Yeshiva University
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| Yeshiva University | |
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| Motto: | Torah U'Madda |
| Established: | 1886 |
| Type: | Private, Jewish |
| Endowment: | US $1.468 billion[1] |
| Chancellor: | Norman Lamm |
| President: | Richard M. Joel |
| Faculty: | 4,714 |
| Undergraduates: | 3,003 |
| Postgraduates: | 3,496 |
| Location: |  New York, NY |
| Campus: | Urban |
| Slogan: | "Bring Wisdom to Life" |
| Nickname: | Maccabees |
| Athletics: | NCAA Division III, Skyline Conference |
| Website: | www.yu.edu |
Yeshiva University is a private Jewish university in New York City whose first component was founded in 1886. Yeshiva University's present endowment is over $1.4 billion dollars and is ranked 52nd in the nation among national universities in 2007.[2]. The undergraduate programs operate according to the Modern Orthodox Judaism philosophy of Torah Umadda — meaning "Torah combined with secular studies".
[edit] History
[edit] Etz Chaim yeshiva
The Etz Chaim Yeshiva, a cheder-style elementary school, was founded on the Lower East Side of Manhattan in 1886. Prior to its founding, Jewish education in the United States had been limited to supplemental and synagogue affiliated schools. Etz Chaim ("The Tree of Life," a reference to the Torah from the Biblical Book of Proverbs, and a common name for yeshivas and synagogues) was the first yeshiva in America; that is, the first full-time, independent Jewish school focusing on the study of the Talmud. The primary impetus for its establishment was the influx of Jewish immigrants from Eastern Europe that began in the 1880s; the school was established along the lines of the Eastern European yeshivas, which themselves had begun to be established in the early 19th Century. However, the New York school, unlike its European counterparts, also offered some secular education, including classes in English. These were very limited at first, but eventually (partially due to New York State law) became a full co-curriculum, something almost unprecedented in the history of Jewish education.
[edit] Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary (RIETS)
The graduates of Etz Chaim had no place in the United States to continue their formal Jewish education after they completed elementary school, and some began studying Talmud with Rabbi Moses Matlin in his Lower East Side apartment. Soon, in 1896, this group formally became an advanced yeshiva, covering high school years and beyond. Rabbi Yitzchak Elchanan Spektor, the chief rabbi of Kovno (later the capital of Lithuania), and widely considered the leading rabbi of Eastern Europe at the time, died in that year, and the yeshiva (along with other, European, institutions) was named in his honor, as Yeshivat Rabbeinu Yitzchak Elchanan ("The Yeshiva of our Rabbi, Isaac Elchanan"). A year after it was founded, the yeshiva was formally chartered by New York State in 1897 as the Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary, which is known to this day by its acronym, RIETS. The first group of rabbis (a class of three) was ordained in 1903.
Despite its name, RIETS began as a traditional Lithuanian yeshiva, not a rabbinical seminary, with classes focusing only on the traditional subjects of Talmud and Jewish law. However, many of the students desired careers as rabbis, and found themselves in competition with the graduates of the Jewish Theological Seminary, at that time still seen as an Orthodox school (it would later become the flagship institution of the Conservative movement), which, while not stressing the traditional subjects, taught its students practical rabbinics, homiletics, and related subjects, making them more attractive to synagogues seeking rabbis. The students of RIETS struck several times in the mid-1900s, demanding these subjects be taught. The board of directors eventually acceded to their requests, and RIETS continues, to this day, to have the somewhat unique position of being both a traditional yeshiva, preparing its students for the traditional Orthodox semikha (ordination) by teaching a full curriculum of Talmud and Codes of Law, as well as a rabbinical seminary, teaching various practical rabbinics courses. (Rabbinical students may also take courses, depending on their intended field of practice, leading to degrees in Jewish studies, Jewish education, or pastoral social work at other schools of Yeshiva University, while others, including those who intend to teach, focus more intensely on the traditional subjects such as Talmud.) In the period following these changes, from 1906-1915, such prominent rabbis as Dr. Phillip Hillel Klein, Moses Zebulon Margolies, and Bernard Levinthal served as RIETS president.
