Yagyū Shinkage-ryū
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| Traditional Japanese martial art | |
|---|---|
| Yagyū Shinkage-ryū (柳生新陰流) |
|
| Founder | Yagyū Sekishusai Muneyoshi (柳生 石舟斎 宗厳) |
| Date founded | c.1568 |
| Period founded | Late Muromachi period (1336–1573) |
| Current headmaster | Yagyū Kōichi Toshinobu (Became the 22nd sōke in 2006) |
| Arts taught | |
| Art | Description |
| Kenjutsu - ōdachi, kodachi, nitō | Sword art; with long sword, short sword, and two swords. |
| Jōjutsu | "Short staff" art |
| Shurikenjutsu | Spike throwing art
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| Ancestor schools | |
| Kage-ryū (Aizu) • Nen-ryū • Tenshin Shōden Katori Shintō-ryū | |
| Descendant schools | |
| Yagyū Shingan-ryū | |
Yagyū Shinkage-ryū (柳生新陰流?) is one of the oldest Japanese schools of swordsmanship (kenjutsu). Its primary founder was Kamiizumi Nobutsuna, who called the school Shinkage-ryū. In 1565, Nobutsuna bequeathed the school to his greatest student, Yagyū Muneyoshi, who added his own name to the school. Today, the Yagyū Shinkage-ryū remains one of the most renowned schools of Japanese swordsmanship. Its name roughly means Yagyū New Shadow School.
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[edit] Feudal Japan and birth of the Shinkage school
At the time of its founding by Kamiizumi Nobutsuna, the superiority of a school was determined through duels. Basic postures were distinct; a very low stance was maintained, in the interest of protecting the body. The idea of winning at any price was deeply ingrained in the schools of the time, as were the concepts of Isatsu-no-tachi (the school of the sword that kills only once) or Ichi-no-tachi (the sword of only one cut). A great deal of importance was placed on the technology of swords and armor themselves. However, with the arrival of muskets (arquebuses) and other elements of modern warfare, these traditionally invincible techniques were no longer sufficient.
Nobutsuna, with the creation of the Shinkage-ryū (New Shadow School), changed basic postures by raising them slightly. He also changed the manner of holding the sword. The swords themselves were changed; in an era in which a sword could be two meters, Nobutsuna shortened the length of the blade. Most importantly, he perfected a new method of teaching to make the study and practice of the Way of the Sword easier. Before Nobutsuna, practice was carried out with either a very hard wooden sword (a bokken) or one with a dulled steel blade. The practitioners had to therefore stop their blows during teaching to avoid hurting themselves or their students. It is claimed that Kamiizumi created the practice sword called the shinai (bamboo sword), which is made of strips of bamboo supported in a leather scabbard, but with the same balance as a regular steel sword. However it is also claimed that Itto-ryu invented it instead. The shinai allows striking with quickness, fluidity and potency without causing serious or disabling wounds as one would with the wooden sword, and without having to stop the attacks. However, blows delivered with a shinai are far from being soft, and can still cause serious concussions. It has continued to be used for practice and competition in modern kendo.
Nobutsuna, sensing the changes in the ways of war at the time, re-thought his methods of martial arts (bujutsu), and began to advocate the utilization of light armour during training. The face of war was being transformed, and as it was necessary to move faster than before. Nobutsuna perfected a style of sword fighting that was freer in its movements, more sparse, more restrained, more adapted to brawls and to duels, than to the fields of large scale battles.
Nobutsuna created the ancient schools of sword known as satsujin-ken, or the killing swords. These are characterized by postures and offensive techniques, designed to win at any price. He wanted to establish tatsujin-ken—the sword of an accomplished man, an Expert. The art of the sword of the Shinkage school takes into account and adapts to the opponent's weaponry, contrary to the former sword styles which taught to impose dominance without taking into account the opponent.
The strategy of the Shinkage school takes into account the geography of the terrain, the hour of battle, and other parameters. For instance, to utilize the technique named empi, one must understand a deeper, secret level (gokui) of battle. In empi, (meaning, the "Swallow takes Flight") one uses a technique of spearing an opponent with a thrown sword. To do this, one learns to use the sword not only to defend his position but to also have the "power of adaptability" in facing different individuals, much as a captain must consider the winds and change sails in order to travel in the best direction to reach his objective. It is similar to a hunting hawk, which must constantly reconsider the best trajectory in which to strike effectively. Like the raptor, it is necessary to be able to anticipate, to be able to assess and definitively act. "Move with the mind, in order to move with the body" is one of the central tenets of the school. Another sword style is called Katsujin-ken (the One who preserves Life, the Sword of the Victor). Katsujin-ken teaches that, if one's sword does not stop the movement of the enemy, then one may try to fit to the opponent's rhythm, thus entering into the mind of the adversary to find his weakness.
[edit] Kamiizumi Nobutsuna's legacy
The feudal lord Kamiizumi Nobutsuna led a simple life. Although he was not a monk, he kept his head shaved, which was a sign of renunciation of the everyday world. He did not have children and left all his property to his student Yagyū Muneyoshi. Muneyoshi had gained his own renown as a remarkable swordsman even before Nobutsuna's passing. He began development of the mutō techniques of using bare hands against the sword and it is he who appended the name of his family (Yagyū) onto the name of the school, founding the Yagyū Shinkage-ryū. His son, Yagyū Munenori, later perfected the techniques of mutō, and also created the techniques of iaijutsu.
