promised. US President George W. Bush also phoned then South Korean President Kim Dae-jung and expressed his regret over the deaths of the two Korean girls.
However, the acquittal of the two servicemen sparked anti-American demonstrations in various locations, termed “the biggest anti-American protests the country has seen in recent years” by a BBC report covering the December 2002 visit of then US Deputy Secretary of State Richard Armitage to South Korea.[7] The same report also suggested that presidential elections in South Korea, set to take place that same December, may have focused attention on the issue as a larger referendum on the US-ROK relationship, and thus exacerbated tensions. In addition to anger, sadness, and outrage at the death of the two girls, this move sparked protests in several locations as South Koreans expressed a desire for greater control over foreign forces stationed in Korea and urged that the SOFA be revised accordingly.
In addition to a series of large demonstrations at US bases and a rally attended by more than 50,000 Koreans in Seoul during the second week of December, attacks, including fire bombings, were launched at Yongsan Garrison and both the Korean and American personnel responsible for guarding US military installations in Korea. In one incident in December 2002, an unarmed US soldier, Army Lieutenant Colonel Steven A. Boylan, was attacked by three South Korean men wielding a knife outside the Garrison. Lt. Col. Boylan suffered only minor injuries.[8]
Aftermath
In the months following the incident, both the US military and Korean authorities took actions to attempt to address the circumstances seen as having led to the deaths of the two girls. As of August 2002, the US Army banned all armored vehicles of the type involved in the June 13th accident from civilian roads. In addition, the Army announced more than 20 additional measures to improve safety during training exercises, including improvements to the notification system used to communicate with community leaders about upcoming training exercises, the installation of additional mirrors on US Army vehicles to improve driver visibility, and the retrofitting of additional intercom systems on US military vehicles to allow for direct communication between drivers and vehicle commanders.
Officials from Gyeonggi Province also took actions to address another issue seen to have contributed to the accident, inadequate transportation infrastructure. Reports indicated that one factor that may have contributed to the deaths of Shim Mi-son and Shin Hyo-sun, was the width and design of the roads in the area near their home village. Not only are roads in the area narrow, they do not always have space allocated along their periphery for pedestrians to use as walkways. Some have posited that this design contributes to the number of traffic accidents in Korea in general. Given that the armored vehicles traveling in the convoy on June 13th are wider than both a typical passenger vehicle and than the lanes marked on most roads, and that they the two girls were struck on an uphill S-curve, some reports posited that the design of the road where the accident occurred, and the width of the vehicles, the lanes on the road, and the road itself may have exacerbated the dangers already inherent when military vehicles operate within a civilian environment.
As such, improvements were made to the road where the incident took place as part of a $94 million dollar plan to improve more than 100 miles of roads throughout the province. A major focal point of the project was the completion of improvements to roads used by the 2nd Infantry Division. Officials focused on widening, straightening, and smoothing the roads, while also adding footpaths. Begun in December 2002, reports suggest the project was 85 percent complete as of February 2004 and set to be concluded by April 2004. While the South Korean national government spent almost $1 million dollars to acquire the land necessary to widen several stretches of road, in some cases by 2-3 feet, the cost of construction fell upon Gyeonggi Province.[9]
[edit] Facilities
Facilities in Yongsan Army Garrison include:
- 3 swimming pools
- 3 gyms
- Numerous baseball, football, and soccer fields
- A movie theater
- A bowling center
- A recreational center
- Schools
[edit] References
- ^ “US Soldiers Charged for Korean Deaths,” BBC News: World Edition, July 5, 2002. [1]
- ^ Don Kirk, “Road Accident Galvanizes the Country: Deaths in Korea Ignite Anti-American Passion,” International Herald Tribune, July 31, 2002. [2].
- ^ Howard W. French and Don Kirk, “American Policies and Presence Under Fire in South Korea,” New York Times, December 8, 2002. [3]
- ^ “US Refuses Korean Justice for Soldiers,” BBC News: World Edition, August 7, 2002. [4]
- ^ “US Leaders Emphasize Openness,” News Release of the US Embassy Seoul, November 19, 2002. [5]
- ^ “Korean Anger as US Soldiers Cleared,” BBC News: World Edition, November 22, 2002. [6]
- ^ “US Official Met by Korean Anger,” BBC News: World Edition, December 10, 2002. [7]
- ^ “US Soldier Attacked in South Korea,” BBC News: World Edition, December 16, 2002. [8]
- ^ Seth Robinson, “South Korea Widening Project to Help Prevent Repeat of 2002 Accident,” Stars And Stripes, February 8, 2004. [9]