Etz Chaim and RIETS, while separate schools, always had, as might be expected, a close relationship. There were a number of efforts to unite them, which finally succeeded in 1915, when they merged as the Rabbinical College of America (not to be confused with the modern institution of the same name in New Jersey). Both schools had each occupied a few locations on the Lower East Side, and now moved into a new building in the neighborhood. Shortly after the merger, the name reverted, for legal reasons, to RIETS, although the most common name used was simply "The Yeshiva." As a number of new Jewish elementary schools were opening at this time, Etz Chaim, the elementary division of the yeshiva, was phased out of existence over the course of the 1920s.
[edit] Under Rabbi Dr. Bernard Revel as president
The first president of the newly-merged school was Rabbi Bernard (Dov) Revel. Revel was young- thirty at the time- but already renowned as a scholar; he had been ordained in his teens in Lithuania and received his doctorate in Jewish studies (specifically, the relationship of Karaite Judaism to earlier Jewish groups) from Dropsie College (now merged into the University of Pennsylvania) in Philadelphia. His wife's family worked in the oil industry in Oklahoma, and he spent time managing their interests there as well for some time after he became president of the yeshiva before devoting himself to the latter position full-time.
[edit] High school established
In 1916, RIETS established the yeshiva's first high school (and the first Jewish high school in the United States), the Talmudic Academy (now known as the Marsha Stern Talmudical Academy). Along with traditional Talmud and other Jewish classes in the morning, MTA (as it is commonly known) taught- and continues to teach- a full curriculum of secular subjects in the afternoon. This not only set the pattern for all Jewish secondary (and even primary) schools that would be founded after it, but was to set the pattern for the Yeshiva as well as it founded new divisions. Later, Yeshiva would establish more high schools, in including the Central Yeshiva for Girls in Brooklyn (the first Jewish high school for girls), as well as another boys' high school in Brooklyn (BTA), and a girls' high school in Manhattan. (High schools, and a higher-level yeshiva, were also founded in Los Angeles, but they are now independent.) In the 1970s, the Brooklyn schools were merged into their Manhattan counterparts, and the girls' school was later moved to Queens, where it remains today.
[edit] Other founding personalities and growth
During one of Dr. Revel's absences in Oklahoma, Rabbi Meir Bar-Ilan, then head of the American branch of the Mizrachi religious Zionist movement, served as temporary president. He merged into the Yeshiva the Mizrachi's Teachers Institutes for Men and Women. The men's school eventually evolved into the Erna Michael College, today the Isaac Breuer College, an undergraduate men's Jewish studies division of Yeshiva
[edit] Stern College for women
The women's school was eventually folded into Stern College for Women. In 1922, Rabbi Shlomo Polachek began to teach at RIETS, being recognized as the top Rosh Yeshiva (teacher of Talmud). When he died in 1928, he was succeeded by Rabbi Moshe Soloveichik.
[edit] Yeshiva College
TA provided a college-preparatory education, but there was no college for its graduates to continue their Jewish educations as well. In 1928, the Yeshiva established Yeshiva College, which provides both an upper-level yeshiva education as well as a secular university curriculum, awarding a Bachelor's degree. It was starting at this time that Revel- and, later, other leaders of Yeshiva- began to develop their philosophy of the integration of religious and secular knowledge. Rabbinic education in RIETS, for those who choose it (most of the undergraduate men do not), now continues for a few years past graduation from college, leading to ordination, and continues further for a select few students. The school now became known as "Yeshiva College and RIETS."
[edit] Expansion
Also in the late 1920s, Yeshiva finally left the Lower East Side and moved to its current location in Washington Heights, in upper Manhattan. The area centered on 185th Street and Amsterdam Avenue continues to be Yeshiva's main campus, containing the central administration offices, the main library, the undergraduate schools for men, the boys' high school, the rabbinical seminary, and other divisions. The 1928 building, by Charles B. Meyers Associates, is an extravagant Moorish Revival architectural romance of domes, turrets, and towers done in orange stone, copper, brass and ceramic tiles. It may be the only university campus to have been been built in the Moorish revival style, a style widely in use in synagogues from the mid-nineteenth to mid-twentieth century.
