Yitzchak Yaacov Reines
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Yitzchak Yaacov Reines יצחק יעקב ריינס (Isaac Jacob Reines), (1839-1915) was a Lithuanian Orthodox rabbi and the founder of the Mizrachi Religious Zionist Movement.
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[edit] Life
Reines, a descendant of Saul Wahl, was born in Karolin, Belarus. He studied at Eishistok Yeshiva and Volozhin Yeshiva before becoming a rabbi in Saukenai, Lithuania, from 1867. He was then rabbi in Svencionys, where in 1882 he founded a yeshiva with a curriculum that included secular subjects, from 1869, and Lida, (now in Belarus) from 1885 until his death. He also founded a modern yeshiva in Lida which attracted many students from throughout Russia. He named the yeshiva Torah Vodaas.
Reines wrote many books on rabbinic literature. Reines developed a rational approach to Talmud study in his “Hotem Toknit” Mainz, 1880; vol. ii, Presburg, 1881) a new plan for a modernized, logical method of studying the Talmud.
He was one of the rabbis and representative Jews who assembled in St. Petersburg in 1882 to consider plans for the improvement of the moral and material condition of the Jews in Russia, and there he proposed the substitution of his method for the one prevalent in the yeshivot.
His proposition being rejected, he founded a new yeshivah in which his plans were to be carried out. It provided a ten years’ course, during which the student was to acquire the rabbinical knowledge necessary for ordination as a rabbi, and at the same time secure the secular education required in a government rabbi. But although the plan to supply Russian-speaking rabbis agreed in principle with the aims of the Russian government, there was so much Jewish opposition to his yeshibah that it was closed by the authorities after an existence of four years; all further attempts of Reines to reestablish it failed.
He was instrumental in the establishment of the first “kollel” perushim, for the purpose of subsidizing young married men studying for the rabbinate, under Rabbi Yitzchak Blazer.
His son, Moses was born at Lida (where his father R. Isaac Jacob Reines, was rabbi) in 1870; died there March 7, 1891. Moses Reines was the author of Jewish historical materials for the history of Jewish culture in Russia and for a history of the yeshibot in Russia.
[edit] Zionism
He was a member of the Hibbat Zion movement from its inception, Rabbi Yitzhak Reines joined Rabbi Samuel Mohilever in proposing settlement that Torah and labor. Mohilever coined the phrase: the Mercaz Ruchani (religious center) or in short Mizrachi. Ten years later, when Rabbi Reines was looking for a good name for a religious Zionist movement, he adopted the name.
Theodor Herzl recognized the need for rabbis to support the new Zionist movement and Reines was one of the first rabbis to answer Herzl's call to become part of the movement; as such, he attended the Third Zionist Congress (1899).
While most of his eastern and western European rabbinical colleagues remained opposed to political Zionism, in 1902 Reines published a book, Or Hadash al Tzion ("[A] New Light on Zion") which presents a call to a Zionist Judaism including a call to all include all Jews, economic productivity and training, and a renewed Judaism in thought, emotion, and action.
He believed that whereas medieval Jews saw the Divine hand in nature, contemporary Jews see the Divine hand in history especially surviving the exile to return to modern Zion. He commissioned Zev Yaavetz to write an appropriate Jewish history work to use for education.
The same year, he organized a conference of the religious Zionist movement in Vilna, where the Mizrachi movement was founded. He was recognized as the movement's leader at its founding convention in Pressburg, Bratislava in 1904.
In 1905, Reines accomplished his own personal dream, with the establishment of a yeshiva in Lida where both secular and religious subjects were taught.
At the fifth Zionist congress, the Swiss and radical student faction threatened to turn the movement in a direction which would lead away from religion. In contrast, Reines’ Mizrahi branch became the strongest branch of the Zionist organization in Russia. He supported the British Uganda Program as temporary measure to save Jews.
Reines was succeeded by Judah Leib Fishman, a preacher (maggid) and rabbi who met Rabbi Reines in 1900 and took part in the movement's founding conference in Vilna. He participated in the second and subsequent Zionist congresses and was a member of the Zionist General Council. Fishman, who changed his name to Maimon, settled in Israel in 1913.
[edit] Works and references
- Reines, Isaac Jacob. Sefer ha-`arakhim. `Arakhim `arukhim, be-derekh ha-hegyoni veha-mehkar ha-pilosofi `al ha-adam veha-teva`, `al ha-dat veha-le'om, `al Yisra'el ve-tikvotav, `al Erets-Yisra'el ve-binyanah ve-`al kol ha-`inyanim ha `omdim be-rum ha-`olam ha-enoshi veha-Yisre`eli me-et ... Yitshak Ya`akov Reines. Mesudar li-defus ve-yotse la-or mi-tokh ketav-yad `al-yede beno ... Avraham Dov Ber Reines. Pp. viii, 343. Nyu-York, 686 [1926]
- Reines, Isaac Jacob. `Edut be-Ya`akov : she'elot u-teshuvot, hakirot u-ve'urim be-`inyene `edut. Pp. 515. Yerushalayim: Mosad ha-Rav Kuk, c2000.
Besides the above-mentioned work Reines published: notes on the ’Edut bi-Yehoshef of his father-in-law (Wilna, 1866); ’Edut be-Ya’akob on testimony (ib., 1872); Sha’are Orah on Haggadah and Midrash (ib. 1886); Orim Gedolim on Halakah (ib. 1887); Nod shel Dema’oteulogies or funeral sermons (ib. 1891); Or Shib’at ha-Yamim (ib, 1896); Orah we-Shimhah (with a preface explaining Zionism from the Orthodox point of view); Or hadash ‘al Ziyyon , a refutation of the arguments which are advanced by the ultra-Orthodox against Zionism (ib. 1902).
[edit] Bibliography
- Maimon, Judah Leib. Zekhor zot le-Ya`akov: toldot ha-ga'on ha-gadol, yotser ha-Mizrahi, ha-rav Rabi Yitshak Ya`akov Raines, zatsal. Ketuvot va-`arukhot `al yede Yehudah Leyb ha-Kohen Fishman. Pp. 24. Yerushalayim: Defus Salomon, 694 [1933 or 1934]
- Bath Yehudah, Geulah. Ish ha-me'orot: Rabi Yitshak Ya`akov Raines. Pp. 370. Yerushalayim: Mosad ha-Rav Kuk, c1985.
- Aryeh Strikovski, Ha-Rav Yitshak Ya`akov Raines: meyased ha-Tsiyonut ha-datit: hegyonot, amarot, ´sirtutim. Pp. 45. Yerushalayim: Mi´srad ha-hinukh ha-tarbut veha-sport, Minhal ha-tarbut, ha-Agaf le-tarbut Toranit, 759, 1999.
- Shapira, Joseph, Hagut, Halakhah ve-Tsiyonut al olamoh ha-Ruhni shel Ha-Rav Yitshak Yaakov Reines (Tel Aviv: 2002).
