Yelu clan
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The Yelu clan of the Khitan people assumed leadership of the Khitan nation in 907 when Abaoji became khan of the Khitan nation. The clan maintained that leadership through the fall of the Liao Dynasty in the 1120s. Even following this fall, members of the clan appear in history, most notably during the Mongols era of conquest in the thirteenth century.
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[edit] Liao Dynasty
Every leader of the Liao Dynasty was of the Yelu clan, which adopted the surname sometime in the 930s, after the death of Abaoji. The clan directly governed the southern half of the empire while the Xiao consort clan governed the north. The Southern Chancellory was charged with governing the sedentary population of the empire, mostly Chinese and residents of the conquered kingdom of Balhae. As such, there is evidence of at least limited sinification on the part of the Yelu clan.
Even as late as 1074, a proposal was brought before the Yelu khans to adopt surnames throughout the empire. This was rejected as an idea that would disrupt the Khitan order.
The dynasty fell to the Jurchen Jin Dynasty in the 1110s, but the clan survived to lead another kingdom further to the west known as Kara Khitai, also known as the Western Liao in Chinese sources.
[edit] Yelu Leaders
[edit] Liao Dynasty
| Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟號 miàohào) | Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號 shìhào) | Born Names | Period of Reigns | Era Names (Nian Hao 年號 niánhào) and their according range of years |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Convention: "Liao" + temple name except Liao Tianzuodi who is referred using "Liao" + posthumous name | ||||
| Taizu (太祖 Tàizǔ) | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Yelü Abaoji (耶律阿保機 Yēlǜ Ābǎojī) | 907-926 | Shence (神冊 Shéncè) 916-922 Tianzan (天贊 Tiānzàn) 922-926 |
| Taizong (太宗 Tàizōng) | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | 耶律德光 Yēlǜ Déguāng | 926-947 | Tianxian (天顯 Tiānxiǎn) 927-938 Huitong (會同 Huìtóng) 938-947 |
| Shizong (世宗 Shìzōng) | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | 耶律阮 Yēlǜ Ruǎn | 947-951 | Tianlu (天祿 Tiānlù) 947-951 |
| Muzong (穆宗 Mùzōng) | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | 耶律璟 Yēlǜ Jǐng | 951-969 | Yingli (應曆 Yìnglì) 951-969 |
| Jingzong (景宗 Jǐngzōng) | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | 耶律賢 Yēlǜ Xián | 969-982 | Baoning (保寧 Bǎoníng) 969-979 Qianheng (乾亨 Qiánhēng) 979-982 |
| Shengzong (聖宗 Shèngzōng) | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | 耶律隆緒 Yēlǜ Lóngxù | 982-1031 | Qianheng (乾亨 Qiánhēng) 982 Tonghe (統和 Tǒnghé) 983-1012 |
| Xingzong (興宗 Xīngzōng) | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | 耶律宗真 Yēlǜ Zōngzhēn | 1031-1055 | Jingfu (景福 Jǐngfú) 1031-1032 Chongxi (重熙 Chóngxī) 1032-1055 |
| Daozong (道宗 Dàozōng) | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | 耶律洪基 Yēlǜ Hóngjī | 1055-1101 | Qingning (清寧 Qīngníng) 1055-1064 Xianyong (咸雍 Xiányōng) 1065-1074 |
| Did not exist | Tianzuodi (天祚帝 Tiānzuòdì) | 耶律延禧 Yēlǜ Yánxǐ | 1101-1125 | Qiantong (乾統 Qiántǒng) 1101-1110 Tianqing (天慶 Tiānqìng) 1111-1120 |
[edit] Kara Khitai
| Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟號 miàohào) | Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號 shìhào) | Birth Names | Convention | Period of Reign | Era Names (Nian Hao 年號 niánhào) and their according range of years |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Convention: check each sovereign | |||||
| Dezong (德宗 Dézōng) | Tianyouwuliedi (天祐武烈帝 Tiānyòuwǔlièdì) | Yelü Dashi (耶律大石 Yēlǜ Dàshí or 耶律達實 Yēlǜ Dáshí) 1 | use born name | 1124-1144 | Yanqing (延慶 Yánqìng) 1124 or 1125-1134 Kangguo (康國 Kāngguó) 1134-1144 |
| Did not exist | Gantianhou (感天后 Gǎntiānhòu) | Tabuyan (塔不煙 Tǎbùyān) | "Xi Liao" + posthumous name | 1144-1150 | Xianqing (咸清 Xiánqīng) 1144-1150 |
| Emperor Renzong of Western Liao (仁宗 Rénzōng) | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Yelü Yilie (耶律夷列 Yēlǜ Yíliè) | "Xi Liao" + temple name | 1150-1164 | Shaoxing (紹興 Shàoxīng) 1150-1164 |
| Did not exist | Chengtianhou (承天后 Chéngtiānhòu) | Yelü Pusuwan (耶律普速完 Yēlǜ Pǔsùwán) | "Xi Liao" + posthumous name | 1164-1178 | Chongfu (崇福 Chóngfú) 1164-1178 |
| Did not exist | Mozhu (末主 Mòzhǔ) or Modi (末帝 Mòdì) | Yelü Zhilugu (耶律直魯古 Yēlǜ Zhílǔgǔ) | use born name | 1178-1211 | Tianxi (天禧 Tiānxī) 1178-1211 |
| Did not exist | Did not exist | Kuchlug (Ch. 屈出律 Qūchūlǜ) | use born name | 1211-1218 | Did not exist |
| 1 "Dashi" might be the Chinese title "Taishi", meaning "vizier"; Or it could mean "Stone" in Turkish, as the Chinese transliteration suggests | |||||
[edit] Work Referenced
Mote, F.W. (1999). Imperial China: 900-1800. Harvard University Press, 37-42,53, 75-76.