The Great Depression began at this time, and Yeshiva was faced with numerous financial difficulties, having to shelve its more extensive building plans in order to stay open. (The campus would not really expand until the 1960s.) Yeshiva established its first graduate school, in Jewish studies, in 1936. At this time, Revel began working to bring over from Europe numerous faculty, in both Jewish and secular subjects, in order to save them from the impending Holocaust.
[edit] Rabbi Dr. Joseph B. Soloveitchik
The graduate school was named in honor of Revel after his untimely death, at the age of 55, in 1940. Shortly after, Rabbi Moshe Soloveichik died as well; his place was taken by his son, Rabbi Joseph B. Soloveitchik, who would remain the leading Rosh Yeshiva for over forty years, teaching and ordaining thousands of rabbis, including many of the leading figures in American Modern Orthodoxy today.
[edit] Under Rabbi Dr. Samuel Belkin as president
Revel was succeeded in 1943 by Rabbi Dr. Samuel Belkin, also a European-born scholar, a graduate of Brown University, and a professor of Greek at Yeshiva College. Under Belkin, the institution began to expand greatly. University status was obtained in 1945, and over the following decades, many new schools and divisions were opened. Stern College for Women, providing both an advanced Jewish education and full undergraduate curriculum, was established in the 1950s (its campus is in Midtown Manhattan), as was the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, in the Bronx. Also established, among others, were a graduate school of education and the humanities (now the graduate school of psychology) and a graduate school of the sciences (now focusing on biomedical studies), a school of Jewish music for the training of cantors, and a division providing various services to the Jewish community at large. Belkin set in process the foundation of Cardozo Law School, which opened, in Greenwich Village, shortly after his death.
[edit] Diversification
In 1970, in order to comply with laws regarding government aid to sectarian institutions, Yeshiva, in a move that aroused considerable opposition by some, including Rabbi Soloveitchik, officially became a secular university, changing the status of RIETS (the rabbinical seminary), the high schools, and related divisions to "affiliates." However, the two halves of the institution remain very close, both in practice and officially on paper. In addition, the undergraduate schools, part of the officially secular university, continue to require a full course of Judaic studies from their students. (For the majority of male undergraduates, this means the standard Talmudic yeshiva curriculum, essentially an undergraduate school of RIETS, along with various courses in academic Jewish studies.) As a result of this policy (though not, officially, by design), all of the undergraduate students are Jewish, and overwhelmingly Orthodox. (This is, of course, true of the affiliated schools as well.) Even in its more secular graduate schools, Yeshiva University is identifiably Jewish: Orthodox law is observed- for example, the schools are closed on the Sabbath and Jewish holidays and only kosher food is served. Partly as a result of this, there is a higher than usual proportion of Orthodox students at these schools, although most students are non-Orthodox or non-Jewish. In addition, there are numerous Jewish-related programs and courses of study- for example, Jewish law classes at Cardozo Law School. On the other hand, conflicts have developed over the years of the exact definition of Yeshiva's educational and religious philosophy, and whether or not it is (or should be) skewing too far either in the direction of secularism or fundamentalism, these conflicts often arising as a result of specific actions or events. The institution has thus worked continually to maintain the delicate balance inherent in its existence while advancing in both aspects of its character and synthesizing them.
[edit] Under Rabbi Dr. Norman Lamm as president
Belkin retired as president in 1975 and was appointed Chancellor. After Belkin died in 1976, Rabbi Norman Lamm was elected third president of Yeshiva University (and, at the same time, president and Rosh Yeshiva of RIETS). Rabbi Lamm was the first American-born president; furthermore, he was a graduate of Yeshiva himself: He received his undergraduate degree (in chemistry) from Yeshiva College, was ordained by RIETS, and received his doctorate (in Jewish philosophy) from the Revel graduate school. He was, at this time, rabbi in a prominent Manhattan synagogue as well as a professor of philosophy at Yeshiva.
