Yok-Utian languages

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Yok-Utian (also Hotian) is a hypothetical language family of California. It consists of the Yokutsan and Utian families.

The name Yok-Utian was coined by Geoffrey Gamble. Catherine Callaghan (who established the Utian family) is one of the major investigators of this hypothesis. Callaghan and Gamble's research on this family started in 1991. An early suggestion of similarities between these two families was made by Kenneth Whistler and Victor Golla in 1986.

Yok-Utian is a part of the larger Penutian proposal.

[edit] Family outline

I. Yokutsan

1. Foothill Yokuts

2. Palewyami (a.k.a. Poso Creek, Altinin)

3. Valley Yokuts (†)

II. Utian

A. Costanoan (a.k.a. Ohlone) (†)

4. Mutsun (a.k.a. San Juan Bautista Costanoan) (†)

5. Rumsen (a.k.a. Rumsien) (†)

6. Chochenyo (a.k.a. East Bay Costanoan, Chocheño, Chocheno)

7. Ramaytush (a.k.a. San Francisco Costanoan)

8. Tamyen (a.k.a. Santa Clara Costanoan, Tamien) (†)

9. Awaswas (a.k.a. Santa Cruz Costanoan) (†)

10. Chalon (a.k.a. Soledad, Cholon) (†)

11. Karkin (a.k.a. Carquin) (†)

B. Miwok (a.k.a. Miwokan, Miwuk, Moquelumnan)

12. Plains Miwok

13. Bay Miwok (a.k.a. Saclan) (†)

14. Northern Sierra Miwok

15. Central Sierra Miwok

16. Southern Sierra Miwok

17. Coast Miwok (†)

18. Lake Miwok

[edit] Links

• Ethnologue: Yok-Utian
• Native Tribes, Groups, Language Families and Dialects of California in 1770 (map after Kroeber)

[edit] References

• Callaghan, Catherine. (1997). Evidence for Yok-Utian. International Journal of American Linguistics, 63, 121-133.
• Callaghan, Catherine. (2001). More evidence for Yok-Utian: A reanalysis of the Dixon and Kroeber sets (1). International Journal of American Linguistics, 67 (3), 313-346.
• Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1.
• DeLancey, Scott; & Golla, Victor. (1997). The Penutian hypothesis: Retrospect and prospect. International Journal of American Linguistics, 63, 171-202.
• Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (Ed.). (2005). Ethnologue: Languages of the world (15th ed.). Dallas, TX: SIL International. ISBN 1-55671-159-X. (Online version: http://www.ethnologue.com).
• Levy, Richard. (1978). "Costanoan" in Handbook of North American Indians, 8, (California). William C. Sturtevant, and Robert F. Heizer, eds. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1978. ISBN 0-16-004578-9 / 0160045754, 485-495.
• Mithun, Marianne. (1999). The languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-23228-7 (hbk); ISBN 0-521-29875-X.
• Whistler, Kenneth; & Golla, Victor. (1986). Proto-Yokuts reconsidered. International Journal of American Linguistics, 52, 317-358.