Upon Muneyoshi's death in 1606, the school split into two. His grandson Yagyū Toshiyoshi took command of the Owari branch, while Munenori became the head of the Edo branch. Takenaga Hayato the founder of the Yagyu Shingan Ryu was a student and received the gokui of the Yagyu Shinkage Ryu under Yagyu Munenori. The Edo branch, although no longer headed by a descendant of the Yagyū family, continues to be practiced by a small, faithful group of practitioners in Osaka under the direction of Sono Seigo. The Owari branch of Nagoya continues under the guidance of a direct descendant of Munenori, Yagyū Nobuharu Toshimichi.
Munenori's son, Yagyū Jūbei Mitsuyoshi, contributed greatly, in turn, to the school. He was not only a master of sword, but also a strategist, an expert of jujutsu-yawara, ninjutsu, kempō and an ascetic who went on musha-shugyo, the warrior's ascetic journey. His sword technique was named chie-no-ken (sword of Transcendent Wisdom).
The one who codified the techniques of the Yagyū Shinkage-ryū into its traditional form was the fifth soke (heir), Yagyū Toshikane. He codified all the basic instruction (kihon-waza) into a document known as Hassei-hō or more commonly Sei-hō. These series were responsible for making understood the essential points of forms (kata) that had been transmitted by Munenori. Before the advent of modern kendō, he created a form of free fighting in teaching with shinai.
Nakai Masakatsu (中井 正勝, fl. 1891–1908), a teacher whose own teachers had been proficient in Shinkage Ryu and Yagyu Shingan Ryu Taijutsu, taught these arts to Morihei Ueshiba (the founder of aikido) from 1903 to 1908, in his dojo in Sakai near Osaka. At the time, Ueshiba was serving in the 61st Regiment in the Japanese Army. In 1908 Masakatsu gave Ueshiba a mid level license in Gotōha Yagyū Shingan Ryū Taijutsu. Yagyu Shinkage-Ryu was also taught in the United States from 1981-1988 by Yagyu Hideki.
[edit] Lineage
Mainline
- Founder - Kamiizumi Ise-no-kami Fujiwara Nobutsuna
- 2nd Headmaster- Yagyū Tajima-no-kami Taira Munetoshi (Sekishusai)
- 3rd - Yagyū Hyōgonosuke Taira Toshitoshi (Jounsai)
- 4th - Owari Gondainagon Minamoto Yoshinao
- 5th - Yagyū Hyōgo Taira Toshikane (Renya)
- 6th - Owari Gondainagon Minamoto Mitsutomo
- 7th - Owari Gonchūnagon Minamoto Tsunanobu
- 8th - Yagyū Hyōgo Taira Toshinobu
- 9th - Owari Gonchūnagon Minamoto Yoshimichi
- 10th - Yagyū Rokurōbe Taira Toshitomo
- 11th - Yagyū Hyōsuke Taira Toshiharu
- 12th - Owari Saishochūjō Minamoto Haruyuki
- 13th - Yagyū Mataemon Taira Toshiyuki
- 14th - Yagyū Hyōsuke Taira Toshihisa
- 15th - Owari Gondainagon Minamoto Naritomo
- 16th - Yagyū Shinroku Taira Toshimasa
- 17th - Yagyū Chūjirō Taira Toshishige
- 18th - Owari Gondainagon Minamoto Yoshikumi
- 19th - Yagyū Sangorō Taira Toshichika
- 20th - Yagyū Kinji Taira Toshinaga
- 21st - Yagyū Nobuharu Taira Toshimichi
- 22nd - Yagyū Kōichi Taira Toshinobu
Edo line
- 1st - Yagyū Tajima-no-kami Taira Munenori
- 2nd - Yagyū Jūbei Taira Mitsuyoshi
- 3rd - Yagyū Hida-no-kami Taira Munefuyu
- 4th - Yagyū Tsushima-no-kami Taira Muneari
- 5th - Yagyū Bizen-no-kami Taira Toshikata
- 6th - Yagyū Tajima-no-kami Taira Toshihira
- 7th - Yagyū Tajima-no-kami Taira Toshimine
- 8th - Yagyū Noto-no-kami Taira Toshinori
- 9th - Yagyū Hida-no-kami Taira Toshitoyo
- 10th - Yagyū Tajima-no-kami Taira Toshiakira
- 11th - Yagyū Hida-no-kami Taira Toshiyoshi
- 12th - Yagyū Tsushima-no-kami Taira Toshimune
- 13th - Yagyū Tajima-no-kami Taira Toshimasu
- 14th - Yagyū Toshihisa
Other Branches
Shūnpūkan
- Kanbe Kinshichi (student of Yagyū Toshichika)
- Katō Isao
Arakidō
- Ōtsubo Shihō (student of Yagyū Toshichika and Toshinaga)
- Mutō Masao
- Kajitsuka Yasushi
Marobashikai
- Watanabe Tadatoshi (student of Yagyū Toshichika and Toshinaga)
- Watanabe Tadashige
[edit] External links
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USA New York City official school http://www.shinkageryu.us/ founded by Tadashige Wantanabe in 2002.