Rabbi Lamm took office at a time when Yeshiva was facing a serious financial crisis. As a result, some of the schools had to be consolidated or closed. However, vigorous fundraising efforts ensured the continued viability of the school and placed it on the solid financial footing it is on today. More divisions were added: For example, the Sy Syms School of Business, with divisions for both the undergraduate men and women, was opened in 1988. At this time, many of the undergraduate students began to spend their freshman year (or more) studying in yeshivot (and other schools) in Israel, which has become an almost universal practice, and a Joint Israel Program regulating these studies was established to allow them to receive credit for this year at Yeshiva. RIETS also maintains a campus in Jerusalem, and many of the rabbinic students spend a year studying there as well. Over the course of Rabbi Lamm's tenure, enrollment grew considerably, and Yeshiva University's academic reputation rose as well. There are currently over 2000 undergraduate students, with plans in place to add a thousand more. In addition to its undergraduate schools and affiliates, Yeshiva maintains graduate schools in Jewish studies, Jewish education and administration, social work, psychology, law, and medicine; these are generally regarded as highly ranked in their respective fields. There are over fifteen schools in total. In addition, numerous joint undergraduate-graduate programs with other schools in the New York area and beyond are maintained. The Yeshiva University Museum, an affiliate of the school, is now one of the components of the Center for Jewish History, located in downtown Manhattan.
[edit] Under Richard M. Joel as president
In 2002, following Rabbi Lamm's retirement, Richard M. Joel was chosen as Yeshiva's fourth president. Joel, a graduate of MTA, holder of a law degree from New York University School of Law and a former dean of Cardozo, was head of Hillel: The Foundation for Jewish Campus Life, which coordinates Jewish activities at universities around the United States. (Yeshiva University has no chapter of Hillel.) However, Joel, unlike his predecessors, is, while an Orthodox Jew, not a rabbi or Jewish scholar but a layman. There was some opposition to his selection at the time from the more religiously conservative elements of the school. Later, there was opposition to Joel's introduction of a new logo and mottos for the school; it was felt that these were an attempt to water down the university's mission of Torah U-Madda, synthesizing religious and worldly wisdom, which is the university's motto and is featured on its seal. However, Joel responded that the logo was meant as a supplement to, not a replacement of, the university seal, and that the new mottos were actually slogans; this controversy has diminished as well.
Joel is also the chief executive officer of RIETS (officially known as Chief Executive), but Rabbi Lamm serves as University Chancellor and Rosh Yeshiva of RIETS. While there has never been an official position of "top Rosh Yeshiva" at YU, and, in practice, there has not been an unofficial holder of this position since the death of Rabbi Soloveitchik in 1993, Rabbi Lamm, since his retirement, holds this title.
Joel has announced numerous new initiatives and programs. Most notably, he has created the Yeshiva University Center for the Jewish Future, folding other programs, both from within and from outside YU, into it. The goal of the Center is to provide greater services to the entire Orthodox and Jewish communities, continuing Yeshiva's role as the central institution of Modern Orthodox Judaism as well as that of a leading institution of both Jewish and general studies.
[edit] Schools, affiliates, and divisions
[edit] Undergraduate Schools
Separate undergraduate programs for men and women combine traditional liberal arts and sciences studies with extensive Jewish studies programs.
For undergraduate men (Yeshiva College and uptown branch of Sy Syms School of Business), there exist four separate tracks for Judaic studies: The Mechina Program (formerly JSS), Isaac Breuer College of Hebraic Studies (IBC), Irving I. Stone Beit Midrash Program (SBMP), and Mazer Yeshiva Program of Talmudic Study (MYP). They offer varied approaches to the study of Torah, catering to the students with different levels of ability and areas of interest in Judaic studies.
[edit] Graduate and Professional Schools
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine
- Azrieli Graduate School of Jewish Education and Administration
- Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law
- Bernard Revel Graduate School of Jewish Studies
- Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology
- Wurzweiler School of Social Work
[edit] Affiliates
- Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary (RIETS), a rabbinical school.
- Philip and Sarah Belz School of Jewish Music
- Samuel H. Wang Yeshiva University High School for Girls
- Yeshiva University High School for Boys
[edit] Scholarly and cultural resources
[edit] Academic centers and institutes
- Rabbi Arthur Schneier Center for International Affairs
- Center for Ethics at Yeshiva University
- Institute for Public Health Sciences
- Center for Israel Studies at Yeshiva University
[edit] In Israel
- S. Daniel Abraham Israel Program
- Caroline and Joseph S. Gruss Institute in Jerusalem
[edit] Community
Yeshiva University maintains four campuses in New York City:
- The Resnick Campus in the Morris Park neighborhood of the eastern Bronx contains the Albert Einstein College of Medicine and the Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, along with dormitories, a library, a hospital and other medical facilities.
