Xiaolian
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Xiaolian (Simplified Chinese: 孝廉, literally Filially Pious and Incorrupt), was a standard of nominating civil officers started by Emperor Wu of Han in 134 BC. It lasted until its replacement by the imperial examination system during the Sui Dynasty.
Under the advice of Dong Zhongshu, Emperor Wu ordered each district to recommend one filially pious and one incorrupt candidate for civil offices. Later the nomination became proportional. Emperor He of Han changed the proportion to one candidate for every 200,000 residents, and one for every 100,000 residents in ethnic minority regions. The nominator was also responsible if the nominee was charged with corruption, and could be punished if he refused to nominate qualified individuals.
After the Han dynasty, high positions were usually normainated in the Nine-rank system, and Xiaolian became increasingly unimportant. During the Tang dynasty, both systems were replaced by the imperial examination system.