- The Brookdale Center in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of downtown Manhattan contains the Benjamin Cardozo School of Law, law clinics and office, and a dormitory. The Center for Jewish History, which includes the Yeshiva University Museum along with other institutions, is nearby in the Chelsea neighborhood.
- The Beren Campus in the Murray Hill neighborhood of Midtown Manhattan is home to the undergraduate schools for women, including Stern College for Women and the Midtown branch of the Sy Syms School of Business, along with dormitories and other facilities. The Azrieli School has classes on this campus as well.
- The Wilf Campus in the Washington Heights neighborhood of upper Manhattan is considered the main campus; it is home to the undergraduate schools for men, the rabbinical seminary, the Belz School of Jewish Music, the high school for boys, the Azrieli Graduate School for Jewish Education and Administration, the Wurzweiler School for Social Work, and the Bernard Revel Graduate school, along with other divisions, offices, libraries, dormitories, and other facilities.
The high school for girls is located in New York City as well, in the Holliswood neighborhood of eastern Queens.
The campus in Jerusalem, in the Bayit VeGan neighborhood, contains a branch of the rabbinical seminary and an office coordinating undergraduate study by YU students at various schools throughout Israel.
[edit] Student Government
Numerous clubs and activities are maintained by the students in each school, generally under the auspices of a student government. Activities are funded by a student activities fee collected by the school but freely distributed by the elected council. (Athletics are usually an academic department.) Each graduate school maintains a student council, such as the Student Bar Association at Cardozo, which, in turn, supports the many clubs and publications in each school.
At the undergraduate level, there are separate student governments on the two campuses, although the two work closely in coordinating joint events. The men's schools are represented overall by the Yeshiva Student Union, and specifically by the Yeshiva College Student Association, the Sy Syms Student Council, the Student Organization of Yeshiva (SOY, which represents both undergraduate MYP students as well as RIETS students), and student councils for SBMP, IBC, and JSS. The latter four run most Jewish-related activities on campus, including holiday celebrations and the famed SOY Seforim (Jewish book) sale annually around February, which is open to the general public and attracts large crowds from near and far. There are also individual councils for each class, council committees, a Student Court, and clubs.
The women's schools are represented by the Stern College and Sy Syms Student Councils; there are also a Torah Activities Council, which coordinates Jewish-related events, and individual class councils, along with various clubs.
The various positions on all councils are chosen by elections open to all students (both as voters and candidates) generally held in the Spring (for the following year's councils), although Freshman and Sophomore class councils are elected in the Fall, the latter owing to the large number of students spending the freshman year abroad in Israel.
The undergraduate men's newspaper is The Commentator, and the undergraduate women's The Observer; there is also a student newspaper (in addition to a number of law journals) at Cardozo. There are numerous other publications on a wide range of topics, both secular and religious, produced by the various councils and academic clubs, along with many official university publications and the university press. The call letters of the student radio station are WYUR.
[edit] Dormitories and student housing
There are dormitory and dining facilities on each campus. Cardozo has a single dormitory building a block south of the classroom building, while Einstein has a number of student housing buildings on campus for single and married students.
Approximately 90% of the undergraduate student populations live on campus.
The Wilf Campus includes three main dormitory buildings: Morgenstern, nicknamed the "Morg", Rubin, and Muss. Many upperclassmen and some graduate students live in the surrounding independent housing that is run by the university or in other nearby buildings; there is also a small high school dormitory on campus, Strenger Hall, which houses some older students as well who serve as counselors.
The Beren campus includes four dormitory buildings: Brookdale, Schottenstein, 36th Street and 35th Street Residence Halls. Many students live in university-administered independent housing nearby.
[edit] Sports Clubs and Teams
The winningest team in Yeshiva College sports history is the fencing team, known as the "Tauberman", named after the illustrious and beloved coach of the team, Professor Arthur Tauber, who served as the head coach of the team from 1949 through 1985. Team members practiced three nights a week from 8-11PM and participated in matches and tournaments with many of the area's collegiate teams. One of the highlights of the season was the match against MIT on a Sunday morning in the spring semester. The members of the team were hosted for Shabbat by the local Jewish community of Brookline, MA, with the match taking place the following day.
[edit] Rankings
Yeshiva University has been recognized for academic excellence throughout the state, country, and the world at large.
The U.S. News and World Report's 2008 "America's Best Colleges" ranked Yeshiva University as the 52th best national university tied with the University of Miami. It also placed among the three top universities in the New York area, together with New York and Columbia universities. YU was also cited as one of the top 50 "best value" schools, 20th in faculty resources, and in the top 25 for its high graduation rate of 82 percent (7 percentage points above the average for universities with similar student bodies).[3] The Washington Monthly 2007 College Rankings placed Yeshiva University 94th nationally. [4] In a similar list, The Center for Measuring University Performance found Yeshiva University 45th nationally among the Top American Research Universities. [5]
YU has also received worldwide recognition. The Times Higher Education Supplement of the UK put Yeshiva University as the 172th top world university of 2006; a substantial jump from the 254th ranking the school received in 2005.[6] According to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, the university is ranked in the 151-200 category among world universities and 76-98 among universities in the Americas.[7]
[edit] Notable faculty and Alumni
[edit] Notable faculty
- Professor Joshua Fishman
- Professor Harvey Sober
- Rabbi Joseph B. Soloveitchik
- Dr. David Alan Johnson
- ProfessorElisheva Carlebach Yoffen
[edit] Notable Alumni
- Rabbi Seth Farber
- Rabbi Barry Freundel
- Professor Ari L. Goldman
- Matthew Levitt
- Chaim Potok
- Rabbi Shlomo Riskin
[edit] See also
- Bar-Ilan University – a Ramat Gan based university which aims "to blend tradition with modern technologies and scholarship, and teach the compelling ethics of Jewish heritage to all.”
- Hebrew Theological College - a Chicago based institution, "preparing its graduates for roles as educators and Rabbis", while providing "broad cultural perspectives and a strong foundation in the Liberal Arts and Sciences."
- Lander College - a New York City based college, a division of Touro College, which offers secular, University study in addition to its yeshiva program.
- Jerusalem College of Technology - a Jerusalem based college, founded to "educate students who see the synthesis of Jewish values and a profession as their way of life."
- Famous people affiliated with Yeshiva University
- Education in New York City
[edit] References
- ^ America's Best Colleges 2008. US News. Retrieved on 2007-08-16.
- ^ Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year 2006 Market Value of Endowment Assets, 2006 NACUBO Endowment Study, National Association of College and University Business Officers. Accessed July 28, 2007.
- ^ America's Best Colleges 2007: National Universities: Top Schools, U.S. News & World Report. Accessed July 28, 2007.
- ^ The Washington Monthly College Rankings, Washington Monthly. Accessed April 14, 2008.
- ^ The Top American Research Universities: 2006 Annual Report, The Center for Measuring University Performance. Accessed July 29, 2007.
- ^ THES - QS World University Rankings 2006 - Top 200 Universities, The Times Higher Education Supplement. Accessed July 28, 2007.
- ^ Academic Ranking of World Universities 2006 Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Accessed July 29, 2007.
[edit] External links
[edit] Undergraduate schools
[edit] Graduate schools
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine
- Azrieli Graduate School of Jewish Education and Administration
- Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law
- Bernard Revel Graduate School of Jewish Studies
- Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology
- GPATS - Graduate Program for Women in Advanced Talmudic Studies
- Wurzweiler Graduate School of Social Work
[edit] Affiliates and centers
- Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary
- Philip and Sarah Belz School of Jewish Music
- Yeshiva University High School for Girls
- Yeshiva University High School for Boys
- Center for Israel Studies at Yeshiva University
- The Center for Ethics at Yeshiva University
- Center for Jewish Law and Contemporary Civilization
[edit] Scholarly and cultural resources
[edit] Student organizations
- YU Maccabees Athletics
- WYUR:Yeshiva University Radio
- The Commentator (YU's student newspaper)
- MacsLive, Online Home of Macs Basketball and the Red Sarachek Tournament
[edit] Other YU resources
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